IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


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WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  IVIicroreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


^ 


'* 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notat/Notas  tachniquas  at  bibliographiquas 


Tha  Instituta  has  attamptad  to  obtain  tha  baat 
original  copy  availabia  for  filming.  Faaturas  of  this 
copy  which  may  ba  bibliographically  uniqua. 
which  may  altar  any  of  tha  imagas  in  tha 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 


D 


D 
D 
D 


0 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommag^a 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurie  et/ou  pellicul^e 


I      I    Cover  title  missing/ 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


□    Coloured  maps/ 
Cartes  g6ographiquas  en  couleur 


Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Piarches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 


Bound  with  other  material/ 
Rali6  avec  d'autres  documents 


r~^    Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 


0 


along  interior  margin/ 

La  re  Mure  serrde  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 

distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intirieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajoutdas 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6ti  fiimias. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppldmentaires; 


The  c 
to  th( 


L'institut  a  microfilm^  la  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'ii  lui  a  it6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mithoda  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquis  ci-dessous. 


I      I   Coloured  pages/ 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommag^es 

Pages  restored  and/oi 

Pages  restaurdes  et/ou  pelliculdes 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxei 
Pages  d6color6es,  tachet6es  ou  piqu6es 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d6tach6es 

Showthroughy 
Transparence 

Quality  of  prir 

Qualiti  indgale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  materii 
Comprend  du  material  supplimentaire 


r~n  Pages  damaged/ 

I      I  Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 

r~^  Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 

I      I  Pages  detached/ 

r~>  Showthrough/ 

[7^  Quality  of  print  varies/ 

I      I  Includes  supplementary  material/ 


Thai 
possi 
of  thi 
filmii 


Origi 
begir 
the  li 
sion, 
othei 
first  I 
sion, 
or  illi 


The  I 
shall 
TINU 
whic 

Mapt 
diffei 
entin 
begir 
right 
raqui 
meth 


r^  Only  edition  available/ 


D 


Seuie  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6X6  filmies  d  nouveau  de  fapon  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  ir.'iage  possible. 


PAGES  45  TO  48  MISSING. 
REPLACED  WITH  PHOTOCOPIES. 

This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film6  au  taux  de  rMuction  indiqui  ci-dessous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

^ 

12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


The  copy  filmed  hare  has  baan  raproducad  thanks 
to  tha  ganarosity  of: 

Thomas  Fiiher  Rare  Book  Library, 
University  of  Toronto  Library 


L'axamplaira  filmA  fut  reproduit  grice  i  la 
gAnArositA  do: 

Thomas  Fisher  Rare  Book  Library, 
University  of  Toronto  Library 


Tha  images  appearing  hare  are  tha  best  quelity 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  natteti  de  lexemplaire  filme.  et  en 
conformite  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  lest  page  with  e  printed  or  illuatrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  beck  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
firat  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprim6e  sont  fiim6s  en  commencant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
derniAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  salon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmis  en  commenpant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — ^>  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED "),  or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  chaque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  —^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc..  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
film^s  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diff^rents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  §tre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clich6,  ii  est  film6  d  partir 
de  Tangle  sup6rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
at  da  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  nicessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  m6thode. 


1 

2 

1 

3 

32X 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

*\ 


n. 


NOTES, 

ON  THE   SETTLEMENT  AND 

INDIAN  WARS, 

OF  THE  JVESTEnJf  PARTS  OF 

VIRGINIA    6c    PENNSYLVANlAy 

fROM  THE   TEAR    1763  tJNTIL  THE 
YEAR    1783   IMCtUSIVfi. 

TOGETHEa  WITH  A  VIEW, 

Cfthe  stale  of  society  and  manners  of  the  first  settle^: 
^.  of  i fie  fV^tstem  Country, 


^^^  »^^^*^>*  ^■^■tr  ^^^^^4 


^'^■^^^^s.m 


BY  THE  REV.  DR.  JOS.  DODDRIDG^J 


•*ji^* 

■■-^t: 


WBLLSnVRGtt,  FA. 

PKtMTED    AT    THE   OFFICE  OF  THE   GAZETT^^ 
FOB.  THE   AUTlIOI(f 


1 


0 

■0. 


I 


■a- 


:    -     ) 


mvnaef  oi>  iniittKiA,  west  or  tbk  AiXBoiixi;^ 

MOUNTAIN,   TO  wit: 

BE  IT  REMEMBERED,  That  on  the  twenty- 
iounh  day  of  May  [A,  D.  1624 J  in  (he  forty- 
eighth  year  of  the  Independence  of  the  Uuited 
States  of  America,  Joseph  Doddriege  of  ^the 
laid  district  hath  deposited  in  this  office  the  title  of 
a  book,  the  right  whereof  he  claims  as  proprietor^ 
in  the  words  following  to  wit: 

*^Notes  on  the  settlement  and  Indian  wars  of  ihb 
Western  parts  <  f  Virginia  and  PennsylTania) 
from  the  year  1763  until  the  year  1785  inclu- 
fire.  Together  with  a  view  of  the  state  of 
fociety,  and  manners  of  the  grot  settlers  of 
the  Western  Country.  Bv  iis  Bev.  Dr,  Jb^ 
Doddridge.'* 

In  conformity  to  the  aetof  the  Congress  of  thflr 
Suited  States,  entitled  *^  An  act  for  the  encour- 
agement of  learning  by  eeclif  ing  the  copies  of  maps^ 
charts  and   books  to  the  authors  ana  proprietor|| 
of  sueh  ^copies  during  the  times  therein  menP 
lioned."    And  also  to  an  act  ejntitted,  **An  act 
supplementary  to  an  act,  entitled  an  act  for  the 
encouragement  of  learning  by  securing  the  co- 
pies of  maps,  charts  and  booke»  to  the  author^ 
And  proprietors  of  such  copies  faring  the-times 
therein  mentioned,  and  extending  .the  benefita 
'thereof  to  the  arts  of  designing,  engraving  and 
etching  historical  and  other  prints.^  « 

In  testimony  whereof  I  Xohn  Webster  Clerk 
•f  the  said  court,  have  heretot^^t  my  hand  and 
affixed  the  veal  of  my  officie  tlK^ite  above  men- 
tioned. *   *i* 

J.  T^flB^iai  ClerJk,  U.  S.  distiyt^ 


•t'j'., 


« 


602658 


-2  2.  ».  S5 


mmttttmuttmitiikimt. 


■"^'itiiri 


V, 


V    '         I  N  B  E>  lt«  r 

•  FIBST  PART. 

1 

Chaptgr.  Pa«b?' 

I.  The  WilderncM     -    - «* 

II.  Antiquities •.-  -25 

HI.  Aborigine* 4^ 

IV.  Weather     -    - 6^ 

V.  Birds  and  Beast* 6r 

VI.  Serpents 76 

VI.  Wild  Fruits 83 

VII.  Hermit    .-.---.--    9i» 

PABTSECONDr  ^ 

VIII.  Settlenjent  of  the  Country     -    -    -  9» 

IX.  House  Furniture  and  Diet  -  -  -  101 
|p[.  Dress  -*..----,-.  113 
^I.    TheFort -    •     IIT 

XII.  Caravans    ----...-     UCT 

XIII.  Hunting     - 133 

.XIV.    The  Wedding    .    - ISS^ 

*XV.    House  Warming    -  ' lS4 

XVI.  Working •    -    1^ 

XVII.  MachanicArts UO 

XVIII.  Medicine 147 

XIX.  Sports   - 165 

XX.  Witchcraft     -    - 161 

XXI.  Moralskiif^  .......      ]67 

XXII.  SlftVt^PlKyi^    .....    174 

XXIII.  CirilizAifWK'^   !    ;    «    •    ^  Iff^ 

•  ■  ■   -     .  t 


PAtLT  THIRD. 

tXtV,    Indian  Warfare     -    -    -    -    - '-  2Q# 

XXV.  War  1763 -    -    21^^ 

XXVI.  D(jrifnoro*B  War    •    -    -    -    -    225 

XXVII.  The  DLath  of  Cornstalk    -    -    237 

XXVIII.  Wappatomica  Campaign     -    -    241 

XXIX.  Gen.  M'Intosh'd  Campaign    •    -  243 

XXX.  The  Moravian  Campaign     •    -     249 

XXXI.  The  Indian  Summer    -    .    .    i^    266 

XXXII.  Crawford's  Campaign    -    -    -    268 

XXXIII.  Attack  on  Rice's  fort  -  •  -  281 
ixxiv.  Expected  attack  on  niy  father's  fort  287 
XXXV.  Coshocton  Campaign  ^  .1  .  .  291 
:jcxxvi.  Capture  of  Mrs  Brown  -  -  -  SH 
xxxvit.  Lewis  W^fsel  --....  2^9 
XxxTiii.  Adam  Pue  -...•.  soi 
;iRxiz    The  Jofat^aons    •    •    v    «    .    ^   aoi 


r- 


JA*  ELEGY  oj>rms 

FAMILY    VAULT 


^^ 


m 
* 


iiM 


*; 


TO    1H£    UEADEU. 


After  considerable  dt^lay,  I  liavc  fulfilled  mj  en*- 
gagemenlto  the  publick,  with  reaprct  to  the  his- 
tory of  the  eeltlenjent  and  wars  of  the  western 
f-arls  of  Virginia  and  Pernsylvanis.  The  cause* 
(,{ the  delay  of  the  work  were  unavoidable,  and  » 
recital  of  them  can  be  of  no  service. 

Whether  the  *'Note8"  are  well  executed,  or  olh* 
rr7;i8e,  must  be  ^eft  to  the  candid  decision  of  my 
country,  and  I  am  well  aware  the  decision  will 
speedily  be  made. 

It  will  be  the  opinion  cfsome  readers,  (hat  I  have 
bestowed  too  great  a  pcrtioti  ot  the  book,  on  the 
primitive  aspect  of  the  coun  ry,  snd  ll  e  his'^cry  cf 
the  state  of  society  and  manners  ;  t'  its  early  ia^ 
habitants. 

My  reason,  for  having  bestowed  so  tnueh  atten- 
tion on  these  subi«ct9  is  this,  these  maters  of  our 
cariy  History,  which,  if  faithfully  presfrved,  will 
hereafter  be  highly  iotexesting,  are  fast '  hastenin^^ 
into  obliTk)n,  and  in  a  lew  tirore  years  would  be 
totally  lost.  On  the  contrary,  the  eveiita  of  tbe 
war  are  muc^  longer  remembered. 

Had  we  ft  similar  history  of  the  early  afftte  of 
any  of  the  £aropeaa  countries^  to  that  wbieh  hi 
here  presented  to  the  world,  of  our  own.  Witb 
how  much  interest  would  this  record  be  read  bjr 
ftH  classee  of  pe(^le?  For  iastftBee,  had  we  the 
ineiiMrii^s  of  the  peefrfe,  who  eirected  thoAe  riid# 
monuments  which  Wfit  seettered  over  our  country^ 
.  the  record  would  give  m  elastic  character  to  everj 
lectioD  el  the  oew  wori^^  but  in  ererj  re^im  Jt 


^M, 


TO  Tins  REASEIt. 

the  world  eicept  our  owd,  the  commcncenent  of 
Che  period  of  tneir  hi»f cry  was  long  posterior  to 
that  ofibtir  settlement;  their  early  history  is  there* 
fore  buried  in  impenetrable  oblivion,  aud  its  piece 
19- occupied  by  immense  regions  of  fable  and  con- 
jecture. 

To  the  two  first  parts  of  this  history,  it  is  pre- 
sumed, oo  great  additions  will  l>ere&fttr  be  neces- 
sary. Future  generations  will  be  competent,  to 
mark  any  changes  which  may  take  place  in  the 
physical. condition,  and  in  the  sci^ntinc  and  mcr&l 
state  of  our  country,  fr-  m  the  data  here  given,  and 
unquestionably,  the  changes  which  are  to  take 
place  in  all  those  departntentp,  in  the  progress  of 
time,  will  be  great  indeed. 

The  history  of  our  Indian  wars,  is  in  every  res- 
pect, quite  iniperlf  ct.  The  very  limited  range  of 
the  war,  whicn  1  had  in  view,  in  this  work,  is  not 
fully  executed.  The  want  of  health,  and  in  some 
instances,  the  want  of  proper  information,  have 
prevented  the  relation  of  several  events  which 
took  place  in  this  section  of  the  country,  in  the 
course  of  our  conflicts  with  tbe  sons  of  the  forest, 
Bud  which,  altho'  of  minor  importance  in  their  fi- 
nal result^^  would  nevetheless  fc>rm  an  interesting 
portion  of  the  history  of  those  conflict?. 

The  various  attacks  on  Wheeling  fbrt,  and  the 
fatal  ambuscade  near  Grave  Creek  have  been  omit- 
ted, for  want  of  a  eorrect  account  of  those  eccurren* 
ees. 

These  omisfirons  are  the  less  to  be  regretted  a» 
Koah  Zane  Esqr.  has  professed  a  determination  to 
give  the  publick,  tbe  biography  of  bis  father  €oK 
Ebenerer  Zane.  the  first  proprietor  and  defender 
•f  the  important  station  of  Wheeling.  This  work« 
will  be  no  more  tbafi  ft  measare  of  justice,  to  tb^ 


Hiaa 


40  THE  RIADBR.    ^ 

fenory  oft  man  who  held  aucb  m  impovtant tnH 
(rilaus  stttioo,  M  that  Which  fell  to  (he  lot  ol  Col. 
lane,  and  who  tilled  that  atation  with  fo  much  ho- 
)r  to  himself  and  advantage  to  our  infant  coun- 
ty, as  he  did.    This  biography  will  cont&in  a» 
scurate  account  of  all  the  attack*    on  Wheel- 
)g,  as  well  as  all  other  events  of  the  war  wbick 
)k  place  ia  its  immediate  neighbourhood. 
A  well  wnlten   liistory  of  the  whole  of  our 
rars   with  the  Indians  in  the  western  regions^ 
rould  certainly  be  a  valuable  acquiBiiion  to  our 
literature.    It  would,  however,  be  a  work  of  time 
\d  considerable   labour,   as  ita    materials  aro 
icattered  over  a  large  tract  of  country  aod^  ift 
)oirit  of  time^  extend  through  half  a  century. 

The  whole  amount    ofour  preeent  memoriali, 

)f  4|]tis  widely  extended  warfare  consist  merely 

)f  detached  narrations,  and    these   are  for  the 

loat  part  but  badly  written.     In  m%nj  instanecff^ 

Ithey  are  destitute  of  historical  precision,  witk 

regard  to  the  order  of  time,  and  the  successiofi 

[of  facta,  so  that  they  are  read  ondy  as  anecdote*^ 

and  of  course  with  but  little  advantage  to  a<»» 

eace.  -^  ^ 

This  work^  deairable,  on  many  accounts.  The 
bravcryi,  vietcirieB  and  «ufferiAg6  of  our  forefathers^ 
ought  to  be*,  correctly  end  indelibly  recorded. 
Thos»  wl^  have  lived,  and  died  for  posterity, 
ought  to  be  reti^rded  with  imnerishable  fame,  m. 
the  grateful  remembraeee  ertbeir  deseendants^^ 
The  nMH)umefTts«  conferred  on  moral  worth,  by 
the  pen  of  the  historian^  are  move  durable  tbaia 
those  erected  by  the  ehissel  of  the  scud^plor;. 

A  flseasnre  of  justice  is  eertatnfy  due  to  oup 
barfaariaB.enemieftthemftcltrea.  For  wKatever^f 
ipgfatem>  pnideat .  (keeight  and  arraiigemeot^  thejr 


T«  Tin   RCAOEin 


R 


chsetr^A  in  their  wars  with  us,  thet  ought  ij 
have  full  crrdiL  For  the  ftttl  emouiit  of  all  thJ 
patriotic  motives  by  wbieh  thege  urfortuMiJ 
people  vrere  actuated  in  their  bloody  confliclil 
they  deserve  Owr  srnccrest  comn)if>eraiion.  I 

The  wars  of  these  people,  are  not  to  be  rcga?d.| 
•das  wholly  the  oflTdpring  of  a  savage  thirst  fori 
blood.  They  fought  for  their  native  country, 
They  engaged  in  the  terrible  war  of  IT6d,  with 
a  view  to  recover  from  the  possession  of  the! 
white  people,  the  whole  of  the  wesiern  settle* 
Dienti. 

Their  continuance  of  the  war,  after  the  conclu-| 
alon  of  our  revolutionary  content,  had  for  its  object { 
the  preservation  of  as  nnuch  of  their  country,  u 
they  then  had  in  possession. 

On  the  part  of  (he  most  intef  Urgent  of  the  Jn* 
dian  cbiefsj  they  fought  from  a  motive  of  re- 
▼enge  and  with  a  valor  inspired  by  desperation. 
They  foresaw  the  loss  of  their  country  and  the 
downfall  of  their  people,  and  therefore  resolved 
on  vengeance  for  the  past,  and  the  future  wrongf 
to  be  infiioted  on  them. 

There  is  yet  another  reason  for  the  work.un^ 
der  consideration.  The  present  generation  are 
witnesses  of  both  the  savage  and  civilized  state 
of  mankind.  Both  eitremes  are  under  our  in- 
spection. To  future  geoeratione,  the  former  will 
exist  only  in  history.^  The  Indian  nations  are 
now  a  subjugated  people,  and  every  feature  of 
their  former  state  oi  society  must  soon  pass  a- 
way.  They  will  exist  only  through  the  medium 
oftheir  admixtures  with  the  white  people.  Such* 
has  been  the  fate  of  many  nations.  Wheie  are 
now  the  Assy^aHs,  Chaldeans,  &  Romans?  They 
BO  longer  eiiitj  ind  yet  the  English,  Fi^nob  ani^ 


TO  THE  READCIU 

^liaos  are,'  in  part  detceodanU  of  the  •noient 
\m%n8,  S^ioh  will  b.e  ihft  fate  of  the  aborigioea 
lour  country.  They  will  perish,  or  lose  their 
[tional  character  and  ^aisieoce,  b^  adroixtures 
ih  their  conquerors.  To  posterity  therefore 
iir  history  will  be  highly  acceptible.  Indeed  it 
|y  bo  said  of  all  history,  that  like  good  wine  it 
»ws  better  by  age. 

In  the  execution  of  this  work,  I  have  aimed  at 

|tb,  and  nothing  but  truth.    Impartialty,  im« 

leg  no  restraint  on  my  pen;  for  independently 

the  circumstance,  that  the  contents  of  this 

tory,  in  general,  interfere  with  no  party;  I  am 

[umbered  with  but  few  individual  obligations, 

;ratitude.    To  ^political  panv,  religious  and 

sr  communities,  I  owe  no  obligations  of  any 

|d;  for  an^  benifits  confered   on  me,  so  that 

iFe  felt  fully  at  liberty,  to  speak  the  truth 

icern^g  all  classes  of  our  people,  and  I  trust 

ivf,«ie  so. 

9^  material  factSt  in  the  historical   parts 
^bis^#rk  have  been  ommitted,  the  omission 
hamened   from  want  of  information,    In- 
eot  statements,  if  there  be  any,  have  taken 
^e,  in  coQsequenee   of  improper  information, 
ithercase,  I  am  not  blameable,  as  I  have  done 
I  best  my  circumstances  allowed,  in  collect* 
[materials  for  the  work, 
lould  my    humble  attempts,  at  writing  the 
^ry    of    my   countir,   meet    with  good  ac- 
mce    among    my  fellow  citizens.    I  snail 
inue  tocolle6t,fron(i  all  quarters,  the  materials 
'le  work  herein  recommended,  as  a  desidei^ 
in  the  literature  of  our  country, 
aids  in  (his  work,  I  earnestly  invite  cooai- 
ititftB  fr«ift  ill  tkf le  gtatleaoA  ffbo,  fqjy 

*        ■ 


I 


Ifi  THE  Muncc 

IMS  a  knowledge  of  oceorrencefl  vrfaich  took  pU 
fjariog  our  liuian  war,  aod  not  narrtted  in 
work.    I  am  particularly  anxious  to  obtain  (I 
history  of  the  eettlements  of  tht^  Dunkards, 
Dunkard  Creek^aQd  the  Dunkard  bottom  on  Cbc 
liver. 

JOSEPH  DODPRIDGUI 
WeMwgh, 
Jdhe  n,  18131;^ 


m 


w^W*' 


'.^'■t-Ut',!^ 


*il| 


wars 


¥  m  «  ¥  AG  IB. 


work  by  I 


ntst^  I  have  had  it  Id  view 

aettl0i&eiit  and  Indian 

f  VirpliiiV  aiid  Penn- 

laei^ed  to  the  public: 

^^  commencing  the 

ofvfij  inability  to  eze* 

Hitich  ]ftb(|ur  and  difficulty:  a 

**    >tt~ai?^08t  histories  arci 

0p^inal  Gompotttion  from 

'  took  place  when  I  wfj 


?^  b^  the  often  repeated 
whose  friendship  I  esteem^ 
on  I  respeoti  I  concluded 
llhefSf  f  had  toiled  amon^t 
)tiintry  in  **  turning  the  wii- 
IftlitfuS  fields,"  I  wo^d  venture  to 
jMBtla^^  sai^character^  ai  an  historian  of  that 

tt  of  the  #m  which  I  am  best 

uai^dvwf whose  ^arly  luBtory  has  never  yet, 
to  anv  tetent,  been  committed  to  record^  iu  hajipes 
that  having  saved  the  principal  materials  of  thi« 
history  from  oblivion^  some  abler  hand  maj  here- 
after improve  upon  the  work,  by  givitog  it  anv  en* 
largement,  different  arrangement,  or  embeUisb* 
ment  of  style,  which  it  may  be  thought  tc  require^ 
Many  considerations  present  themselves  to  the 
generous^  and  enlightened  mind  of  the  native  of 
tlie  wait;  to  induce  him  to  regard  a  work  (^  this 

A 


i^ 


1>REFACE. 


■3^'''' 


Jcind  as  a  sacred  duty  to  his  coiinti|L  and  his  it' 
ceslors,  on  the  part  of  bim  i|Koj|jidertiO^^ 
ccute  it,  rather  than  a  trial  o[f  Utin*ary  sJkilK  &  tdfi 
fbr  literary  fame,or  a  means  of  piroctirihg  gi|in. 

Something  is  certainly  di}^  the  memory  of  pur 
brave  forefathers,  who,  I'^UPbut  littJfe  aid  ipom 
the  collonial  gov^nments  %efbre  tbe^reTolutit|p- 
ary  war,  and  with  still  le^  assjatance  fi^m  tbfilcoiT- 
fe deration,  after  the  declaration  o^iiidej^^ence, 
subdued  thefore^by  th^per»evering  l^b9iu|^,and 
defended  their  infant  <»titry  by  t|»d|%9lu|)^^^^^^^ 
ond  unrequited  military^l^vice,  e^^f^^i^lto^ 
derous  warfare  of  their  savag^e  enemies.    '  , 

The  extensive  catacombs  of  ancient  Oreece,  af)4 
Palestine,  the  pyramids  of  Egyptj^Qsercnlihf  ^ude 
sepulchral  monuments  of  our  ^^n.^country,  serve 
io  shew  the  sacred  regard  of  g0nj^tions  oC|f  iliple 
«riuquity  for  the  remams  of  tff^iln^rious 

This  pious  regard  foivihe  ashejkbf;%nce|b^,'|s^ 
not  without  Its  useful  inBuencepji^the  jn^rals^and^ 
piety  of  their  descendants:    l^f Ottered  atpne^ 
onU  scu]ptuj«d  monument  comaiipth»  most  im^  „ 
pn  asive  lessons  pfbiograpbyj  oemne  the^moijiri^^' 
ful  refnains  of  'tb«  subjects  of  those  lessons  vatpmti 
near  at  hand,  when  they  are  pf  ^^^n^^^  to  us  dn 
the  sepulchres  where  their  ashes  re]|||p  j^. 

Is  the  memory  of  ou^  forefathers  lih worthy  or 
historic,  or  sepulchral  cottimemoration  ?  No  peo- 
ple on  earth,  tn  similar  circumstances,  ever  acted 
more  nobly, or  ibore  bravely  than  they  did:  No 
people  of  any  country,  or  age,  ever  made  greater 
iacrafices  for  the  benefit  of  posterity,  than  those 
ivbich  were  made  by  the  first  settlers  of  the  west- 
fern  regions  What  people  ever  left  such  nobltf 
legacies  to  posterity,  as  those  transnnitted  by  our 
forefathers  te  thetr  dtse^ndfintsf— A  wild'ernei^t 


:W^ 


PfiEFACC. 


VU 


cliangcd  ifitix  ft  Bwtful  country,  and  a  governmoDt 
llle  be^t  oiif^rifc.  fhey  have  borne  the  burden 
andheatof  ttedayo^ial.  They  have  removed 
eve^y  obstacle  fVomllvmpilh»  and^feft  every  lauda- 
ble' object  4)r  ambiHvAl^whin  our  reach. 
^Wh^r«t^libfiH  Vre^n<5>w^nd  the  remains  of  the 
valiaritflllbneers  of  i'u*  country,  so  deserving  the 
grateful  riem^mbranee  of  their  descendants?  Mast 
many  of  th#V  ^or  wlkt  of  public  burying  grounds, 
were^^uribd  pa  H(ireti^;^  which  their  la- 

boiir  bii#ra#ib€id'  fr<Hii'  the  desert.  The  land  ha? 
passed  to  dther  ban  da,  and  the  fragile  wooden  en- 
closures, whvch  once'suxl^unded  their  graves  havc^ 

never  to  be  replaced?  The 
sigbated  the  precise  spot  of 
sunk  to  the  common  level  of 
-  ^-— ,^  instances  the  earthy  coveriog 
„  jw  b'^ises  will,  if  they  have  not  alrea- 
%,  brvio&ted  wi|^  the  plow^share,  and  the  grain 
growii^dveftf^i^Lvyill  fill  the  reaper^s  sickle  or 
the  j|i%88  the  mold's  scythe.  tJngrateful  descen- 
la  of  a  B^av6,  and'wotthy  people,  to  whom  yo» 
^ .. .  your  existence,  your  country  and  your  liberty, 
^iait  tbua  you  treat  with  utter  neglect,  the  poor  re^ 
ttiains  of  yottf  incestors.^ 

In  how  many  ihstances  has  the  memory  of  far 
less  moral  worth,  than  the  amount  possessed  by 
many  of  the  fathers  of  our  western  country,  occu- 
pied the  chisselof  the  sculptor,,  the  song  of  the  po* 
et,  and  th^  pen  of  the  historian;  while  the  gloomy 
shade  of  impenetrable  oblivion  is  rapidly  settling. 
over  the  wholie  history,  as  well  as  the  remains,  of 
the  fathers  of  our  country. 

Shoi4d  any  one  say  <«  no  matter  what  becomes 
of  th4Jn|ffles,jor  remains  of  these  people,'*  it  is  an-* 


J"! 


1SI1 


AUSFA 


.*'»- 


,^- 


totbeealUof' 


•wered)  if  such  be  your  iDienii| 

duty,  with  regard  to  tbe  mtt^Hj 

i{  is  not  likely  that  your  o»i)[S^t^«^  bug}|fc(^]ive 

beyood  the  grif^.    VQitfllNydieiiib;  b^f.^ 

will  be  your  alL  ^jhoePprflp  dew^hiqh^l^K . 

Irom  tbe  better,  tfce  geiij^ropteeliDgs  ^timm^Oy 

can  never  be  yours;  butWusiiJie  iveli^^m&^lAfve 

of  the  benefactors  of  our  countr}^,  pf^sl^muolcry 

as  a  prodigal  offswiinj^^inl^jd^f^^  y^ur  |tt|^ot- 

ten  estatep?    No!  1%i8)jpM^ 

lice  to  tbe  world.    Tbey  i|^p|>  t^ilelLiiQ^^ 

for  others;  ^ou  on  the  cql^ary  live  lor  ydureelf 

alone:    llieir  exaippl^|i|fflNo  live,  boeaiise  it  is 

worthy  of  imitation;  yours  on  this^^niirtrgr*.  99  In 

example  of  sordid  aya^iiM,  ought  t^j|||M|&ref;|^-- 

The  history  of  natiobiM  ^ V^^'^''^W3^H|klir^ 
cred  amQog  all  eQlignteneafHiioni^  M 
hais  oAen  ^en  puraiied  bevoQ£ii|^ej||^^^ 
bommenoeinent  pfv jiUtory  hjt  into  |b^r|pcmat 
fable.    Among  the  Gfrei^s  the ^t(biMoi<de|s.  (^ 
natiohy  and  the  init^nters  of  use&pii^ts  |nr^ 
among  the  godf,  and  ^l»l&prad^trtilt^ikttnii^ei^^ 
Viies  ofadivineiibaracfer.  % 

The  Romans  wiboM  origin  waa  more  recent,  anC^^ 
better  known  were  not  slow.  Ui  recording  thl^ 
illustrious  deeds  o(  the  foundfirif  of  tiieir  empirei 
and  bestowing  anniversary  honors  upon  ibair  fnem.o 

The  benefits  of  tbe  histories  of  tbose^  illustriouf 
nationa  were  not  confined  to  themselves  alone :-^ 
Tbey  gave  light  to  the  world.  Ha^  |bey  n,ef  er  e  v 
isted  what  i»|.  immfqse  dedtiction  wquIcI  |iaye 
been  made  from  the  litenry  world.  %hp  fabiM^ii^ 
era  would  have  been  drawn  nearer  to  U9  by  at  leasf^ 
two  thousand  years.  ^'  > 

Nationai  history  if  all  importaat  to  aatyand  patS 


rSEPACE. 


IX. 


TV- 

ribtiam,  as  it  places  before  us  the  best  examples' 
of  our  forefathers.  We  seethe  wisdom  of  their 
councils^  tfieir  perseverance  in  action,  their  suf^ 
ferinj?,  their  bravery  iia  war,  and  the  great,  and' 
UsfefulJresults  of  their  uiilted  wisdom  and  labours.* 
l^e  see  in  succession  evlry  act  of  the  great  drama 
which  led  us  from  infancy  to  maturity,  from  war  to 
peace,  and  from  poverty  to  wealth,  and  in  propor- 
tion as  we  are  interested  in  the  results  of  this  dra- 
ma, we  value  the  examples  which  it  furnishes. — 
Even  the  faults  which  it  exhibits  are  not  without^ 
tlicir  use.     4 

History  gives  a  classic  character  to  the  places^ 
to  which  it  relates,  and  confers  upon  them  a  roman' 
lie  value,  as  scenes  of  national  atchievements.  What 
would  be  the  vat ue  of  t^e  famous  citv  of  Jerusalem, 
wer3 it  not  for  the  sacred  history  of  the  place?    Iv 
is  a  place  of  no  local  importance  in  any  respect 
whatever.    Palestine irself,  so  tamous  in  history,, 
is  but  a  small  tract  of  country/an^d  for  the  most! 
part  poor,  and  hilly.    The  classic  character  ef 
Greece,  and  Rome  hfasgivep  more  or  less  impor** 
tamce  to  almost  every  mountain^  hill,  and '  valley, 
lake,  and  island,  which  they  contain,  on  account 
of  their  having'been  the  places  of  some  great  af- 
chievements,orof  their  having  given  birth, to  illus* 
trious  personages; 

Classic  scenes,  as  well  as    classic  monuments, 
and  persons,  constitute  an  impressive  part  of  na- 
tional history,  and  they  contribute   much  to  tbe^ 
patriotism  of  the  nation  to  which  they  belong. 

If  the  Greeks  should  succeed  in  their-  present* 
contest  with  the  Turks,    their  liberty    will    be 
justly  attributable,  in  a  great  degree  to  the  potent 
efficacy  of  the  hisl dry  of  their  ancestors.    This; 
history  may  produce  another  Leonides,  Epamiaoa^- 


m.: 


vkWkcm 


t  , 


dea.  Lycurgufi,  Sophocles,  Timon,  tnd  Demoalhe- 
ne8|  'o  rival  the  mighty  deeds  of  thehr  forefath- 
ers,  and  establish  a  second  time  the  indepeodence 
of  their  native  country. 

The  bislory  of  our  own  country  ought  to  fur- 
nish the  first  lessons  of  reading  for  our  children,  but 
unfortunately  most  of  them  are  too  large  for 
school  books.  The  selections  in  common  use  for 
schools  are  mostly  foreign  productions.  They 
are  good  in  themselves;  but  better  adapted  to  ma- 
ture age  than  youth,  because  the  historical  facts 
to  tvhich  they  allude  have  reference  to  times, 
places,  and  persons  of  which  they  have  no  knowl- 
edge, and  therefore  must  be  read  by  our  children 
without  an  understanding  of  their  contents.  This 
circumstance  retards  the  progress  of  the  pupil.— 
This  practice  ougbtto  be  discontinued:  our  youth 
ought  first  to  be  presented  with  the  history  of  their 
own  country ,and  taught  to  believe  it  to  be  of  greater 
importance  to  their  future  welfare,'  than  that  of 
any  other  nation  or  country  whatever. 

The  notes  now  presented  to  the  publick,  em- 
brace no  very  great  extent  of  our  country,  nor 
do  they  detail  the  events  of  many  years,  yet  the 
labour  of  Collecting,  and  arranging  them  was 
considerable,  as  there  never  existed  any  printed 
records  of  the  greater,  number  of  events  herein 
related;  or  if  such  did  exist,  they  never  were  with- 
in the  reach  of  the  author. 

The  truth  is  from'  the  commencement  of  the 
revolutionary  war,  until  its  conclusion,  this  coun- 
try and  its  wars  were  little  thought  of  by  the  people 
of  the  Atlantic  States,  as  they  had  their  hands 
full  of  their  own  share  of  the  war,  without  attend- 
ing to  ours.  '  Far  the  greater  number  of  our  cam- 
4^§igos,  scouts,  buildings,  and  defences  of  (brtii 


'fi 


MErACC.' 


wf 


were  efiiecM  witboat  th»Md  of  a  roan,  a  gun,  a 
I  bullet,  or  dKarge  of  powder  from  the  general 
goreroiDeot  The  greater  number  of  our  men  were 
tmany  jeariin  succession  engaged  in  military  ser^^ 
vice,  along  bur  frontiers,  a  considerable  part  of 
their  time  from  spring  till  winter,  without  an  in* 
listment  by  gorenment^or  a  cent  of  pay.  Their 
officers  were  of  their  own  election.  Their  ser- 
yices  were  wholly  voluntary,  and  their  supplies 
while  in  service  were  furnished  by  themseWe  s. 
Thus  owing  to  our  distant  situation,  and 
the  heavy  pessure  of  the  revolutionary  war  upon 
the  general  government,  the  report  of  the  small  but 
severe,  and  destructive  conflicts  which  very  fre* 
^uently  took  place  in  this  country,  was  lost  in  the 
thunder  of  the  great  battles  which  occurred  along 
our  Atlantic  border;  campaigns' begun,  and  ended 
without  even  a  news  paper  notice;  as  a  printing 
press  was  then  unknown  in  the  country. 

It  was  not  until  a Aer  the  conclusion  of  the  rev-' 
olutionary  war,  that  the  general  government 
nndertook  to  6oish  the  indian  war,  first  by  plac« 
ing  a  cordon  of  spies,  and  rangers,  and  forts  a<« 
long  the  frontiers,  and  afterwards  by  the  canr* 
paigns  of  Harmer,  St.  Clair,  and  Wayne. 

These  latter  campaigns  are  matters  of  history, 
and  need  not  be  repeated  here. 

The  want  of  printed  documents  was  not  the 
only  difficulty  the  author  had  to  contend  with: 
when  be  travelled  beyond  the  bounds  of  his  ow<i 
memory,  he  found  it  extremely  difficult  to  pro- 
cure ioforroation  from  the  living,  concerning  the 
events  which  he  wished  to  relate;  in  personal  in* 
terviews  with  several  gentlemen  extensively  con- 
eemed  in  the  events  of  the  war,  thev  promised 
lo  faraish  the  documents  required^  b«l  thay  hati 


I^HEFA^. 


not  been  furoiehed,  and  he  soon  found  tliSt  he  had 
no  chance  of  cbiainibg  them  but  tbi^tfUf  writing 
thf^m  from  tlieir  verbal  narra'tibris. 

Ido  not  intend  i&^0  oBserVation  es  a  reflcfctidn 
on  the  integrity  of  the  gentlemen  to  wJl^in  {■ 
fillude:  They:  ere  men  who  are  not  libieral  scho- 
lars, and  therefore  not  in  the  habit  of  writing  on 
historical  subjects,  so  that  haw««er  vivid  thieilr  re- 
membrance oflbe  transaclioir  in  question,  when 
they  undertake  its  narration  on  paper,  they  never 
can  please  theoMel Ves,  und  tber^ore  give  up  the 
task  for  fear  of  public  exposure;  not  k|)Owitt|[.that 
the  historian  will  give  the  facts  narrated  by  in- 
competent scribes,  his  own.  dress  and  arrange- 
ment. 

In  delihiaiing  the  manners and'customs  of  the 
e^rly  inhabitants  of  our  counrty,  the  author  pre- 
sents to  Ms  readers  a  state  of  society,  with  eve- 
ry advantage  afforded  by.  experience  to  aid  him  iii 
giving  its  taithfulpprtraitj^  for  it  was  the  state  of 
society  in  which  he  himself  was  raised^  and  pas- 
sed his  early  y^ars. 

Jn  this  djppartment  ofhistory  everyTcader  wish- 
es to  be  told,  not  only  the  trutb,^  but  the  whole 
tr  jth.  Let  the  picture  of  human  manners  be  ev- 
er so  rude, .  barbarous,  or  even  savage,  he  wishes 
to  see  it  in  its  full  dimensions,  and/in  all  its  parts^ 

The  reader  it  is  hoped  will  not  complain  if 
the  atitbor  has  introduced  him  to  the  interior  of 
the  cabbins^  the  little  forts  and  camps  With  their 
coarse  furniture,  which  were  tenanted  by  our  fore- 
fiithers.  The  rude  accommodations  presented  to 
his  inspection,  in  tlie  homely  visit,  will  form  an  a- 
greeablc,  end  even  a  romantic  contrast  to  th^ 
present  state  of  society  in  our  country.  This 
^Btrast  will  shew  him   what  mighty  changes 


PKEFAC». 


XftK 


A%y  be  cfiocled  under  an  cn1ighteh«^^d  fre^ 

of^bt  .despot 

ttinAh^nd  ther# 

sraMR8,becavde 

'^"*    fo  th#per- 

flW"  tjj6  cam- 

M  Existence 

»ur  plimtffy  bifdd 
^  apply  th«  LiQ«<i 

ere  English  fH* 
UiM^  •*^- 

^   tboir^'hasbirQuffbt^^is  work 

W^^iptyijUy  endeavoured 


»au  lirlipi^s  i 
|er  can  do  M^^ 

%co^ 


fu^  tbe 
^fj^r.Cfli 
,         ttiiratia^f^grtl 

KMJ^fpeipallnl^ 
*^  the  itfnpenar%d|ii^  ef 


mt|M^  sirornitf 
>1<S  ^MtoHt  frofH 


hose  awful  decisi^s  therels  n#appRl;  ivithou^ 
ivokink  tha^  justMSte^iicb  VhetW  asked;  ert- 
Inasked  tbeworkwiffle^^  to  receim         • 


.■  -** 


# 


^ 


Ht 


»;■■ 


;'#■ 


.. « 


^' 


■  •*  *- 


\^» 


^^fi^" 


W' 


tiaer  11683% 


r 


1k»  *  t 


T^'l*per8<^plio'btsivi(ne0i»ed  all  (he  ch|g^. 
J,  wbicb^bayipaken  pVs^inibe  ivestern  co6% 
r ,  since  its  first  ^l^enitent,  ^f||ormer  ippeii^' 
ce  is  lik^fi  dreai^pr  rom^nc^'  lli$'  will  |M; 
difficult4&  *reaHte  the  features  of  that  wifl^^ 
ss,  which  wili'  the  abode  0f^  his  InTknf  days.— • 
|ie  little  ciHio  ir  l)it&ih%^  existsi 

^little  ne|%  i^d  triick  nIteilwhitBh faVe  him  a 
-nt^  siijPlilf^  tsCMpse  t)^^ 
Ive  befO;)iwatTdw^d  up iiiiirateAi[(ed  meadDir^ 
Shard  %  grain  |^    "Ipid^  f^in  which 
peo]^te>hjid  reslip  so  Wl»y  fj^aii^i^sumroers, 
^  vanished,  atf^i  ^^  Like  Ihe  beiere^  fabrick  of  a 
bion  left  11(^1  a  wi%k  be1iiQd>    Lal^g^rmft, 
Ith  splenmd  iiiansfph   boused,  and  wfH^ned 
Irns,  b«ipii|ir,  ViUages^WliftVeo  cities,  now.oc- 
|py  the  d^e#HDfKinrpg|||ul  sporti^,  fauotlng 
^  roi1itar|jm»iursioD8.    In  I^By^e  of  forest  treea 
p     ■  hawthorn  bt|shes,  he  J^eMp  awfur  foniin  of 
^stice,  or  the  Sacred  Temple  with  its  ftitt«riog 
lire  pinaling  to  the  heavens ;  and  instead  of  the 
Hr  whoop  of  savf^es,  or  the  howling  of  woTveS 
ketri  the  swelitnf^  anthem^  or  jpealiog  or^|||^ 

•-■■•■■      - -1*:  ■  .•"■^^"■■^t- 


?«.'• 


•i 


X 


<  » 


•lU 


TUB  wildi;rnki9. 


VA'try  fihrre  •utToundetl  by  (be  buiy  bum  of 
nifO|  tod ^  tplendor.  art#,  refintnentii  and  com*  | 
fortformnied  hft^  hft^forme  v  ttit*.  and  tbat  of 
Jiit  country  bave  taoUhad  from  hit  maJRkory;  or  if 
soiiirtiotet  he  baffowi  a  rtflectioii't^  \i»  originil 
^•pccf,  (ha  niti^^ilillkt  (o  be  carried  back  to  t 
period  of  (ime^^^ili  ilftore  remote  tbon  it  really  ia. 
The  immense  cbln|aa  wbieb  ba?e  taken  place  in 
the  phyaical,  jmi^  VKiral  state  of  the  country,  have 
been  gradual,  ia#d.tferetbre,  icarcely  perceived 
i'tom  year  toyeail  but  the  vieir  from  one  extreme 
to  the  other,  ia  like  (he  prospect  of  the  jOpposile 
ahbre,  orera  vast  expanse  of  water,  whosir  hills, 
vtlteys,  mountaioa  and  forests,  preient  a  oonfused 
and  romantio  aj^ary,  ^ich  loses  itself  in  (hs 
^ijlaiithorbcoA.^ 

One  advantage  ft  least  results  from  Hkving  liv- 
ed in  a  atata  t>f  se^lM^y*  «vcr  on  the  change,  and 
afways  for  tlie  bat^,  it  doubles  the  retrospect  of  I 
'life.  IVith lisi,  at  any  rate,  it  baSsbMuA  that efi)stf. ' 
Did  not  the  flefii^^st^mb^  of  w^  years  ||iach 
ine  the  contrary,  iP^Jcrtbiflit  mya#)f.it  %a8t 
one  hundred  y4»p^  e)^  fifty,    ^i^ase 

is  said  to  be  Wi^Y.mml^nl  With  those  who  have 
pasped.  thai^  lWi|t  cities,  orlncient  aettleraents, 
vvhereM  year,  the  same  uncharging  as* 

)||ot  oTthlngs  presentanself^  There  life  passes 
away  la  an  mIusioik  •^r^mtti)  havin|i%ian  pre* 
sented  with  no  BtriKti|pSTen¥s,  or  greaf^and  impor* 
(ant  cbaogteSv  to  mK  its  different  p«riodS)  and 
give  them  an  im^^R^  distance  ^om  each  otheri 
an^itends  with  a  bitter  complaitot  of  its  short* 
»eas.  It  must  be  my  b^n  faulty  if  I  shall  ever  have  | 
•ccasibn  to  make  this  eomplaint..  IdonotrecoU 
lect  to  have  ever  heard  if  made,  by  any  of  my  cotem* 
^portry  coontrymaD)  whose  deaths  I  have  witnessed* 


V-' 


'.»*■- 


'X.. 


His  wiLDRiiMAil 


l4 


A  wildefnMs  of  great  eit«nt>  pfesenting  the 
virgin  ftce  of  ottiiT«t  unchanged  by  human  cut- 
tif  atioD,  or  art,  is  certainly  one  of  the  mott  aub- 
lime  terreftial  objecti  which  the  Creator  ever  pre- 
■ented  to  the  view  of  roan  I  but  those  portions  of 
the  earth  which  bear  this  character,  derive  their 
features  of  sublimity  Arom  very  different  aspects. 
I'he  great  deserts  of  Africa  wear  an  imposing^ 
aspect,  even  on  account  of  their  utter  barrennesft  of 
vegetation,  where  no  tree  atSbrds  fruit,  or  shelier 
from  the  bOrning  beat  of  the  day,  no  bii;d  is  heard 
to  sing,  and  no  dower  eipands  ita  leaves  to  tfatt 
lun;  u  well  as  from  their  immense  eitent* 

In  the  steppes  of  Russia,  the  orieotal  plain  of 
Tartary,  the  traveller,  did  not  his  reason  correot 
the  illusion  of  his  senses,  at  the  rising  and  sitting 
of  the  sun,  would  imagine  himself  in  the  midst  <» 
^  boundless  ocean,  so  vast,  so  level  and  munoton* 
eus  is  the  prospect  around  hitD. 

What  must  be  the  awful  sublimity  cf  the  imiMkiaft ' 
regions  of  polair  solitude,  where  the  distant  suit 
reflects  his  dascliograys  from  plains  of  snow,  anf 
mountaina  of  ice,  but  witfioiit  warming. 

The  valley  of  the  Mississippi,  whose  easterh  an#- 
western  boundaries  are  the  Allegheny  and  Rookjp* 
Mountains,  thife  northern  the  chain  of  lakes  which 
separate  us  from  Canada^  and  th<e  southern,  the 
gulf  cf  Florida,  in  addition  to  the  imposing  gran- 
deur of  its  vast  extent,  is  an  immense  region  of  ani* 
mal  and  vegetable  life,  in^l  their  endless  varie* 
ties.    In  all  this  vast  giteflfw country,  nomoun** 
tain  rears  its  towering  head  lo  vary  the  scenery> 
aiyd  aflbrd  a  resting  place  for  the  clouds,  no  volca* 
no  vomits  forth  its  sMoke,  flame  and  lava  in  sub* 
Hm^  ta  dtatrudtive  grandeor.    fiven  tboio  pcit^ 


■■■#*-ts 


■/- 


mfe  ^itbkiiKtei0i 


lions  of  this  valley  which  in  ages  past,  were  ill 
beds  of  lakes,  but  have  been  drained  by  the  sink- 
Sng  of  the  rivers,  present  a  rich  vegetable 
Inould.* 

This  gFf  at  country  leems  to  have  been  designed 
by  divine  Providence  for  the  last  resort  of  oppres- 
sed humanity.  A  fruitful  soil,  tinder  a  variety  of 
cliroattrs,  supplies  abundantly  all  the  wants  of  lifei 
while  our  geographical  situation  renders  us  un- 
isoDquerabie.    From  thiB  place  of  rdfuge^  we  may 

*Thtrt  i*  wtiny  viidmce  that  ihosiR  Iratts  of  our 
Inmntry^  whidi  tonsUt  qf  beds  of  rounded  gravel  and 
9iones  have  JamvHy  been  lakes  ^  which  have  been  drain' 
ed  by  the  lowering  ef  the  beds  of  thp  rivers.  These  /racfs 
of  Country  have  been  'covered  with  a  vegetable  mouldy 
from  the  decay  of  vegetable  matters  on  llmr  surface,  so 
as  to  have  become  goi>d  Ifundfor  cultivaiidn.  Such  arc  the 
Pickaway  and  Sandu^  plains j  and  indeed  the  greater 
part  of  the  Scioto  country,  a$  well  as  many  other  trqc(s 
6/  land  along  ether  rwers. 

The  Ohio  river  has  lowered  Us  bed  from  jyty  to  etgh" 
fyfeet,    SteubenviUeyBeavertownand  Cincinnati  stand 
im  the  first  aUuvym.  of  the  river\  ihi%  alhme/ii  is  at  leaH 
JBtoentyJeet  abm  thf  prtsent  bed  oj  tht  river.     This 
fhmwmenoin  of  the  Ififvomv^  cf  tfie  waters  is  not  confi* 
ned  to  our  own  country.^  Theformer  bed  ef  the  Red  Sea 
ii  from  thirty  io  forty  feet  above  the  preserU  surface  df 
its  waters*  The  jl^ck  Sea  is  .sinking  lyy  the  wearit^  down 
of  the   canal  (f  Constantixtqpk;    and  it  seems  every 
\»ay  probable  that  a  considerable  portion  of  the  deserts 
of^rica,  n^,  ihefeOy  iserftncejovered  with  the  waters 
l§^     ottM  Atlantic     Large  tracts  oJ%ur  southern  sea  coasf» 
are  evidinily  aUuvial,     The  causes  qf  the  sinking  cf 
ihe  beds  of  rivers,  and  the  recession  of  the  sea  from  & 
Htfih^^  mat  bel^tpi  thtitiiefsUgatim  ^  i^lfii^i 


tr^ 


WB    VnLDERVEalti! 


m 


Aear,  ts  bftrinleas  thunder,  the  military  coQvulsions 
of  other  quarters  ot  the  globe,  without  fefling 
their  concussiong.  Vice  and  folly  may  conqufr 
na:  the  world  never  can.  Happy  region!  laige  and 
f  ilile  enough  for  the  abode  of  many  millions.— 
Here  the  hungry  may  find  breadv  and  coriflcienc^ 
ihe  full  possession  of  its  native  rights. 

With  the  geography,  and  geology  of  this  couil- 
try  i  here  no  concern-  Heave  these  subjects  to 
the  geographer,  and  natural  historian.  The  as* 
pect  which  it  bore  at  the  time  of  its  discovery, 
ind  settlement^  must  alone  be  presented  to  the 
xeader.  . 

One  prominent  feature  of  a  wilderness  is  its 
solitude.  Those  who  plunged  into  the  bosom  Of 
this  forest,  left  behind  them,'  not-  only  the  bu- 
sy hum  of  mf^n,  but  domesticated  animal  life 
g  nerally.  The  parting  ray«i  of  the  aetting  sun 
did  not  receive  the  requiem  of  the  feathered  song* 
frters  of  the  grove,  nor  was- the  blushing  aurora 
ushered  in  by  the  shrill  clarion' of  the  domestic 
ibwls.  The  solitude  of  the  night  was  interrupt- 
ed only  by  the  howl  of  the  wolf,  the  melancholy 
moan  of  the  ill-boding  owl)  or  the  shriek  of  the 
frightful  panther.  Even  the  faithful  dog,  the  only 
steadfast  companion  of  man- among  the  brute  crea« 
tion,  partook  of  the  si4enc6  of  the  desert;  the  dis^* 
eipline  of  his  master  forbid  him  to  bark,  or  move, 
but  in  obedience  to  bis  commaud,  and  his  native 
sagacity  soon  taught  hinrthe  propriety  of  obedience 
to  this  severe  government. 

The  day  was,  if  possible,  more  solitary  than  the 
night.    The  noise  of  the  wild  turkey,  the  croaking 
of  the  raven  or  '^The  woodpecker  tapping  the 
hollow  beech  tree,"  did  not  much  enlivea  thf^ 
^caryiccnef 


m 


THE   Wri»SRNS|ik 


The  various  tribes  of  singing  birds  are  not  in* 
iibbitants  of  (be  desert;  tbey  are  not  carnivorous^ 
and  therefore  aiiist  be  fed  from  the  labours  of  man. 
At  any  rate  they  did  not  exist  in  ibis  <:ountry  alita 
first  settlement. 

Let  the   imagination  of  the  reader,  p4irsqe  the 
track  of  the  adventurer  into  this  solitary  wilder- 
ness.    Bend  ing  bis  course  towards  the  setting  sun^ 
over  undulating  bills,  under  the  shade  of  large  for- 
osl  trees,  and  wading  through  the  rank  weeds,  and 
grass  which  then  covered  the«arth.    Now  viewing 
from  the  top  of  a  bill,  Uie  winding  couise  of  the 
creek  whose  streav)  He  wishes  to  explore.  Doubt*- 
ful  of  its  course,  and  of  his  own,  be  ascertains- tW 
cardinal  points  of  north  and  south,  by  the  thickness 
of  the  moss,  and  bark  on  the  north  side  of  the  an- 
cient trees.    Now  descending  into  a  valley  and 
ptet^eging  his  approacli  to  a  river,  by  seeing  large 
tell,  basg-wood  and  sugar  trees, beautifiiUv  festoon- 
ed with  wild  grape  vines^    Watchful  as  Argus,  bis 
-restless  eye  catches  every  thing  around  him.   In  ail 
unknown  region,  and  surrounded  with  dangers,  he 
isibe  sentibelofhisown  safety,  and  relies  on  him- 
telf  alone  for  protectioo.    The  toilsome  march  pi 
the  day  being  ended,  at  the  fall  of  night,  he^  seeks 
for  safety,  some  narrow  sequestered  hollow,  and 
lay  the'side  of  a  large  log,  builda  a  fire,   and  af- 
ter eating  his  coarse,  and  scanty  meal^  wraiis- 
hinisttlf  up  in  his  blanket,  and  lays  him  down  on  hrs 
bed  of  leaves,  with  his  feet  to  the  little  fire  for  re- 
pose, bopifig  for  favorable  dreams,  ominous  of  fit- 
ture  good  luck,  while  his  faithful  di:>g  and  gun  re-^ 
pose  by  his  side. 

But  let  not  the  reader  suppose  that  the  pilgrim 
of  the  wilderness,  could  feast  bis  Imagioation 
with  the  romaaiic  beautiei  of  nature,  witboOta^y 


■> 


TIM  witvtmvcii. 


W 


^awBftck  from  eon6ioting  pauiionfl,    IIU  iitua- 
tion  did  dot  afford  him  much  time  for  oontempla- 
tion.    He  wat  ao  exilo  from  the  warm  clothing 
and  plentiful  roansioira  of  lociety,    Hh  homely 
woodsman's  dress,  soon  became  old,  and  ragged; 
the  cravings  of  hunger  compelled  .him  to  sustain 
from  day  today  the  fatigues  of  the  chase,    OU. 
ten  bad  he  to  eat  bis  venison,  bear  meat,  or  wild 
turkey,  without  bi^ad  or  salt.    Nor  was  this  all. 
at  eveiy  step,  the  strong  passions  of  hope  and 
fear,  were  in  full  exercise.    Eager  in  the  pur^ 
suit  of  his  game,  his  too  much  excited  imagina^*- 
tion,  sometimes  presented  him  with  th(s  phantom 
of  the  object  of  his  chase,  in  a  bush,  a  log;  or  mos- 
By  bank,  and  occasioned  him  to  waste  a  load  of 
bis  ammunition,  more  preoioua  than  gold,  on  a 
creature  of  bis  own  brain,  and  be  repaid  himself 
the  expense  by  making  a  joke  of  his  mistake.--^ 
His  situation  was  not   without  its  danger.^.     He 
did   not  know  at  what  tread  his  foot  might  be 
Btuilg  by  a  serpent,  at  what  moment  he  might- 
meet  with  the  formidable  bear,^  or,  if  in  the  e< 

*lt  is  taidy  that  far  some  Hvhb  ajltr  Braddoclz's 
defeat^  the  bears  havir^  feasted  on  the  slainy  thought 
PiOt  they  had  a  right  to  kUl  and  eat  every  human  being 
Vnth  whom  they  met.  tdnunde  of  wine  of  the  name  of 
TUer^  had  like  to  have  loAhis  life  by  one  of  them.  /^ 
4^0$  in  the  eum^ner  time^  when  bears  were  poors  and  not 
worth  kiUing:  being  in  the  wooda,  he  saw  an  old  male 
hear  winding  along  afUr  him:  with  a  vteto  to  have  thi 
eport  of  seeing  il\A  bear  runyhe  hid  himselfitehind  a  tree: 
when  the  bear  approaehed  him^  he  sprang  out  and  hallo(^ 
ed  at  him;  {ntt  mffee  instead  of  rawniig  iff  as  he  expect  • 
^jumped  at  hiin^jvith  muulk'iMiJi}  ij^imy  ui\4& 


tnf 


la 


fits  wit»BiiRi:u« 


▼onlBfTt  he  know  not  on  wh«t  limb  of  a  (roe ^  6* 
TIT  hi*  liraU,  the  u>ur(leroui,  pmlher  might  he 
pf r«hed|  in  a  squetting  nttitudt),  to  drop  down 
(itHH),  end  teur  him  to  pieoen  in  a  nioineitt.— 
nhrn  vvAl(»hing  n  de«r  lick  from  hid  blind  at 
night,  thA  forn^idHhit^  panther  was  oflen  hie  rival 
in  tlm  »«mo  buiiiivf!!!*.  and  if,  bv  hie  growl,  or 
etherwiscs  the  man  dtsoovercsd  the  preeenoe  of 
hid  rival,  the  lord  of  the  world  alwajre  reiiretl  aa 
apiu^dily  end  stcrtMly  as  potsilne,  leaving  him  the 
undiiituibed  posiieBiiion  of  the  chanoe  ot  game  fof 
iUt  inght. 

Tli<*  wildernr 69  wne  a  region  of  luperetition.-* 
Tho  adventurous  huntei  sought  ibr  ominoue  pr«- 
an^eii  c(  hie  Aiture  good,  or  bad  luok,  in  ei*erj 
tl:it)|i  about  him.  Much  of  hie  succeee  dc^pended 
on  the  statr  of  the  weathtr;  snow  and  rain^wera 
^vorabltf,  becaus*^  in  the  former  he  oould  track 
his  geii^**,  and  the  latter  prevented  them  froiq 
he»r  t^  the  auatling  of  the  leaves  beneath  his  feet. 
The  apt  carance  of  the  oky,  morning  and  evening, 
gave  him  flu*  oignn  of  the  timet),  with  regard  to  the 
w^atht  r.  S\i  far  he  was  a  philosoptier.  Perhaps 
ho  was  aidvd  in  hn  prognostics  on  this  subject,  by 
•0!ue  Old  rht^umaiio  pnin,  which  he  called  his  ^^wea- 
th<>r  clock.*'  Soy  whut  you  please  about  thiff^ 
doctors,  the  Ar^t  st^ttiers  of  this  country  were  sel- 
dom m>stttkt  n  in  \\\U  latter  indication  ot  the  weath- 
er, TiM«  rruakiiig  of  a  Hven,  the  howl.ng  of  a 
dog.  and  theficrtcchofanowl,  were  as  prophetic 
»■■ 11  - 

^^'}>}xd  him  by  oppbfii^s  t/ie  muzzk  bJ  his  gun  io  his 
htck\  ojKift.W'^-  ii-tjj:  Um  kilivil  hiin  iti  ou  ins/cml.— • 
If  hs  ^anhati  snapfHuiythckunitrttotild  hart  b€a%  torn 
tv  >».ar  > . >M  'he  i^pai*  AJm  </w,  kt  t<i^« ht  nttcf  itjidcr- 
i\>ik  hi  play  i»ii,X  a  6eaf. 


l^te    WILOCRinBtft. 


» 


futuTO  mUfortunet  among  tho  fiir«t  (iffventurrrl 
)to  thii  country,  od  (hey  were  «moni{»t  the  ftn<» 
iant  pagans;  but  abovtt  all  their  dreams  wernre« 
arded  at  ominout  of  good  or  ill  succoois,    Oden^ 
rhen  a  Uov  I  heard  them  relate  their  dreama,  and 
jie  events  which  fulfilled  (heir  indications.    Wit)i 
|ome  of  the  woodsmen  there  were  two  girls  of  (heir 
foquaiotance,  who  were  regarded  as  (he  goddes* 
es  of  their  good  or  bad  luck.    If  they  dreamed  of 
he  one,  they  were  sure  of  good  fbrtune;  if  of  the 
f(ber,  they  were  equaliv  sure  of  bid.    How  muoh 
>ve  or  aversion  might  have  bad  to  do  in  this  cis^' 
cannot  say,  but  such  watthe  fact. 
Let  not  the  reader  be  surprised  at  the  superiti** 
lion  which  existed  among  the  tirst  adventurers  into 
the  western  wilderness.    Superstition  is  universal- 
ky  associated  witb  ignorance,  in  oil  (hose  who 
)coupy  perilous  sit uatioits   in  life.    The  comMi' 
i9ed  to  be  considered  harbingers  of  war.    The  sea 
[eaptain  nails  an  old  horse  shoe  to  the  foot  of  tho 
{toast  of  his  ship  to  prevent  storms.    The  QcrmaQi- 
rased  to  nail  the  horse  shoe  on  the  door-sill,  to  pri^ 
nrentth^  intrusion  of  witchea.    Ttie  German  soN 
[dier  reciteta  charm,  at  the  rising  ofthe  sun,  when 
in  the  course  of  the  day,  he  expects  to  be  eDgage4- 
in  battle,  by  the  means  of  whioh  he  fancies  that 
lie  lortifies  himself  against  the  contact  of  ballr 
|ef  every    description.'^      Charms,   inoantati«  n%. 
and  amuletd  have  constituted  a  part  of  (he  super- 
stition of  all  ages,  and  nations.    Philosophy  alone 
t^an  banish  t  heir  use. 
The  passion  of  fear  exciied  by  danger,  the  pii^ 

*vV<wy  ycnrs  agOy  iscM  a  mcmusoipt  oj  this  tfonder* 
^(f  chartny  inU  htwe  so  for^iott^a  its  i^mient\  t/m|  /  cOf^ 
fiol  now  uiiikrtakt  to  givt  a  irmslatum  of^it^ 


1^ 


TBB  WitVtOlFBifi 


Merit  of  sQpersiiiion,  operated  powerfully  on  \U 
first  adveuturera  into  this  country.    Exiled  froml 
foeiety,  and  the  coiiifortt  of  Hfe,   their  sittiatioaf 
was  perilous  in  the  extreme.    The  bite  of  a  ter* 
pent,  a  broken  limb,  a  wound  of  any  kind*,  or  a  fitl 
of  sickness  in  the  wilderness,  without  those  ac*| 
eooimodations,  which  wounds  and  sickness  re« 
quire,  was  a  dreadful  calamity.    The  bed  of  sici;* 
ttess,  without  medical  aid,  and  above  all,  to  bedes* 
titute  of  the  kiiM)  attention  of  a  mother,  sister,  wifll 
or  other  female  friends,  those  ministering  aogelgl 
in  the  wants  and  a69ictions  of  man,  was  a  situation  I 
w^bich  could  not  be  anticipated  by  the  tenant  on 
the  forest,  with  utlier  sen^ments  than  those  of  tbo] 
deepest  horror. 
.    Many  circumst'anees  coneurredto  awaken  in  (he I 
mind  of  the  early  adventurer  into  this  country,  the 
most  serious  and  even  melancholy  reflectioni.  He 
•aw  every  where  around  him  indubitable  evidences  I 
of  the  former  existence  of  a  large  population  of] 
barbarians,  which  bad  long  ago  perished  from  the 
tarth.    Their  arrow  beadi  furnished  him  witfi 
gun  djnls;  stone  hatches,  pipes,  and  fragments  of  { 
tarthen  ware,  were  found  m  every  place. — The 
lemains  of  their  rude  fortir'f.iiiioBS,  were  met  witi 
in  many  places,  and  some  of  them  of  considerable 
extent  and  magnitude.    Seated  on  the  summit  of] 
some  sepulchral  mound,  containing  the  ashes  of 
tens  of  thousands  of  the  dead,  he  said'  to  kimsel^| 
'*  This  is  the  grave,  and  this  no  doubt  the  temple 
of  worship  of  a  long  succession  of  generations,  long 
since  mouldered  into  dust;  these  surrounding  val« 
lies  were  once  animated  by  their  labors,  hunting] 
and  wars,  their  songs  and  dances; .  but  oblivi^m 
bas  drawn  her  impenetrable  veil  over  their  wttole 
))i8tory;  no  lettered  page,  no  sculptured  moaame)$( 


"■^ 


ANTt^TTlXlttt 


ifi^ 


iforat  wbo  they  were,  from  whence  they  eamet 

le  period  of  their  existence,  or  by  what  dreadful 

itastrophe  the  iron  hand  of  death  has  gWen  thena 

complete  an  overthrow,  and  made  the  whole  ot 

lifl  country  an  immense  Golgotha. 

SucI),  reader,  waa  the  aspect  of  this  country  at 

first  discovery,  and  such  the  poor  and  ha;Eardoua 

»t  of  the  first  adventurers  into  the  bosoms  of  ita 

irests.    How  widely  different  is  the  aspect  of 

lings  now,  and  how  changed  for  the  better^  the 

mdilion  of  its  inhabitants i    If  such  important 

langes  have  taken  place  in  so  few  yeara,  and  with 

ich  slender  means,,  whaijmmense  improvements 

%j  we  not  teMQoabljr  anticipate  for  the  futuf^ 


•intiquitiesi 

'        ,       CHAPTER  ir. 

The  western  country  in  comtndn  with^m09t 
cry  other  region  nf,  the  earthy  exhibits  eyidenca^ 
if  a  numerous  population,  which  must  have  ekis- 
"^d,  and  periBhed  long  anteiaOr  to  the  period  of 
istory..  '  ■■■■,■''■■. 

The  evidences  of  the  most  i^mote  population  ot 
\T  country  are  found:  only  in  the  few,  and  rude 
!mains<  of  their  worka,  which  have  escaped  tfa'ef: 
vagea  of  time.    Sitch  of  these  antiquities  as  hayiM 

onie  under  the  notice  of  the  author  shall  be  deis 

^rihe^  w^th  sewe  remarks  upon  them. 


^ 


ANTIQUITIES. 


AiT0ir  heacls,  at  the  first  settlement  of  the  couq^J 
try  were  found  every  vvitere.  TheBO  were  made 
tiini  stone  of  various  sizes,  and  colours,  and  sbapJ 
ed  with  great  art,  and  Deainetis.  Their  fabricatioil 
required  more  skill,  and  labour  tbau  that  of  maj 
ki^ig our  ordinary  gun   tlinis. 

From  the  great  numbers  of  those  arrow  points! 
^und  air  over  the  country,  it  is  pr^'sumable  thatl 
(hey  must  Ifave  been  in  general  use,  by  a  liarge  popj 
ulaiior^,  and  for  a  great  length  of  time.  The  autli 
lias  never  been  informed  whether  af  the  discovery] 
ar>d  settlement  of  America  by  the  Curopeana  the 
t|ndians  were  in  the  habit  of  using  ^m.  I 

Some  of  those  arrow  pointa  we£  of  great  sizi^j 
and  weight,  so  that  those  vtho  used  titem  must  havf 
been  gigantic  fellows,  and  of  great  iuu8cular| 
■tretigtbi  ^^^ 

For  a  ](ong  time-  after  the  settlement  of  the  coiip.* 
ky,  the  Indian  arrow  heads  furnished  the  main  sup' 
ply  of  guD- flints,    for  our  hunters^  and  warriord 
nany  of  whom  prefered  th^  ra  to  the  imported  fliiitsJ 
The  arrow  points  have  nearly  vanished  from  tbe| 
iSountry.  i  have  not  seen  one  for  many  years. 

Stone  pipes,  and  hatchets,  were  frequently  founj 
bere  in  early  timea^  The  pipes  were  rudely  roade^'^ 
but  nany  of  them  of  very  fa bcitul  shapes.  The  ei 
istence  of  those  pspes,  shews  very  clearly  that  thel 
practice  of  smoking  acrid  substances  is  ofgreatl 
antiquity.  Before  the  use  of  tobacco,  the  IndiJ 
ans  smoked  the  tooer>,bark  of  the  red  willow  mixedl 
with  sumack  leaves.  They  do  so  still,,  when  th^l 
saobot  procure  tobaicco. 

Some  fragments  of  a  rude  kind  of  earthen  wart 
w£re  found  in  some  placcsi  It  was  made  of  po]tj 
Ijrb-^arth&ise^  witkcalomed  ahel^^BBd  biir&i  ' 


mi 


i#^.# 


Al^Ti(iUltltff. 


^ 


pV^ptr  uardoeas.    This  ware  was  no  doubt  used 
}r  cooking.  1 

Some  rude  trinkets  of  copper  hate  been  foQOd 
in  some  of  the  Indian  graves.  These,  howereKd 
rere  but  few  In  number^  and  eihibited  no  skill 
|n  the  art  of  workiog  metals.  Many  years  ago^  I 
procured  ten  copper  beads,  which  were  found  iiii 
me  of  the  smaller  graves  on  Grave  Creek  ilat. 
%e  whole  number  found  at  the  time,  was  about 
)ixty.  They  app<^ared  to  hav6  been  made  of  ham? 
lered  Wire,  cot  off  at  Unequal  lengths,  and  in  some 
f  them  the  end^  Weire  not  more  than  hall?  their 
Surface  in  contact;  add  sO  sddered. 

The  Bnoient  forts,  ab  they  are  called,  are  gen^ 
Orally  formedJn  the  neighbourhodd  of .  the    larg0 
Ifraves  along  m  fiver,  4nd  mostly  on  the  first  al<^ 
[uvioo  of  their  bottom^.    They  lU'iB  of  all  shapet 
md  various  dimensions.    They  JlMve  been  so  oueii 
lescribed  by  different  authors',  that  4  description  of 
^hem  is  not  necessary  here.    Whether  tbey  were 
really  fortifications;  or  ordinary  inclosures  of  their 
iowns,  is  ndt  sobehain.    It  is  saiid/to  be  a  com-' 
kon  practice  among  the  Indians  of  Missouri,  to 
inclose  a  piece  of  ground^  which  tbey  intend  for 
I  town,  with  stockades,  on  eacb  side  of  whic^b 
ihey  throw  up  i^  motind  ol  eilrth,  iind   that  when 
leof  their.to^tis  has  been  sb  long  deiertfd  that 
the  stockAdin]g  bai  rotted    down;  tfie  Vemaining 
lound  of  earth  has  precisely  the  same  ap|>earance 
IS  one  of  the;  ancient  forts.    If  this  wis  their  ori- 
and  nu>st  probably  it  viasj  they  were  fortifi- 
mtions  in  this  sbme  degree  that  the  Walls  of  all  an* 
ieot  towns,  and  citiei  we)^'^  and  hot  otherwise. 
:*he  circular  mounds  at  Circleville,  in  Ohio,  ar^ 
the  only  I  have  ever  seen,  which  appear  to  liai(^ 
'^  m  eitdtttiiVely  iBteBfledfer  efortri|||       ^  ^.\ 


The  sepulchral  mouods,  make  by  far  the  greet* 
«et  figure  an«ong  the  etitiquites  of  our  country.  IqI 

?)oint  of  iDsgiiitude  some  of  them  are  truly  sub- 
iibe,.aDd  iinpoeiog  monuments  of  human  laborjl 
for  the  buria)  of  the  dead. 

The  large  grave>OD  Grave  creek  flat,  is  the  only] 
large  one  in  this  section  of  Uie  country!    The  di- 
ameter pf  its  base  is  said  to  be  one  hundred  yardsJ 
Sts   altitude   et     least    seventy-five    feet^   some 
give  it  at  ninety  feet.    The  diameter  at  the  top  ii 
^fteen  yards.    The  sides  and  top  of  the  movnd  are| 
covered  with  tree^^of  all  sizes  and  ages,  incerroin' 
gled  with   fallen  «irid  decaying  timber,  like  ths 
surrounding  Woods. 

Supposing  this  august  pyramid*  t/contain  hu' 
man  hones,  in  equal  proportion  with  the  lesser 
%)D0unds  which  have  been  opened  from-  time  to 
lime,  what  myriads  of  human  beings  must  repose 
k}  its  vast  dimensions.* 

The  presefh  owner.of  this  moui^d,  the  euthor  has 
been  informed,  has  expressed  his  determination 
to  preserve  it  in  its  original  stete  during  his  lifst. 
He  will  not  eufier  the  axe  jto.  violate  its  timber,  nor 

«  tall     .^     I  .,^'.;    ■/■,•,         ^ 

^President  Jefferson  miilUkms  having  mair  a  per* 
ptndicular  cut  mrough  an  Indian  groHy  on  the  river 
Mivanna^near  J^mticeUo,  tDiih  a  vkw  *^  examtns  Us 
:i/ntefnal  structwCy  andtonients.  The.  base  of  the  grant 
vqg  forty  feet  in  diam^r;  Us  Aeigftt  aeven  Jut  and  an 
half,  J^ier  a  tar^ui  exannnation  ejf  the  bones  contain;- 
edin  Ae  eepukhrei  he  condiuded  that  U  m^iu  con- 
tain one  thfMUmd  dteletons,  Suwoeing  this  esHniaie 
correct  vhat  mustbethe'  number  o*  ^cektons  contained 
inihe  great  fyramid  tf  Qtame  creekf  Those  iohoan 
ouriint9i»enoug&  to  makeihe  calculation  are  re^eHed^  iq.  do 

le,  mdgivt  Ae  reniili*-— «M)fe«  on  VirgwiOj  p.  181* 

f 


■•»'/ 


ARTl^VlTUCf. 

I  Ike  BQBttockt  Mi  earth.    May  bii  f  uccetf  ert  itf 
t  title  of  the  estate  forerer  feel  the  itme  piouinyf 
I  for  tl^  august  mansion  of  the  deadj^i^ 
[the  fenerable  monument  of  antiquitf   ^ 


19 


l^estruction  mhich  has  already  •nnm|||^#<lN 
cedalarge  number  of  the  lesser  ipmwi^if 
the  dead.  «  f^Illi^. 

Most  of  the  writers  on  the  antii^^ 
country,  represent  the  sepulchral  moil 
consideration,  as  peculiar  to  America.  ..--- 
such  the  fact,  they  iroul^jbe  objects  of  greal  ciirir 
osity  indeed^  as  ihehr  Mtpfiging  exclttsiirely  to 
this  quarter  oC  the  g^be,  fviKald  golo  |yp^  ^^^^ 
the  aborigine!  of  Amerib|  weno  mS^mfmgom  alt 
other  nati^i8%^e^the  earth^^yeast  if  lpa||nanner 
fdi*po8ingofihei|-dead/  ^'  % 

But  the  fact  iB  not  so.  The  history  of  these  ancieiii 
sepulobres  of  the  dead  embsaces  Europe,  Asia, « 
Africa,  as  well  as  North  and  SpMtli  America. 
Large  grpupes  of  Jhoee  moMDili  a:i%  iaet  mth  i^ 
inanv  plapen  betiveanSt.Petersbw^h  andM^covyai 
Russia,  ^^n  tbefeopleoflbatiBountiy  are  uji^^ 

if  they  haVe  any     ''''** ^'' — '*'' —  '*^-^'  '~' ' 

swer  in  the  ne 
the  graves  of 
tvhom    cons 
Near  the  roout 


ition  .concvrnlnf  them  they  an ' 
..  They  iupDose  that  ^y  ar« 
ilain  IIP  bftt^^ut  v?be"oif^% 
,  they  na^^l^o  knowledge* 
tbe  river  pomtherps  agroup 
of  five  mounds  which  from  time  imoiemcKrisl  ha!|# 
been  denominated  ^^Thefipe  hra^then,'*^  ^imifar 
mounds  Ate  vgry  numeraus  along  ^be  shores  of  the 
Black  sea  and  those  of  Ibo  sea  of  Acqr  and  through- 
out the  whtple  cpuhtry  of  the  Crimea^  They  arc 
found  throughout  ancient  Greece.  In  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  affiment  Troy  there  are  several  of 
them  sear^i  «•  ht$t  fs  any  in  America,   ifeia 

C 


s- 


■'W' 


io 


AICTtQUlTlCtf* 


■iS^jtf!^. 


^^iotsnd  defended  b^  Robbin*,  in  the  viciniiy  of 
VMUnoon  in  Africa  ts  certftinly  an  ancient  lepul* 
'itl^al  mound  aUho*  be  crf|8  it  a  nataral  one', 
f  Thi|Lis'tb«-ntore  probable  as  (he  remains  of  for* 
titH^aMm  #^^mi-wa11a  similar  to  thosr:  in  our  I 
GoiJMQniist  in  abundance  in  the  neighborhood  of 
WMdm^  On  the  hills  nearCambridge  ioEnghnd 
ftre  sHei^h'two  large  barrows  as  the  tombs  of  Gog 
and  Magog,  The  Cairne  of  Scotland  are  structiirt-i 
of  tbo  same  kind  but  m^e  wholy  of  stone.  Peru 
and  Mexiob  contain  a  vast  number  of  those  mounds 
of  all  s&lpes  and  of  the  1arge%t  dimensions*    Lasilj 
the  faoiAr^ramidsof  Egfpt  h^ve  httr\  dsscer! 
tained  ^W«epulchraredi^ce0,  •^ffi^)>robabili.  I 
\y  they  are %oeval  itiih  tbe  se|jiiH:hriil'nflionufHenti| 
of  other  quarters  of  the  globe  already'  mentioned.  I 
l^ej^  were  designed  for  tbe  last  and  permanent  Im- 
bibition of  tlie  regal  grandeur  of  those  monarchs 
by  whom  thef  AVlve  succesively  erected* 

Thc^^r^at  number  and  magnitude  of  tfie  sepuU 
t%al  monuments  of  antiquity  serve  to  sheiv  that 
during  the  time  of  their  erection;  over  so  large  a 
portli^jpi  of  the  earth,  mankind  g^eraliy  must  have 
beefiWtuatediMt^etronjl  desijrlflpff'eserve  the  re- 
mains of  the  dena^^romdfsdoluti^and  their  namesi 
.mnd  renoi|  as  far  as  possible  fr0m  oblivion.  Tho 
extensive  ^sAaOombB  of  £gypt,  Syracuse^  and  Pales'' 
tine  are  foUy  illuatrative  of  the  genera!  wish  for 
the  preservation  of  the  body  after  death  arid  pos- 
tbumouH  fame.  ,  What  must  have  been  the  labour 
and  etpense  of  excavating  limestone  or  marble 
tOcics  to  such  vast  extent  and  with  bubfa  exquisite 
workmauship  for  the  purpose  of  furnishin|;  elegant 
anil  Imperishable  recesses  for  the  dead. 

The  aucientfigypiiah^  held  the  first  rank  among 
the  nations  of  antiquity,  ia'their  care,  alid  tkill 


▲2(TiQUmilf 


H 


or  preservinr  the  remBint  of  their  cletd.    To  (he 
noit  »pleodid  and  estcitoive  catacoiabf,  Ihej  bo* 
^ed  the   praeiioe  of  cvkbaloiiDg  their  bod^t 
any  of  wiitcri  have  so  far  eicaped  the  ravages  «lf 
lime.    TNte ^mbalnied  bodiea,  preierffd  froni 
^ufrifactioti  bj  ceratef  and  bandagei^of  IiDen^"* 
ire  still  found,  soineiinief  in  aohlaqr  ^^^s,  and 
jrrmctii.)ei  in  large  nuntbcrl,  m  newly  'diicov- 
icred  catacoiobs;  but  ibr  want  oflettcrt,  their  early 
lliifitory  hasvaoiijhed  foreyer.* 
I    While  the  aneient  l^gyjptiiina  ikilf ullv  preicrvi^^ 
[the  individual  boditiMtheir  dead^^otfier  nalioni 
irfnetft  t^e  pj^tic«W  eoHeoting  tbeijMinea  oC 
fmd  defiiofiiting  them  ii^  Hpulcb^ 
riDoni^|itii|raiiat}<H)al  character. 
I  vJifi^irlyanf'^^^  mounds,  which  have 

bt4^t|or«)Ughly  opencdfin  Alia  an4  XjRi^nca>  con* 
[tain,,  about  the  ce<iti:e  of  the  |){|fl|%  f^)  co^ti,  9^ 
vault  tf  stone,  con||^iniDgbuf  i>iipei»|)|t^.  thM| 
we  may  Teasonahlyiiuppose,  wa^a  iillBophagua 
ofthepatfiarch,  or  %et  moiiiurch  ^  th4  <^^  or 
nation  to  wnich  the  i epulchrS  belo^^d.  Thel^ie* 
forward  all  his  people  were  deposited  iftthe  grav^ 
of  the  fouiDder  of  the  nation,    In  prpem  of  tioi^ 

^Upwardt  of  tventyywn ago.  tht  aulher  $mMl^ 

and  part  of  ike  arm  of  anMgvptmn  twutiim|/,  tf  i% 

Fianldin  Mbrary  nf  Ph&etj^    Jt  vfos  £over$4 

with  two  dam^oges  ^tr^l  is  tdikd  m  hmMd  Hma(, 

J>eiv!m  tU  ikm  and  the  fwst^dage  their  wh  a  layer' 

oj  plaisterofsome  kifidofgum^andiht  san\e  b^tmm 

the  first  and  outer  bandage.     The  thumb  and  fingers 

were  separately^  and  very  neaUy  bandaged,     it  was  in 

me,  and  appearance,  the  left  hand  of  a  smaU  mnum. 

This  reKet^  antiquity  f  is  no  doubt  sefseral   thamand 
years  old.  '  * 


hn 


AVTKimtltS. 


the  daily  increasing  mound  became  the  natibtitl 
history.  Its  age  was  the  age  of  the  nation,  and 
its  magnitude  gave  the  census  of  their  relative 
numbera^  and  military  force,  with  regard  to  oth- 
er nations  about  them.  What  a  sublime  spectacle 
to  tiie  peppie  to  whom  it  belonged,  must  one  of 
tho^larg^aepulchrea.bave  been!  The  remains 
of  toe  first  chief  of  the  nation,  with  his  people, 
and  their  successors,  throOgh  many  generations^ 
ftposing  together  in  the  same  tomb! 

It  is  a  wdl  known  fact,  that  some  natioas  of 
jliidiaQS^  ever  since  the  settlcpient  of  America  by 
^%ie  B<iropiaDS,  have  been  in  the  habit  of  collect- 
ing the  bones  of  their  dead^  from  every^qusfrter, 
fiirthe  purpose  of  depositing  them,  with  those  of 
their  people^  at  their  chief  towns*  This  ^u^t 
liave  been  l^e^^^eral  practice  durihg-the  tim\  of 
the  erecti^*^p^e  large  ane^t  graves  of  our 
country^  l^pi^Pl^hes  found^h  those  of  them 
which  j^i^;&il^^  opened,  htfve  been  thrown  pro- 
tpif^cuoitily ^|i!«i^  collecfieus, as  if  emp* 

tied  out  of  ^^ets,  Or  ba^d. 
^   Besidea^e  large  graves,  srnalier  ones  are  found 
in  many  p^ces,  regoote  from   the  large  mounds; 
and  ati^ti'aces    of  the  ancient  forts.      Most  of 
the^etiire  ^ade  wh<$lLy  of  stone,  and  for  the  mosi 
partcontain  but  Vitegie  skeletbni^'  ¥^      these 
solitary  iapui)df^  eiretfted  t^  the  rnifc&fry  of  the  in- 
divicl'»ai-  ^  whose  r^™Aa  they  illivlr.?    Such  ap- 
pears to  hai'e  been'^Hr  fn^t.    T^Ta^t  a  sinaiiar  Cus- 
tom prevailed  amangst  tbe  ancient  Hdbi>ew8,  we 
have  an  evidence  in  the  burial  of  Absalom,    the 
rebellious  son  of  Divid,  who,  although  unworthy 
of  %plac3  in  the  royal  sepulchre,  was  neverthe- 
less honofei]  with  such  a  rude  monument  of  stdne^i 
M  we  often  meet  with  in  our  cauolry.    After  h^ 

0- 


'iNTIQUlttEg. 


85 


X9M  slain  by  Joab,  the  commander  in  cbief  of  his 
father^s  army  **  They  took  Absalom  and  cast  him 
into  a  great  pit  in  the  wood,  and  cast  a  vtry  gnat 
heap  of  stones  upon  him.'' 

Froill  all  these  facfs^  it  appears  (hat  the  strong 
desire  of  posthumous  fame  induced  those  naiions, 
Amongst  whom  the  art  of  writing  was  unknown, 
to  preserve  the  remembrance  of  their  ehicf^,  or 
friends,  bT  erecting  over  their  dead  bodies  tf 
lieap  ofearth,  or  a  pile  of  stones;  as  well  at  to 
make  the  congregated  dead  of  many  generaCrdns, 
a  national  monument,  and  a  national  record. 

'  Nearly  all  the  sepulchral  mounds  which  have 
been  opened  in  Asia^  and  America  h>re  bden 
found  to  contain  moreo/less  charcoal  snd'c&lcined 
bones.  From  thw  fact,  it  appears  thnt  those  an- 
cient  tomba  wel^e  alfars  for  sacmfiee.  The  early 
histories  of  ^  Greeks  and  B^ani,  inform  us 
that  it  w^  customary  to  offef^Jsacrafices  on  the 
tombs  of  lidH)«a  siain  in  battfo^  with  the  revolting 
fiQ^Tthatthe  victims  offered*  oii  Ihose  sepulchral 
alta^,«irere^ often  the  prisooera  taken  in  war. 

fstanders,  surrounded  by  a  great  extent  of  ocea  n , 
and  therebv  precluded  from  •migrations,  are  less 
liable  to  chiinge  their  hngnaged,  manners,  anil 
cilstomSi  than  t|ps  inhabitants  of  contrnenfs. — 
Hence  those  oftlll  Society  Islands  of  the  So'it^^ 
Sea,  an4^se  of  the  Sandwich  islands  of  the  Pa- 
cific, stil^'^o1»ti|iue  the  ancient  practice  of  depos- 
iting th^%)(|if»fff  their  dea*  in-  mounds,  or  as  they 
call  Iheob  mcimi;  and  these  morai  are  their  tem- 
ples, on  the  tops  of  which  their  idols  ire  placed 
iof  worship.  The  truth  is,  tlieae  mounds  were 
Ihe  higl^laces  of  the  pi|gan  nationf,  mentioned  in 
the  Old  Testament,  and  aroonfrptese  we  'mav 
fafely  reckon  the  Hmoua  tow.er  Wlabel. 


34 


ANTIQUTIfi0. 


fc'  . 


It  wu  on  the  top  of  one  of  those  mounds  in 
the  island  of  Qwbybee,  that  c»pt.  Co^k,  wraped  up 
in  three  hundred  ells  of  indiaoolotb^^nd  mounted 
on  a  scaffold  of  rotten  rioling,  wai  woi^hippf  d  as 
a  go^  under  the  name  of  (>raooov  but  while  recei- 
ving the  devotions  cf  the  islanders,  he  was  every 
mom^nV'l&aif)  of.  tumbling  down  and  breaking  his 
Beck.*    ■% 

Hafving  given  the  history  of  the  ancient  sepul- 
ohral  mounds,  as  they  eiist  in  every  quarter  or  the 

S lobe,  two  questionsi^nly  remain  for  discussion: 
t  what  period  of  the  world  were  they  erected, 
and! Aether  by  a  barbarous  or  civilized  people? 
The gres^t  antiquity  of^he  roonumants  in  ques- 
tion, may  ^e  ascertained  by  many  fact«,  ^hich 
cannot  fiu  tostrUre  the  notice  ^i^  attentive  ob- 
server of  the.  m^i|^  of  afttiqui^^*  ^^^^^^^  as 
far  as  the  autJI^t^^ws^none  of  tlfej large  mounds 
are  found  on^ti^^P^t  or  lower  bottiyois  of  ouri^* 
ars,  but  alw^yi  bn  the  aecond  or  h%b^t  a|^ii|^; 
and  ipch  iHneir  situatibn  in  Asia  and  £im^.^ 
None  of  them  are  to  be  seen  on  those  tr0eis  of 
country  which  were  the  beds  cf  lakes,  or  inland 
seas.  Iff  (he  goeat  oriental  plain  of  Tartary,  a  great 
part  of  wtiich  was  formerly  covered  by  the  waters 
of  the  Black  and  Caspian  Seas,  and  thoseof  the  sea 
of  Azof,  but  which  bave  been  drain^^if  by  the 
breaking  down  of  the  Thracian  Bo^hMis,  j^irhich 
formed  the;  canal  of  Constantinople:  .htit  ihey 
are  found  in  abundar.ce  along  the  hif  her  grounds 
of  the  scutbern  and  western  shores  of  thtbe  seas, 

*  For  a  partknlar  description  of  ike  'antiguiiics  of  mm 
country,  ihe  risMkr  is  referred  tQ  themgehioui  nnia  of^ 
Caleb  ATWAl&i  Esq.  of  Cift^UUy  kd^ly  publish* 
ed  in  iht  Jirchfisologia  ,^m^iui,  .    « 


iS 


ANTIQUITIES* 


^3 


id  in  the  ncighboiiog  country  of  Crim  TartRry. 

be  gain  of  the  land  upoil  the  waters  of  our  globe    ., 

IS  been  immensely  greal;  but  this  gain  has  been 

It  slowly  made.    The  very  scites  of  oa^raqcient 

cjbs,  g)?e  a  very  remote  antiquityfor  the  pibricd    ' 

their  erection.    Their  8i>uaaoL8,. mainly  along 

te  large*  rivers  and  on  the  shores  of  lakef,    an- 

punce  the  primeval  llate  of  nations.     As  tb« 

Ms  of  the  water  are  more  easily  obtained  than 

lose  of  the  forest,  and   these  last  more  easily 

Ian  the  productions  of  the   earth.    The  first  em- 

loymi^nt  of  man  must  have  been  that  'of  lifhing, 

Id  his  first  (dod  the  productions  of  the  waters.       '  / 

These  mo*  nds    and  forts  are  not  found  in  any 

reat  oumbersslopg  the  shores  of  the  main  oceans. 

[his    circumstance  goes  to  shew  that  those  by 

mom  they  were  made,  were  not  in  the  practice 

navigating  the  great  seai..    That  their  existence 

of  higher  antiquity  than  the  eommencement  of 

te  period  of  history  is  evidetkt  from  the  fact  that 

)neof  them  contain  a  single  inscription  of  anykiiid 

^ven  the  famous  pyramids  of  Egypt  do  sot  contain 

[single  tetter  or  hierogiiphic,  to  announce  the  time 

rhen,  or  thiaj^rsons  hy'whom  they^  were}^erected% 

*  letters  had  been  io  use  at  the  time  of  the  olitld- 

ig  of  those  stupendoot  repositori^  of  departed 

[randeMr,  they  wOultf-^eubtless  have  been  used  to 

Innounce^the  names  and  honour  of 'hose who  e* 

[ected  them  for/tn^pulchral  and  imperishable  mo<^ 

mments,  of  their  JiV A  power,  wealth  and  majes* 

Another  evidence  of  the  great  age  ofthese  rude 
remains  of^nti^uity,  ^  tbis;  there  exists  no  whero  # 
^vfn  a  tTadfliO^ftiyiiccountefftli^ir  Origin.     ^^m^fP-- 
—fielt  period  Sf^h^w.Grician  histo#y,  they  W^^ 
llonly  suj^osed^  to^^tejplhe  graves. 


t 


•^ 


S0 


AitTK^riTieg. 


giants.    After  what  lapse  of  time  does  (rddilbj 
(ie^nerate  into  fable?      At  what  period  of  tii 
does  fable  itself  wear  out,  and  consign  eJl  aniij 
qiiity  toa.totaI  and  acknowledged  oblivion? 
this  baa  happened  with  regard  4o  the  antiquitie 
^tinder  consideration. 

l^rom  aH  these  eonsiderationt,  it  appears  tb^ 
•ay  enquiry  concerning  ^e  history  of  the  antii 
quities  of  our  country,  would-be  a  fruitless  rt| 
aearcb.     "Close  shiU  those  grave*,  nor  tell 
single  1ale,*VconeerDingL  the  nunieroiis  populatic 
whose  reliots  they  enclose;  *  & 

The  antiquities '  of  oup  country  do  not  pVesen 
to  the  imhd  of  Ihe  author,  the  slightest  evidenJ 
ces  that  this  quarter  of  the  world  was  ever  inhabij 
ted  by  a  civilized  people,  before  it  ^as  discovert 
by  the  European?.,  They  present  do  tracerof  Ui 
art  of  building,,  gculptcipe  or  painting-;  not  a  sionj 
xoarked  witli  a  hanifiier  is  any  where;  to  be  foui 

ft  is  supposed'  by  some,,  t^at  the  aborigines 
this  country  were  in  the  habit  ol  using  iron  tool^ 
and  ioipleisetits  of  war;  that  such  was  the  fact,  a; 
pears  to  roe  very  doubtful^  There  can  exist  no  spe 
•imens  of  iron,  coeval  with  the  antiquitiesof  tbii 
country,,  as  iron,  in  alroosl^aoy  silutation  is  lial 
t0  rust,  and  pass  to  its  primative  state  of  ore. 
•the  disoovary  of^Ameriea^^'  Indians  kfttw  nothj 
ing  of  the  use  of  iron.  Any  people  who  liiive  en 
been  in  the^  habit  of  U8ln|^  iroo^  wiU  be  sure 
leave  some  indelible  traces .  of « its  use,  behio^ 
them;  but  the  aboriginos  ofiiiii  country  hateleil 
-none. 

Babarians  in  maay  instances,  have  possessef 
n^o  stilt  possess,  the  art  of  .writir%;  but  \t  ii 

Nobe  prijsume.d  that  aud^^ii^d  peqptf 
vixere  destitttt^f  (bat  art.%The  orir"  '^ 


^r*-: 


m 


ANTIQUITIES. 


l^ 


ttvc»,  nor  tell 


talkto  of  ibis  country  poasesied  it  not;  or  thejr 
rould  ceptai  n  ly  have  left  aoino  traces  of  ^  bf h|od 

them.  ^  *  •• 

If  they  possessed  some  trinketfl  of  copper,,  iii- 

rer,  goldv^i^  evjen  tools,  and  military  weapons. of 

pron,  they  nevertheless,  furrii^  no  evidences 'of 

bivilizatioo,  aiall  hktory  goes  to  shew  that  the 

lornaniental,  or  military  use  of  these  sietais,  is 

[cooiisteiH;    with  the   grossest  Bwbarism.      'fhe' 

Calmae    TCariers  have    tbei|  jjgj^,;  and    sttver- 

amilfts^  ^l|df  |t  what  peop\^iijfe|trlh  are  mor6 

[barbarooi^flian  tlie  Calmucs.    !^|r,4anie  may  be 

said  of  the  CiroastAnt;^  Ih^  )||^^^baidance 

[of  gt^d-and  silvM^orniiiient^;  J^f  it{i«|^^ 

[     Copper  may  ikve  f^«od  its  ivay  to|ni^^^tr; 

^ironr  Feruya  country  in  which  that  rn^t^K^p|n* 

[daot:  a  few  gold,  atid  silver  coinsi  if  stj|^lye 

been  found  to  pur  cQiiinlry,  may  have  cooitf' 

Asia,  or  even  £ij^op^|;^^bt|||hey  certainly  were  ire? 

er  BianuiacturBd"  l^rf^* ,  '^ ' ,  .,"*  " 

If  i|kt  theperio4^ofVi|nehercfli  aUs^fd^tovt 
was  any  thing  like  civiIi3;atioa  in  thd  world j It  waS' 
eicluftively  confifjed  to  Egypt)  and  Ihe    isli^ds 
in  the  neighbourhoocj  of  that  country,    Tha  py^ 
ratnid^  of  %ypt,  an^  the  Qtie^^ns  palace  in  th^  is- 
land of  Cyprus,  are  tMiiit  of  hewn  stone;  bnfpi^ 
ling  lip  hugestonea,  in  usel^^ss  edldce^^  b^  the 
hands  of  slaves,  is  no  great  evidance  of  civiHza* 
tion.    In  fact  the  edifices  themselves,  aUhorthej' 
manifest  a  degree  of  machanical  SkilV,  and'the  use 
of  iron  tools  are;  efrVdences  of  the  gloss«st  barbar- 
ism ori  the  part  of  those  by  whose  orders  they  were*^ 
built.    It  was  exbaustin|  the  lives  and  resoiirses 
of  a  nation  ir^ju^el^s  mon'unients  not  of  rational 
grandeu* ;  butsojaly  for  thai  of  the  iadividuaj  «iLonr 


■•-■'V.. 


8$ 


AKTIQVITTES. 


It  19  not  worth  wbiin  to  amuso  ourselves  with 
the  fanciful  ereatio  »s,  of  a  vivid  imagination  un  • 
supported  by  facts.  Tlie  evidences  of  science, 
and  civilization  ere  not  furnished  by  the  antiqui- 
ties of  our  country,  and  in  vain  beyond  the  peri- 
od  of  history,  do  ue  look  for  tbena  in  any  otbf  r 
region  of  theearih,*  By  what  events  could  the 
monuments  of  arts,  sciences,  and  civilization  have 
been  utterly  deslroysd?  Storms,  cartfaqnakes,  vul- 
canoes  and  war,  distructive  as  ihey  are,  are  not 
tiufficiently  so  ttf^^<^  them.  Tho>h#fe8  of  our 
rivers,  and  ]aki$rjpil^  been  inhabit^^  by^  a  race 
of  barbari8n%M^i^  ^ha^  subsisted  by  hunting) 
and  UshiQ^i^^pit^ :  hai^  )4|f%  us  their  forts^  or. 
fownwi^i£ii^piief|^^g^^  l|ii  little  else^— 

If  ihJl^pl^^Ji^  'l^ehind  t^  any  fnonumeotd  of 
l^ta  lH^^lcilences,  ihey  in  like  manner  would 
bave^'dl^ended  to  us^but  nothing  of  the  kind 
ha#c(line  to  our  hands.  Tljiy  wMPre  not  there- 
in if>0ftse68ed  of  thos^^rtSj:  and  seiences, 
which  are  evsential  to  a  c^^i^  state  of^isor 
ciety  It  is  Itl^*  asked,  wfaeth#  those  pecpl^y 
who  have  left -behind  th«»in  lh6~atf|ii|Uit}e3  of  out 
country,  were  the  ancett0rs  of  ^e  present  indi* 
ons?-  Unquestionabljf  tbay  were^  and  reader, 
their  coteinporaries  of  Europe,  and  Asia,  wera 
v^ur  ancestors  and  they  were  mine.  Humiliating 
M  this  statement  may  seem,  it  must  be  true;  oth- 
erwise there  must  have  been  two  creations  of 
the  human  race,  and  this  wc  have  no  rteason  to 
auppoBi^ 

'  Perhapa  the  moral  philoaopher  might  say  with 
truth;  t^t  the  intellectual  faculties  of  man,  on  a 
general  ^le,  like  those  of  the  mdividual,  ha^e 
been  doomed  to  pass  thro'  a  tedious  Infancy,  non- 
age and  youth,  before  they  ahall  reach  the  xeiiitb 


ANtiqUITlES. 


U 


of  manhood.  However  rud^,  and  iftdicatiire  01" 
barbarism,  the  antiquities  whic^t  tho89  renpte  gen- 
erations have  leA  behind  them,  their  reloition  to 
us  as  ancestors,  is  no  way^dishononrabie  to 
us.  It  is  only  saying  that  theirs  ivas  the  infant 
state  of  the  intellectual  faculties  of  man.  1vi>at 
were  the  inteUectual  faculties  oi  Sir  Isaac  New- 
toi|in  his  infancy,  and  nonage,  in  comparison  to 
the  state  of  their  full  detrelopement,  when  he  not 
only  grasped  the  dimensions  of  our  globe;  but  In 
the  Scifl^nte  of  astronomy,  wl^irled  in  triumph 
through  ttie  signs  of  heiiven^  Yet  it  is  no  way 
dishpnotafole  to  this  prince  of  phi]p^;>hers>  that 
lie  was  once  an^infant,  and  a  Ifoy^  "^^  *  v 

It  may  be  adMsd,  by  what  even fs  has  all^emem* 
brance  of  tbo^ie'ref^pte  generations,  been  so  far 
effaced,  that  even. th<i  fabulous  era  of  the  world 
has  left  them,  in  totiil  and  acknowledged  oblivion? 
Here  we  are  truly  i^^|he^dark.  One  %M  of 
period  oftime  assigpd  for  t-*^^^  j  -'  ^  ^ 
wttrlcf^iEissed  away  foi^fore  the 
of  the  flood,  ^  When  all  the  fouS 
deeip  were  broken  «p*jfoj  tfu 
ven  we6openod»  find  Wp'^^s 
ly  days,  and  forty  nights?^  , 

To  this  it  may: be  ofsrjecteid,  ^ev^ 
that  in  ail  probability  this  flood 
every  region  of  the  globe;  but  might  hilebeen  co^r 
lined  to  that  part  of  ir^  which  was  knowa  to  ibe 
writer  of  the  sacred  history.  This  point  icannpt 
be  ealily  settled:  but  admitting  that  such  Jifts  the 
fact;  and  admitting  for  the  niotuenty  aU^^^ob^ 
jections^of  that  too  iashlonable^  philosopl)|i  Ivhicli 
rejects  the  auth^tieity  of  divine  t-eveliiiMia  a^o- 
gethci^  what  ^uld  lie  ^he  reiult?  >^fttld  j^^ 
limitatiOQof  tlie  eitttent  or  tfa^  history  of  tW  m* 


ation  of  I 
^atastrop 
"tbegr 

ndows  of 

n  the  eaddfor- 


»y  the  believer^ 
not  extend  to 


io 


ANTItViTlES. 


tructioR,  on  the  one  band,  or  the  total  denial  of 
its   authenticity    on    the  other  hand,  have  anjj 
bearing  onthe  physicail  evidences  of  the  migh- 
ty.  revolutions  v^hich  liave  taken  place  on  ogrl 
globe?    Tim  natWal  history  of  those  revolutionij 
is  exhibited)  and  its  awful  import  cannot  be  mis- 
taken.   The  philosopher  sees  all  over  the  surface  | 
of  the  earth,  ^nd  even  within  is  bowels,  the  spoils  { 
•ftheoeean.    Ail  fossil  coal,  he  says,  was  vege- 
table matter.     If  so,  by  what  tremendous  convul- 
sions, have  such  iimnense  quantities  tyf  vegetable  I 
matters  'been  buried,over  so  great  a  portion  of  the 
globe,  and  nt  such  tleptiis  below  its  surface?    All 
lioiestone^^  inarble  and  selenite,  h^  says,  has  beoo ! 
formal Wm  tbjB  s^iells  of  the  n\i|Derous  tribt-s  ef{ 
shell  fish,  because  like  those  she||i,  tiiey  are  car- 
bonates of  lime;  and  yet  there  is  no  description 
■of  stone  more    abundant  than  the  carbonates  of  I 
^'lime.    If  this  be  -correct,  what  must  be  the  age  of 

'eworid,  and  what ^estrvictive  revolutions^  must 

ave  rent,^jm^  cjbanged  the  position  of  its^^om- 

onent  ^j^up^ery  quarter! 
Yet  it  sefl^Wery  -way  probable,  thai  tfao|^  des- 
trug^ive  convuj^nB,  ^/ji^h  haveteen  e^asioned 
iiyjpoods,.earQqualcJ^psnd  subterranean  fires, 
MIevertook  pj^eover  tlie  whole  extent  of  the  globe 
at  any  *ime;di|j|t  have  affected  different  regions 
in  snccession  so  that  however  great  the  destruc- 
tion of  ammated  nature  at  any  one  of  those  tre- 
memdioua  tevolutions,  the  greater  amount  of  it 
still  femained  in  other  regions. 

«,^iiM^  having  passed  in  review  ihe   aniiquities 
^^f^  coun^,^  particularly  the  melancholy  mon- 
ument%of  the  ancient  dead,  what  have  we  gained? 
^iSimply  this,  that  the  generations  of  remote  anti- 
quity were  eTflty   where  the  same,  at  least  in 


iTNtlQtJItlEi* 


i\ 


tbeif  ^evertnct  for  the  dead,  Vtrhosie  mdRUtneiit^ 
constitute  almost  the  only  history  which  ihey  havd 
left  behind  them,  and  that  for  want  of  letters,  and 
other  testimonials  cf  arts,  and  sciences,  we  are 
warranted  in  sayitigthat  their  state  of  society  roust 
have  been  that  which  we  denominate  thebarbarouRj: 
yet  their  history,  rude  is  it  is^  is  entitled  to  respect. 
They  Were  no  doubt  the  antideluvian  race:  they 
were  the  primeval  fathers  of  mankind.  The  inx- 
mediate  progenitors  of  our  race,  to  whom  the  mu- 
tiificent  creator  gave  dominion  over  the  tish  of 
the  see,  the  fowl  of  the  tir,  and  every  living  thing; 
[that  moveth  upon  the  e^rtb.^'  ^roto  them  w^ 
have  inherited  our  existence  and  bur  charter  Cd 
this  possession  oif  the  world,  fiven  the  harbaroud 
state  ofi^ciety  is  entitled  to  respect;  forharbarism 
has  its  virtues. 

Much  as  the  physical  happihesd  of  Mn  hits  beeil 
>aiugmented  by  civilization,  how  far  ha*8  his  moral 
state  received  improvement  from  the  vugmentatioh 
of  his  science  and  civiliiittioo?  Hk<^(|  the^  made 
his  heart  the  better?  Hav^  they  taiught  him  the 
noble  philanthrophy  dt  the  good  Sftmiiritan?  Or 
has  be  only  exchanged  thie  ferOcity  of  the  tatag^ 
for  the  cunning  of  th%  sharper?  Are  the  vicei 
of  our  naiture  diminilhed  In  force,  bir  are  they  onlj^ 
Varnished  like  a  whited  sepoTchre  and  placed  under 
concealment,  so  as  to  obtain  their  objects  with 
greater  effect,  an^  on  «  broade  scale?  Have  the 
political  institutions  of  the  world  become  sources 
of  freedom  ^  pes^ce  and  good  will  to  the '  p^ople^ 
Let  the  boasted  region  of  our  forefathers,  ^¥i|»ht- 
ened  Europe,  answer  the  enquiiy.  Therl-  Hl^d^ 
contributions,  insupportable  m  their  amount,  itf' 
dace  all  the 'miseries  of  pauperism;  royal  aaUtiMi 


4M 


ifittivnitB* 


present  its  millione  of  subjecU  to  the  deadly  mi^ 
chinery  of  modern  warfare;  but  are  the  valiantl 
dead  honored  with  a  monument  of  iheir. existence | 
anti  bravery?  Not  that  insatiable  avarice  which | 
knows  imthing  sacred,  makes  a  traffic  of  their! 
bones,  the  groatking  engine  converts  them  to  pow 
der  to  furnish  manure  for  an  unfriendly  soil.  If  I 
this  is  civiliTation,  pray  wliat  is  barbarism  ? 

A  veneration  for  antiquity  seems  to  be  natural  to  i 
tnan;  hence  w« consider  as  barbarians,  those  who! 
demolish  the  relicts  of  antiquity.  We  justly  blame 
the  Turks  for  burningthenne  marble  oolutmis  of{ 
a;<^ient  Greece  Into Ume;  but  do  we  display  a  just* 
er  taste,  with  regard  to  the  only  relieks  which  our 
country  is  honoured?  When  those  reiic^a  shall 
have  di«appeared.  and  nothing  but  tbeir  hiatory 
shall  remainj  Will  not  future  generations  pro- 
tiounce  08  batbaHans  for  having  demolished  them.' 
I'hose  venerable  sepulobral  mounds  ought  to  be 
teligiously  preserved,  and  e^n  planted  witb  ever* 
greens.  They  Would  figure  well  in  our  grave 
Jrards,  public  squarea,  andT^ublic  walks;  but  what 
Is  likely  to  b&  Hieir  fate  ^  If  in  fields^  for  the^sake 
of  a  few  additionul  ears  i>f  corP)  or  sheaves  of 
Wheat,  they  are  plo^wed'do#o.  If  within  the  lim- 
its of  atown^t  demolished  to  afford  a  scite  for  a 
)ious«,  OF  garden,  or  to  fill  up  some  aunken  spot^ 
while  the  walla  which  inclosed  the  town^  or  fort  of 
the  ancients,  are  ^adeinto-brick.  Suchiamant 
Such  am  the  eiiligbtaned>(  ^merioanal 


.'  ^> 


MorigineSi 


CHAPTER    III. 


WfiETtiER  the  lodtans  of  North,  and  South  h" 

»etica,  and  the  Tarlars  of  the  Dorih  eastern  coasts 

'  the  pacific  c>oean,  have  had  a  common  or)giiv> 

,  an  enquiry  which  baa  long  esereised  the  ingen- 

^ty  of  the  statesmen,  and  historiant  of  our  coun ! 

ry,  some  of  vrhfim  hare  derived  our   aboriginal 

opulatioa  from  Asia,  while  others  of  them  co^t 

18  honor  of  having  given    populaiioa  to  Asiaiio 

rar<ary,  to  America. 

Resemblance  of  languages,  manners  and  cuf« 

)ms,  mode  of  litis  religious  cerenKioies,  and  co« 

>ur,  are  regarded  as  evidences  of  a  Gommunity 

"origin* 

Of  these  tests  the  first,  namelj)  that  of  a  siroilarr 
U  of  languages  is  considered  the  most  important 
id  conclasive,  and  has  therefore  received  the, 
reateet  amount  of  attentioi  from  the  learned. 
Doct.  Bartoa,  a  farmer  professor  of  medicine  ia 
je  University  of  Pennsylvaniavbas  given  a  vocab- 
ulary of  about  frfty  corre'sponding  words,  of  about 
[ighty  different  languages  of  the  North,  and  South 
American  Indians,  and  about  thirty  Qf  those 
csiatic  Tartars,  for  the  purpose  of  showf^ 
ientity  of  th-eir  origin,  by  the  resemblancf 

inguages.  '  "W" 

To  the  mind  of  the  author  of  this  worl^  tbia 

laborious  rescareh  has  resulted  in  nothing  very' 

Snclttsivej^  as  from  the  specimans  gi||n  ioi  Ihoi^ 


44 


▲B9RICHNfi3. 


U 


Tocabularies,  the  resembUnce  between  thofte  nii- 
merous  langutgrs,  appeers  aatiroaU  as  cau  weH 
be  imagiDtfd.  This  vraut  of  success  in  the  learned 
author,  is  not  to  be  wondered  at:  as  nothing  ii 
inure  permanent  than  a  written  language^  so  no- 
thing can  be  more  fleeting  and  changeable  than 
an  unwritten  one. 

The  languages  in  question,  are  all  of  the  latter 
class,  that  ie  to  say,  they  are  all  unwritten  lao- 
guages  and  of  course,  constantly  on  the  change, 
so  thfkt  if  they  had  all  originally  sprung  even  from 
{be  same  language,  in  the  lapse  of  some  thouands 
of  yearsj  (hey  would  no  doubt  have  been  as  wide  of 
the  original,  and  as  different  from  each  other  as  ths 
iMjbus  languages  of  these  wandering  tribes  are  at 
pfwnjt. 

What  is  theHebrew  Tanfuage  at  present?*  A  mere 
Wffittea  language,  and  nothing  else.  Its  pronunci- 
^ion  his  gone  with  the  breath  of  those  who  spoke 
it%  Nad  it  pot  been  a  written  language  what  traces 
of  iJt  would  now  remain  ^  Most  likely  all  traces  of 
it,  by  this  time  would  have  been  wholy  obliterated. 
Many,  worde  of  it  might  have  remained  among  the 
Aribe,  Copts,  and  Syrians,  while  the  original  would 
iieve  been  buried  in  utter  oblivion. 

iThe  present  languages  of  £urope,^eihibit  clear- 
Jy  whet  immense  changes  take  place  in  lan^ua- 
ges  in  the  lapse  of  a  fev^  centuries.  Tbe  Eng- 
lish^ French,  Italian,  Spanish  and  PortuguesA  laa- 
guaj^B,  have  ^11  sprung  from  tbe  dow^ml  of  the 
^impire,.  and  all  these  bnguageelare  com* 
inly  of  tbe  languages;  of  the  Roman  em- 
the  German,  that  of  their  conquerors; 
and  '^flpbow  differfint  are  their  languages  from 
each  otner.  A  man  of  science  can  readily  trace 
<|ut  tb^ir  rea^blanoe  to  each  ttheF.    {{pt  sa  vfii^, 

m 


orlfiiiai 

Nil  loi 

for  I 

Mlit  h< 


*!  U 

iNHelih 

Awa  I 

•kffdrff 
ttiflish 
elj 
mbl 


Alt'llKiiNKlf; 


i 


^ 


cen  thoie  nii- 
I  as  can  weH 


itlil.raM,  (0  whom  thry  are  ill   distinct  Ian* 


9  can  w««  ipiigef,  as  mucli  lo  aa  they,  ^fould    havu  bcfn  if 
the  learned  jjjjl^  j,^j  „„  common  origins.     Had  tbena  langua- 


as  nothing  ii 
guage;  so  no* 
tangeable  thac 


langui 
§M  never  bct'n  ivriftept  the  comnjuniiy  ot'thtir 
orkinala  woiihl,  in  all  human  probability,  have 
hmn  ioit  sight  of  long  before  thia  time. 
It  r  *i  1  <*  '^^  proof  that  such  wouhl  hav«  been  thn  cnso, 
111  o!  tiie  »a««  j^^it  1,0  understood  that  the  Ent;!nh  laf.guago  n 
'°*^K  h  ■ll|l«"pofL»tinandGfrm..n.  Take  all  the  word? 
n  ine  cnange,  ^^^^  |^^^^  1^^^.^  d.:i  ived  from  those  two  langungts 
ung  even  ironj  f^  ^  ^^^^^  ^^  Erglii»h,  and  you  will  have  but  a  few 
'""^''^^VJ^^Jfl^dH  from  other  longunges  behind;  yet  when  tii 
lecn  a8Wideor|jj|ligl,,„^j,  jj^^r,  '*''*  Ourman  spoken,  bin  ear 
CD  other  as  tn«pp||(,^lyy.pgQ^f^j 209  n  iirgle  '.rord  which  b^arn  nny 
ngtrjpea%reat|pg|gnnblance  to  liis  ovtn  language;  ao  wi«lily  dif- 
HUffit  are  the  pronunciations  of  these  lMiigiiHt;e>: 
resent?' A  merciyjUoiigb  go  ne&rly  al!ic*d  to  each  other.  Tbc  huii>u 
Its  pronunciiSrvation  would  huld  good  with  regard  to  ilo 
ose  who  spokeupn  languid**,  did  we  une  the  pronunciution  rt 
ge  what  traces C^ro,  and  Virgil,  in  reading  and  speaking  it.-^ 
ly  all  tracei  ofQi  this  iiuhjcct  we  may  go  farther,  and  aujiposc 
>ly  obliterated. i||ghe  languageii  above  enumerated,  to  have  been 
ed  among  Ihe gilrrittrn  from  their /!rst  form%tion,  'till  this  date, 
original  would aii  now  for  the  first  time  to  be  committed  to 
liljling,  out  of  a  dozen  scribe*,  scarcely  any  two 
^exhibit  clear-i^^em  would  spell  the  same  wordo  with  the  itaiiio 
ce  io  lantfua'kiilrp.    Tbiftditference  of  orthography  would  sti;i 


!g.    The  Enf- 
ortuguest  lao- 
iw^ml  of  thei 
agel^are  €om-i 
e  Roman  em- 
r  conquerors;! 
nguagea  from 
readily  trace 
{{pt  60  witl 


er  obliterate  the  traced  of  the   cumniunity   «  t 
riginaU  of  those  kiodied  languaged,  ko  f  ir  a) 
lere  sound  is  conc*^  ned  in  perpituu'it)g  iho 
mbrance   of  their  conn mon  origins, 
le  present  ^4erman  language  is  cleft  into  a« 
X  variety  of  dialvcts  ao  widely  ditfcrent  from  • 
other,  that  the  {peasantry  of  diflfereiit  district-} 
e  German  ei>tp«re,  do  not  well  an<<ect»tan  i J 


^ 


4i#afaiiii#. 


tteh  other.  Tat  t  leholar  in  thit  Itngutgt  rtidi) 
discovers  (bit  til  fboM  didecti  hi?e  had  i  com- 
mon origin  and  by  strict  attt ntitfn  to  tha  vari«d 
Sruttuneiation  of  tha  dipthongt  and  tripthongi 
'liieh  in  <hat  language  are  Terjr  riumerouf,  he  can 
understand  them  alt.  Not  lo,  were  the  language 
unfrritten. 

The  pretent  Saion  language,  ia  common  Ger- 
man. How  widely  difTtrent  must  it  have  hrei 
among  our  forefathera,  soTeral  centuriea  ago,  from 
what  it  is  now! 

It  stiema  every  way  probable  that  tha  Garlic  of 
the  higblanda  of  Scot]and,.the  WeUh  of  EngUrd, 
and  the  Irish  were  originally  th«  same  language ; 
but  for  a  lung  time  paat,  iliey  have  been  three  dii- 
tinct  languagea 

The  ritudfr  bjr  this  time  I  trutt  mutt  see,  that 
tmong  wandering  barbarians,  constantly  iorm 
ing  new  tribee,  and  seeking  new  habitations, 
languagea  ao  far  as  the  mere  sound  of  words  is 
oopcerned,  furnish,  after  the  lapse  of  seveifl 
thousand  yeais,  but  a  poor  test  of  a  communiiv  of 
origin. 

With  reference  to  the  test  of  a  common  oriKia, 
furnisned  by  similarity  of  langusges,  Mr.  Jitftr- 
son  has  ventured  the  probability  of  tU«>re  being 
twenty  radical  languages  among  the  Anifriean  In- 
dians, for  one  amongst  the  Asiatic  Tartars,  and 
hence  he  gives  America  the  honor  of  having  givtQ 
population  t<  Tartary.  His  words  are  these: 
**  But  imperfect  as  is  our  knov^ledge  of  the  Ian- 
'  guage?  spoken  in  America,  it  suflicas  to  dit)cf;ver 
Ibe  foilowiitff  rfn-arkable  fact;  arratgirg  them 
unritrtlie  radical  ones  to  which  thiynay  bv  put* 
pably  tracrd,  and  doing  the  f:ame  by  those  cf  the 
rod  men  ot  Aaia^  thir  will  ba  fuuod  probably  20  in 


LOlOfiCi 

io  called 
Ihey  havi 


\  Agigoi 
Accurate 
|es  of Ai 

|varrante( 
^racy  o 
laid  that 
Of  his  fiat 
ier  upon 
and  natio 
There 
permanei 
merit  of  i 
live  case 
this  tent, 
placed  w 
tltat  any  | 
j^ode  of  I 
|»f  the  m( 
)|ular  sue 
he  ^ente 
cci  of  til 
aijguage 
iaaie  oni 
^e  diftt^rc 
kill  take 
|he langu 
lonable  t 

lBK)»(Ciaii, 

latiguitgv 
ihclr  uial 
And  thiii( 


irBORI«IKiJ* 


4i 


BO  •  com* 

Ui«  vtriid 

tripthoflgi 

Dili,  he  can 

Uogutge 

mmon  Qer- 
have  hr.ft 
It  tgo,  (torn 

It  Gaelic  of 
»f  England, 
n  language; 
n  three  dii- 

>t  tec,  that 
mtly  lorm 
habitat  ions, 
f  words  ii 
<»f  fefcifl 
•miuiinity  of 

non  oriKia, 
Mr.  JitTtr- 
'I'^re  being 
nieiican  In- 
Pariarf,  and 
aving  givio 
)  these: 
of  the  Ian* 
to  di{iCf;ver 
girg  them 
lay  be  pal- 
hofc  cf  (lie 
ibabJy  iO  in 


Marici  for  one  in  Asia  of  thote  radieal  tanguagitt, 
|o  called  beeauae  if  iltj  were  ever  the  HtniCy 
they  havt  lott  all  re«einblance  to  each  other/* 

MOTKf  ON  TiROIMU,  p.    137. 

\  A  gigantic  coocluaion?  A  concluaion,  which  aa 
iccurate  knowledg*;  of  one  hundred  of  the  langua- 
tea  of  America  and  A»ia,  would  acarcely  have 
firarrantad:  With  all  deferrrnce  tn  th«;  uaual  ac- 
furacy  of  thitilluatrious  philoaopher,  it  may  be 
taid  that  a  teal  for  (he  honor  of  thn  ahoriginet 

Jf  hit  native  country,  must  have  led  him  to  con- 
;r  upon  them  the  prturiiy  of  claio),  to   individual, 
$nd  national  eiiatence. 

There  it  one  feature  of  language,  much  mor« 
permanent  than  its  Bound,  and  that  14  the  arrange- 
ment of  ite  sentencf't,  with  regard  to  the  nomina- 
tive cate,  with  itt  veih,  and  objective  cate.     On 
this  te»t,  it  teems  to  me  tome  reliance  may    be 
placed  with  tafe(y,  at  it  doet  not  appear  filcHy 
that  any  people  ever  made  any  change   in  Uieir 
toode  of  eipreation:  because  it  it  (he  atrangemrnt 
|»f  the  members  of  a  sentence  which  Hxes  the  re- 
ular  euccetsion  of  ideat.     Ifihe  agent  is  first  in 
he  sentence ,  then  (he  action  and  laatly  the  tub- 
cct  of  (he  action,  the  ideas  of  thotic    who  apeak  a 
aiiguage  so  arranged,  follow  each   other  m   the 
fame  order;  should  (he  menibers  of  the  aentence 
e  diftWiendy  diiiposed,  a  corresponding  diiforence 
ill  take  place  in  the  (houghtH  of  those  who  speak 
he  language  in  question.     IVoiii  all  thi^  it  is  rea« 
oiiahle  to  infer  that  the  arrangement  of  sentences^ 
IjiKptcialiy  among  bArbaiiaiiS  wfio  have  no  written 
lauguitges,   is  the  nioKt  iini'aryiiig  filature  of  all 
their  uialicta.    la  this  resptct  at  Jcuai  ^' Words 
land  ihiiigs/* 


4$ 


iiOIIIQINCf. 


fe* 


.  Irt  the  Hebrew  liit;  reib  ffandf  almoRt  uniromY)^ 
•(  ibe  bf ^innin^  of  the  sentence,  laxt  the  noirJ 
ativr,  and  then*  the  nbjt  ciive  caie.  It  would  ' 
ofiome  inipertance  toknoiv  whulhiT  Ihia  arran(,. 
merit  in  that  of  Asiatic  latigua(e*!t  generally,  an^ 
whether  uur  Indian  languoget  have  tba  aama  irj 
rangeinent  ot'HCDtoLcei.  f 

In  the  German,  which  ia  probably  one  of  th^ 
oliktt  languages  cfthe  world,  the  nominative  cm 
it  at  the  beginning  of  tlio  benterce,  then  !he  ot 
jfctive  case,  ant)  last  of  all  the  v«ib. 

In  the  £nglish  (ht*  nuniinative  is  the  !;  iiiirj 
of  theaeotf^nce,  neit  tlit*  vi  rh,  and  lastly  %ii«  ob«l 
jectire  case,  so  that  the  rases  in  our  laiigtiPM 
are  determined  by  ilie  position  of  the  bouds,  aoq 
not  by  their  terniiriatiofis 

In  the  Latin  artd  Oree.k  languages,  there  seei 
to  have  bten  nodiiiiule  arrangement  rf  the  men] 
bors  of  a  seiitence,  nor  was  it  requisite  tlierj 
ahould,  as  their  concerd,  and  government  won 
determined  by  the  terminations  of  their  verbs,  mi 
subptantivcB. 

The  ttst  of  a  samenesa  in  the  arrangement  of  tlii 
vembers  of  sentences,  has,  as  far  as  I  know,  navi 
been  attended  to,  ill  any  attempt  to  discover  a  r 
semblance  between  the  Asiatic^  and  Americi^ 
laiiguagei.  A  likeness  in  the  sounds  cf  words  i| 
Icne  has  been  regarded  as  furnishing  the  cvideoct 
of  their  affinity. 

But  who  shall  determine  the  point  in  nuettiotil 
V.  here  shall  we  find  a  philogivt,  suftieiently  versrj 
in  the  larguages  of  Asiatic  Tartaiy,  and  those  i 
the  Indians  of  America,  to  determine  the  questioi 
c4  their  rcKeiiiblance  to  each  othei  ?  Aa  these  lao| 
guages  contain  no  Boifoce,  art d  are  therefore  o( 
4»uith  learning,  it  is  nut  likely  that  such  a  pcrs( 


AB0RlQlNi4« 


4d 


will  be  found  before  the  Indian  languages  shall 
have  Tanished  from  the  earthy 

With  the  religious  rites  and'  ceremonies  of  the 
Tartars,  and  American  Indians,^  we  are  too  littlo 
acquainted  to  jusiifj  anj  conclusion,  concerni?)g 
the  identity  of  their  origin  fro^  them.  The  most 
that  we  know  on  this  siibject,  is  that  their  pawawft 
or  priests  are  professed,  sorcerers,  who  are  suppo* 
•ed  capable  o[  fniiicting  misfortunes,  disease,  and 
death,  by  charms,  and .  incantations.  The  angf- 
koks  of  Greenland,  and  Esquimaux,  were  men  of 
the  same  profession.  Most  likely  the  Tartar 
priesthood  is  of  the  same  cast. 

,The  next  thing  to  be  considered  is  the  aame- 
BeSi,ol  colour,  as  having  relation  to  the  queatida 
under  discussion.  Here  it  is  hoped,  a  littleij 
jixity  in  stating  the  physical  causes  of  all  tbi"^ 
ties  of  human  coloirs,  will  be  eioused. 

On  this  subject  twa  questions  present  them« 
M^es.  '  First,  what  is  colour,  and  secondly,  what 
are  the  natural  causes  of  the  rarious  colors  of  the 
human  .skin? 

Colour  it  a  certain  arrangement  of  particlei  o^ 
the  surface  ef  bodies,  so  constituted  as  to  reOecty, 
or  absorb  the  riya  of  light  in  such  a  manner  as  to 
make  a  specific  injipression  on  the  organs  of  rision 
4en.omiA^te4  colour.  That  arrangement  of  parti- 
cles on  the  sijrface  of  bodies  which  absorbs  all 
the  rays  of  light,  is  denominated  hlack;rOo  the  con- 
trary, thi^  which  reflects  them  at  their  angle  pf 
incidence,  produces  the  white  colour.^ 
riotis  angles  of  reflection  of  the  rays  of  ji 
stitute  the  ground  work  of  all  colours  1^ 
extremes  of  black  and  while.  Colour  i| 
a  mere  modification  of  particles  on  the 
hodiea. 


^ 


ab0f:ginc5* 


There  Arc  fo!ir  cnrdinftl  vorietiea  of  humiau 
colour.  First,  !liec1c«r  ivliite  of  ihc  hypeiborea^n, 
«iich  as  th^t  of  the  Swedes,  Danes,  and  PoIoBg 
end  otRers  in  the  eame  parrelels  of  latituile8. 
Secondly,  fhe  Fwarth}'  coloui  of  the  inhabitants 
of  the  south  of  Europe,  and  the  northern  parts 
of  Africa,  and  Asia,  Thirdly,  the  jet  black  of  ti;e 
negroes,  and  AbyBinians  of  Africa,  but  with  this 
difference,  that  the  latter^  have  the  features  c  f 
Europeans,  and  long  straight  hair:  and  laetly,  tha 
ret},  or  copper  co!our  of  the  Asiatic  tartars,  and 
American  Indians.  Varying  with  the  iparakls  of 
latitude  from  that  of  Sweden,  to  the  toirid  zone^ 
the  hitman  skin  exhibits  every  possible  shade  of 
differencfi  betweea  ihie  white,  and  the  deepest 
Mack. 

Concerning  the  pbysical  cause  cf  (he  varlQUSi 
colors  of  mankind,,  s  great  irariety  of  opinions 
have  been  entertained,  I  shall  however  take  nc 
notice  of  any  of  them,  but  give  that  theory  on 
thi»  subject,  which  appears  to  be  founded  in  truth, 
snd  which  now  generally  prevails.  It  is  that, 
which  attributes  all  the  varieties  of  human  colour 
to  the  infiueoce  of  cUnaate,  and  diffeieot  mode$i 
•f  living. 

£very  phenomena  of  the  subject  in  questioiki 
evidently  coincides  with  this  opinion. 

The  sciences  of  anatomy,  and  phisiology,  have 
clearly  decided  that  (he  rete  mucosum  of  the  skin, 
is  the  basis  of  its  colour.  This,  bowevep,  requises 
some  explanation.  The  skin  consists  of  three 
membiranes.  The  outer  one  is  the  epidermis,  or 
scarf  skin,  the  second  is  the  rete  mucosum,  or  aa 
the  exps^^on  imports,  a  mucous  membrane,  or 
net  worP^hich  lies  imInediatelT  under  the  scarf 
fikini^ftnd  lastl^r  the  true  skin^    Thislalter,  or  trti^ 


x&oRicmi&tf. 


5t 


iktn  is peHeclly  w\Me  in  all  people,  tbc  epidisirifiis^ 
orscarlskin  ir universally  transparent.  TItrough 
ibis  transparent  scarf  skin,  the  colour  of  jHfie  rete 
mucosunf),  underneath    is  discovered. 

That  the  state  of  the  t'etc  mucosUiD)  with  regafd 
to  colour,  is  varied  by  the  influence  of  climate, 
and  mode&  of  life,  there  can  be  no  doubt.  The^ 
zones  of  the  earth  are  scarcely  better  marked  out 
by  their  parallels  of  latitude,  thlb  are  the  inbabi- 
ti»nts  of:  their  respective  latitudes^  designated  by 
their  shades  of  colour^  from  the  white  of  the  north, 
to  the  black  of  the  tropical  regiohs^  Tbos^  lat- 
ter regions- alone,  exhibit  considerable  varietT  of^ 
eolpur.  Their  inhabitants  are  not  all  black  it 
may  be  said  however,  that  nohe  of  tbem  are 
white.  Their  must  be  something  peculiar  in  the 
air,  and  certain  portions  of  Afriea,  which  give 
the  sooty  colour  of:  the  negro,  and  Abyainian.* 
JPhisioIogy  Will  in  time  discover  this  pheno'menom 

Whatever  may  have  been  the  original  colour  of 
mankind,  a  <ibangi3  once  induced  by  remoyals 
from  obe  ^egiOi)  to  others,  would  be  augmented 
Ihroti^h  successive ;  fenerations,  until  tbe  indti^ 
eiiice'ofelimfitig  would  have  exerted  its  full  effcictt 
lllven  the  tnduence  ol  mother?  to  have  their  off- 
spring of  that  ddour  esteemed  most  beautiful, 
tvould  have  eonaiderable  efiect,,]&  liaatening  oti 
the  change  from  the  original  catonr. 

The  s  tiniTig  black,  amtong  the  Afti^ps  is  equal 
in  point  o^  beauty V  to  tkeYHIy  and  Ih^  rose  among 
t^ewhite».  Tlie' srglit  of  a  white  person  mo»^ 
those  of  the  AfViiians,:  wbt>r  have  not:  beenri^v^be 
habit  of  seeing  Eufopeaos,  never  fails  4o  dij^J^ 
deepest  hortor.  At.  first  sight  tliey  asdSI  ^^be 
whiteness  of  theikioy  to  sofneileaftfaaomo  cad  ift<« 
^utaMe  disaasci  '    # 


61 


X1iCRi^i^£9. 


Ilvidetices  of  the  influence  of  climate  oh  (U 
tiuman  colour,  present  themselves  cooBtantly  to 
our  observation.  The  descendants  of  the  Afric&ni 
in  our  country,  far  are  from  having  the  sooty  black  | 
colour  of  their  forefathers,  the  natives  of  Africa. 
The  latter  ak'e  distinguished  from  the  former  at  | 
first  sight. 

In  Ameriba  thisrie  are  inahy  full  blooded  negroes  I 
scarctly  a  shade  nearer  the  black,  than  niany  of 
our  mulattoes.    These  ^re  denominated  vshite  ne< 
groes.    Africa  ekhibits  none  of  this  descriptioD. 
These  people  exhibit  One  presumptive  evidienceJ 
^that  thb  original  colour  of  mankind  was  white. 
The  skin  of   a    full  blooded    negro  infant,  for 
some  time  after  birth,  is  nearly  white.      It  is 
hot  until  the  skin  of  the  child  has  been  exposed  to| 
ihe  air  for  some  time,  that  the  rete  mucosum    be* 
comes  of  siicb  a  texture  as  to  exhibit  the  black  | 
colour. 

Many  of  our  young  itien  of  a  fair  coroplt xion, 
alter  perfoiming  several  Voyages  down  the  river^j 
and  among  the  west  India  Islands,  return   swar- 
thy men^  and  reraaio  so  for  life. 

fivery  roothar  is  aware  of  the  influence  of  the 
sun  in  tannir>^  their  children,  especially  during 
the  prevblence  of  the  equinoctial  wind  in  the 
vpriiig  of  the  year,  and  tberefore  take  every  pains, 
to  prevent  their  blasting  influencis  on  the  lilly,  and 
the  rose,  of  their  littlb  progeny^  (during  thjat  season. 

It  may  be  asked,  why  the  Indian  bolour  in  Amer- 
ica aniong  tht  white  people  ?  Why  this  difference 
•flcolour  in  the  sama  region.^  All . circumstan- 
tas  idUg,  the  red  colour  of  the  Indian,  is  the  co-. 
lourMltehis  natural  to  oiir  country.  Many  of 
those  of  the  white  people  who  have  been  bronghi 
bp  iataieegtlie  Indians  fton  their  iofuiey,  difTef 


% 


ABeiI«lHB^ 


53 


§om  tlism  bat  little  io  point  ofcoloar,  and  art  (o 
ht  distinguib  <:d  from  them,  onlj  by  the  diffisreDce 
•f  their  features.  There  are  maoy  of  bur  white 
jieople  of  a  darker  hue  than  many  of  the  In*- 
diani.  We  do  not  to  readily  perceive  thit,  he- 
eause  a  ff  hite  man,  let  hit  colour  be  ever  i o  dark,  \8 
gtill  a  white  man,  whil«  an  Indian  with  a  whiter  skin 
it  atill  an  Indian.  We  lose  tight  of  the  colour  of 
bftb  in  the  national  eharacter  of  each,  of  which 
we  never  lose  sight.  Were  any  number  of  white 
people  to  ado^t  the  ladian  mode  of  living  in  its 
full  «txtent,  in  a  few  generations,  the  difference 
•f  colour  between  them  and  the  Indian  would  not 
be  great.  How  much  whiter  is  a  French  Cana- 
dian boatman  than  an  Indian?  Scarcely  a  single 
shade.  Thus  physiology  has  ascertained  beyond 
a  shadow  of  doubt^  that  the  rete  macoBua  is  the 
basis  of  the  human  colour,  and  innumt^rable  facts 
go  to  show  that  the  various  states  of  this  m«m« 
brane,  which  e^thibit  all  the  varieties  of  the  hi- 
man  colour,  are  necasioaed  by  the  influence  dt 
different  climatei,  and  modes  of  living. 

But  from  the  varieties  of  this  membrane  se 
slight  in  themselves,  that  physiolef y  can  scareelj 
discover  them,  except  in  their  effects,  what 
mighty  cohs(;i{ences  have  arisen!  What  impop* 
Hint  conclusions  have  been  drawn! 

An  African  is  black,  has  a  woolly  head,  an4 
a  flat  nose;  he  is  therefore  not  entitled  to  the 
rights  of  human  natursi  But  he  is  a  docile  being 
possessed  of  but  little  pride  of  independence,  an4 
a  subject  of  the  softer  paj^sions^,  who  rftther  ihas 
nsk  his  life  in  the  defence  of  his  liberty  will 
«*Take  the  pittance  and  the  lash."  HeiglktMl^ 
Ibrt  a  f  roper  sabject  for  alavary*  ^^ 


«4 


iBoii6rf^iif^. 


'. 


Tho  InctUn  has  a  copper  cotoured  skin,  and 
'tlicrefore  the  rights  of  huinln  nature  du  not  be* 
long  to  him!  Cat  he  will  not  work,  and  his 
high  sense  of  independence,  and  ttroiyg  dedire  of 
Teve^gft  would  place  in  dtinger  the  propertj,  an;] 
life  of  the  oppressor,  who  should  attempt  to  force 
him  to  labor.  He  is  therefore  to  be  exterminated; 
or  at  least  despoiled  of  his  country,  and  driven 
to  somerRmote  region  where  he  must  jjerish! 

Such  1ias  been,  and  such  stiTl  is^to  a  certain 
'extent,  the  logic  of  nations  poseef-s^d  of  all  ihb 
science  cf  the  world! — Of  cluistian  nations- 
How  horrid  the  features  of  that  sluvtry  to  which 
this  logic  has  given  birth!  The  b^enevolent  heart 
lileeds  at  the  thought  of  the  cruelties  which  have 
always  accoinpanied  it;  amongst  the  Mahomedans 
as  soon  aa  the  christian  slave  embraces  the  religi- 
on  of  his  master,  he  is  free;  but  among  the  fol- 
lowers of  the  Messiah,  the  slave  may  indeed  em* 
'briekce  the  religion  of  his  master;  t}ut  he  still  re* 
nislins  a  slave;  although  a  christian  brother. 

It  is  a  curious  circumstance,  that  while  our 
Missionaries  are  generously  traversing  tha  mcst' 
inhospitable  regions,  and  eii'deavouring  with  in- 
'cesiant  toil,  to  give  tW  science  of  £u rope,  and 
America,  together  witli  t1be  christi^  rc^^elafian, 
to  the  benighted  pagans,  most  of  the  legis1arur(% 
Df  our  slave  holding  state  have  mad6  it  an  highly 
penal  offence)  to  teach  a  slave  a  single  letter-^ 
^iVhila  at  great  expen^de  and  waste  of  varua- 
)>le  lives,  fve  are  (endeavouring  to  teach  the  natives 
Df  Aftica,  the  use  of  letters,  no  one  durst  attempt  to 
^6  the  sa^e  thing  for  the  wretched  descehdabts  of 
that  ill-j|fled  people,  houndjn  the  fetters  of  slave- 
^  in  America.  Thus  otir  sJiaverv  Chains  the  snui 
%8  m^M  if»  hodf.    Would  a  MttMeimaii  hnM 


A30ai6lt>BSi 


55f 


his  filave  from  lieeroingto  roadllie  Alcoreo.^   Siirt-* 
ij  b(!  would  r.ot 

We  are  often  told  bj;  slaveholders,  tbtl  iheji 
would  vrilliiigly  {i'lve  freedon  to  their  glaves,  if 
ti;ey  could  do  it  with  safeij:  If  they  could  gvt  rid 
ofthem  when  ft  ce;i  but  are  they  more  dangerous 
ivlftn  free,  than  when  in  slavery!  But  adniitting: 
the  hct,  that  owing  to  their  ignorance,  f  tupidity. 
and  bad  Itablts,  tltey  are  unlit  tor  frct«dom;  wc 
ouraeWes  have  made  them  so.  We  debase  theiti 
(o  the  condition  of  brute»,  and  then  use  that  de- 
baseitiest  as  ao  argument  for  perpetuating  their 
slavery.  •     « 

I  will  conclifde  this  digression,  with  the  elo- 
quent language  of  President  Jefferson  on  the  sub* 
ject.  **  Human  liberty  is  the  gift  of  Sod;  and  can- 
not be  violated  but  in  his  wrath.  Indeed  1  trembld 
for  my  country,  when  I  reflect  that  Qod  is  just* 
and  that  his  justice  cannot  sleep  forever:  that  c€>n- 
sidenng  nuinberf),  Tiature,  and  natural  means  on^ 
Ty,  a  revolution  of  the  wheeh  of  fortune,  ao  ex* 
change  of  situation  is  among  the  possible  events:- 
il  may  bpcome  probable  by  supernatural  inter* 
fercnce.  The  Almighty  has  no  attribute  whic)i> 
can  take  side  with  us  in  such  a  contest." 

But  to  return.     Why  this  great  solicitude  of.tb^- 
learned,  io  discover    the,  geueology  of^  ihe  Ameri- 
can Indians.^    This  solicitude  is  like  maoT  other 


*Many  suppose  that  some  of  the  Indians  are  oj  Jew- 
ish origin.  This  may  indeed  heiht  coit.^  Jar  at  an  car- 
ly  period  of  the  Jcwhh  history,  Shalmapcficrf  the  king  of 
A^^yxia,  i&^k  Samaria  after  a  siege  of  three  f^cars  con- 
tinuance^ "  %&nd  the  king  of  Assyiia  did  cdHrry  arvay  : 
Israel  into  Jlssyria.,  ai\d  put  them  in  Halaky  and  in 
flahf/r,  by  the  rivtr  Gozan,   and  in  the  city  if  tbfi- 


u 


A90BlfilXCES. 


fjiibiontblt  puriuiu  of  tho  present  daj.  It  is  lU^ 
a  voyage  to  the  northern  polar  regions,  or  a  jour- 
ney into  Africa;  in  the  former  of  n Iiich,  nothing 
is  seen  but  immense  islands  of  ice,  and  in  the 
latter  little  else  than  regions  of  and  deserts;  but 
the  voyager  and  traveller  return  home  rich  in  dis- 
coveries— of  red  snow— •the  probable  cause  of  the 
aurora  boreal  is— or  of  an  hidden  catacomb,  full  of 
mumnies^and  the  hug5  head  of  the  lesierMemnei*, 
Besides  actual  discoveries,  both  are  rich— in  cen- 
JBCtures  of  little  or  no  importance  to  the  world. 
We  Might  say  the  Englishman,  the  French- 
nan,  and  German,  what  is  yeur.  origin?  He 
knows  no  more  of  his  own  j;«nealogy,  than  he 
does  of  that  of  the  American  Indians.  The  blood 
of  fifty  nations,  for  aught  he  can  tell  to  the  con- 
trary, runs  in  his  veins.  He  may  bf  related  to 
the  Assyrians,  Chaldeans,  Egyptians,  Greeks, 
Bomans,  Copts  and  many  other  smaller  nation^ 
whose  very  names  have  long  since  been  burieil 
in  oblivion. 

•HfedlM.'*  From  these  placet  tit  is  hghly  probable  ma* 
9lf  of  the  Jews,  found  their  vay  into  Eastern  Tartary, 
and  from  thence  to  •Jmcn'ca,  but  toith  the  loss  of  their 
national  character,  language  and  religion.  Ten  cf 
Ike  twelve  tribes  were  carried  off  by  ShaUnaneser,  Jftev 
this  everd^  history  no  longer  recognizes  those  tribes  m 
Jews;  thenceforward  the  kingdom  (fisral.  consisted  on^ 
ty  of  the  tiibes  of  Juda,  Benjamin,  and  part  ^  the  tribe 
of  Levi.  So  large  a  number  oj  prolific  people,  must 
have  soon  associated  themselves,  by  travellings  commeru^ 
and  intermarriages,  with  dl  the  surrounditig  nati(ms, 
smd  of  course  weir  descendants  would  be  as  likely  If 
^9yi  tSiir  wi^  to  Mmerica,  as  any  other  people. 

II  KingSy  Chap,  It. 
dQfitveo  Virgittia,p.  U^* 


A£0RI6INfii. 


67 


Thus  while  you  are  anxiously  inquiring  for  Ihc 
ori^ii  of  the  poor  Eavag«8  of  America,  you  forget 
your  own.  Perhaps  ot  ihis  moment,  you  kno.v 
nothing  of  your  immediate  ancestry,  beyond  yoUT 
^rand  father,  or  at  the  farthest  your  great  giand 
father. 

If  we  should  infer  a  commuoily  of  origin,  bc- 
tfveen  the  Tartars  of  A^^ia,  and  the  Ameiican'']|ti- 
dians,  from  a  resemblance  of  color,  it  would  Le 
no  more  than  saying  tb;it  the  same  causes,  will  in 
similar  circumstances,  produce  the  same  effvicts: 
the  sun  and  air  will  produce  the  same  cffec/s 
on  nian  in  Tartary,  that  they-  do  in  America  in 
the  same  latitudes.  It  is  now  too  late,  or  soon 
will  be  so,  to  find  any  thing  like  a  solution  of  V.ns 
question  from  any  resemblance  between  the  la.]- 
guages  of  these  people.  The  religious  vvorsljip  tf 
savages,  is  every  where  pretty  much  the  sajne, 
and  therefore  throws  no  light  on  the  subject.  O.i 
their  traditions  no  reliance  can  b»?  placed,  because 
to  a  ptople  who  have  no  written  science,  the  past 
is  a  region  of  fabulous  uncertainty. 

It  is  enough  for  the  solution  of  this  queFition,  thst 
the  navigatifin  of  the  northern  Atlantic,  &  northern 
Pacifici^  has  at  all  time* been  practicable,  evci  to 
the  imperfect  navigation  of  the  nations  inhabiting^, 
their  shores,  and  that  they  have  at  all  times  car- 
ried on  a  constant  intercourse  wiih  each  ether, 
especially  ao'oss  the  northern  pacific. 

But  to  which  continent  shall  we  arcribb  the 
honour  of  having  given  population  to  the  oiL«*r. — 
This  is  the  most  important  point  in  this  dipcus- 
eioOy  bit  can  it  ever  be  settled?  Fcr  nr.y  part  I 
am  perfectly  willing  to  concede  to  the  old  world 
(be  honour  of  having  given  Population  to  the  new 


It  is  luucb  (ho  largest  continent,   and  by  far,  tt^ 
fint  in  arts  and  Bcieoces.     Besides  placing  tome 
reliance  on  the  oldest,  and  not  tb«  least  authen- 
tic history  in  the   world,    I  can  see  no  reason 
why  the  garden  of  Eden,  near  the  head  of  the 
Persian  gulf,  was  not  a  point  from  which  the 
whole  world  might  as  conveniently  be  peopled,  and 
in  as  short  a  time,  as  from  any  other  spot  wbioh 
a  geographer  can  point  out. 
On  the  whole,  the  race  of  mankind  constitutes 
an  eidufive  genus  of  animated  beings;   man  is 
therefore  an  unit,  and  as  such   must  have  bad 
one  comman  origin  **  No  matter  what  colour,  an 
Indian   or  an  African  sun   may  have  burnt  up- 
on him."    He    justly  claims  a  kindred  relation 
to  the  whole  of  his  race.    What  though'  the  se^ 
vere  cold  of  the  arctic  circles  has  dwindled  their 
inhabitants  down  to  a  dwarfish    stature.     What 
though  in  more  fortunate  climates  we  meet   witb 
Anekim,  or  Patigonians,  m  all  the  essentials  o£ 
bis  physical ,  and  moral    character,  nukn    is  the 
•ame  m  every  region  of  the  globe. 

May  this  paternal  relation  be  every  where  re^ 
Gognizedl  May  a  just,  and  enlightened  policy, 
and  above  all  may  the  holy  religion  of  the  good 
Samaritan,  induce  the  strong  to  respect  the  claims 
of  the  weak  upon  his  justice  and  humanity,  and 
<*Todo  unto  others^  as  be  would  tbey  ^should  ^ 
nnt^him;" 


#■ 


n^ 


c. 


_  V  , 

Wealhep. 


GHAPi'ER   \% 


Great  changes  have   taken  piace  \u  our  r/^i*  •" 
[em  of  weather,  eiace  the  sett  lemont  <:;i'  \\w,  '^toi^' 
jrn  country, yet  those  changes  have  b*e/.  r.og.ad' 
lal,  that  it  is  no  very  easy  taEk    to  ic^coUcct,  or 
lesciibe  them. 
At  the  first  settlement  of  Ihe  courJrT  the  sum- 
lers  were  mucbqpoler  than  ibeyore  of  prejent/ 
^or  many  years  wc  scarcely  tvtf    butl  a  oinj^^e 
rarm  nif,ht  during  the  whole  summer.    ThA  (;^«>t)- 
Ings  were  cool,  and  the  mornings  frequcnt'f  j  un>^ 
comfortably  cold.    The  coHn^sv  of  the  nights  ivi;p 
>wiDgto  the  deep  shade  of  the  lofty  fsFist  tr-e'^fy^ 
rhich  every  where  covered  lh«;  ground.     In  addi 
tioDto  this*  the  surface  of  lVt<3  ear  lb  tva?  still  fur« 
ther  shaded   by  large  crn^%  of  wild  grass,  aod^ 
[weeds,  which DrevcoUd  \i  from  becoming  heated 
by  the  rays  or  thu  sun  during  the  day.    At  sun 
jdowo,  'b(^  aW  bttgan  to  become  damp,  and  cool, 
[aad*  continued  to  increase  in  coldness,  untill  war* 
jm^d  by  the  sunshine  of  the  succeeding  day. 

This  wild  herbage  afforded  pasture  for  oar  cat' 
jfle,  and  horses,  from  spring  'till  the  onset  of  win- 
ter. To  enable  the  owner  to  iind  his  beasts,  the 
leader  of  each  Hock  of  cattle,  horses,  and  sheep 
was  furnished  with  a  bell  suspended  to  the  neck^ 
by  a  leathren,  or  iron  collar.  Bells,  therefore  coa« 
ftituted  a  consider  abb  article  of  traffic  in  earjt 


fiO 


WIAWrtl. 


One  dipfrfssiDg  circumstance  reeulled  from  tlie 
wild  herbage  of  our  wildernese.  It  produced  in- 
numerable swarms  of  gnats,  n)oschet(oes,and  horse 
Hies.  Those  distressing  insects  gave  such  annoj- 
anfte  to  man,  and  beast  that  they  may  j«>stly  be 
ranked  among  the  early  plagues  of  the  counti|. 
During  that  part  of  the  season  in  which  they  weie 
prevalent,,  they  made  the  cattle  poor,  and  lessened 
the  amount  of  their  milk*  In  plowing,  they  were  1 
very  distressing  to  the  horspSi  It  was  customary 
to  build  large  fires  cf  old  logs,  about  the  forts,  the  I 
cmoke  of  which  kept  the  flies  from  the  cattle,which 
soon  learned  to  change  their  position,  with  evcrj 
•hange  of  wind,  so  as  to  keep  themselves  con- 
,  etanily  in  the  enjoke.  ' 

Our  summers  in  e«rly  tiflDCSj*  were  mostly  very  J 
dry.  Tha  beds  of  our  large  creeks,  excepting  in^ 
the  deep  holca,  preeentcd  nothing  but  naked  rocks. 
The  mills  were  not  expected  to  do  any  grinding 
after  the  latter  end  of  May,  excepting  for  a  short 
time  after  a  thunder  gust;  our  most  prudent  bouse- 
keepers,  thf  reform  took  care  to  have  their  summer 
stock  ef  flour  ground  in  the  months  of  March  and 
April  If  tbis  stock  was  expended  too  soon,  there 
were  no  resources  but  thcs»^  of  the  hominy  block; 
or  hand  miU.  It  was  a  frrquent  gaying  cimong 
our  farmers^  that  three  good  rains  were  sufficient 
t©  make  a  crop  of  corn,if  they  happened  at  the  pro- 
per times.  The  want  of  rain  was  compensated  in 
tome  degree,  by  heavy  dewp,  which  were  then 
mote  common  than  of  late,  owing  to  the  shaded 
situaiion  of  the  earth,  'which  prevented  it  from 
becoming  cither  warm  or  dry,  by  tlie  rays  of  the 
sun,  during  even  the  warmest  weather. 

Frosi,  and  show,  set  in  much  earlier  in  former 
tomes,  than  ef  late.    I  have  kuowB  the  whole  crop 


tyAATtfBB. 


>f  cerB  io  Greenbrier  destroyed  by  frost,  on  tlie 

light  of  the  tvrenty-second  of  September.    The 

jorn  io  thii  district  of  country  was  umitly  froit- 

ntten,  at  the  eamc  time.     Such  early  frosts  of  e- 

|ual  severity^  hare  not  happened  for  some  time 

>ait.     Hooting  snows  usually  Gommeoced  about 

[be  middle  of  October.    Nov^enber  iras  regardei 

\B  a  iriDter  mooth,  as  the  winter  fre(}utA4ly  set  ia 

ritb  sererity  during  that  montb,  and  sossetimes  a^t 

IB  early  period  of  i^ 

For  atongtiae  after  the  settlemest  of  the  cotin* 

r,  we  bad  an  abanianee  of  saow,  in  comparisBi 

the  amtntnt  w*  usually  have  now.    It  was   bb 

inusual  thing  to  hare  snews  from. one,  to  three 

It  it  in  depth,  «nd   of  long  eontinuance.    Our 

leople  often  became  tired  of  seeing  the  moBOto&- 

|bus  aspect  of  the  cAuntry  so  long  corered  witb  a 

[deep  snow,  and  **  longed  to  see  the  gr lund  bare 

[once  more." 

I  well  remember  the  labour  of  opening  roada 
jtbrough  those  deep  snows,  which  often  fell  in  t 
single  night,  to  the  barn,  spring,  smoke  bouse^  ani 
leorn  crib.  The  labour  of  getting  wood,  after  a 
[deep  fall  of  snow,  was  in  the  highest  degree  disa- 
gre|able.  A  tree,  when  fallen,  was  literally  buri- 
ed in  the  snow,  so  that  the  driver  of  the  horsea 
[bad  to  plungethe  whole  length  of  his  arms  intoit^ 
I  to  get  the  log  chain  around  the  butt  end  of  the 
tree,  to  haul  it  home.  The  depth  of  the  snows,  the 
citreme  cold  and  length  of  our  winters,  were  ia- 
deed  distressing  to  the  first  settlers,  who  were  but 
poorly  provided  witb  clothing,  and  Whose  cahiaa 
were  mostly  very  open,  and  uncomfortable.  Gft« 
ling  wc.>d,  making  fires,  feeding  the  stock,  aod 
goinf  to  mill  were  considered  sufficient  employ,^ 
ment  for  any  family,  and  truly  those  lajieajrs  loi^ 
IHim  Uulf  qpB^rflr  BDj  thiBg  else. 
m       ' 


m 


^VBATIilrIU. 


y 


Ai  our  roads,  in  e&rl^  times,  did  rot  m^mit  cf 
the  use  of  gleig^is,  tl.e  onl}^  fpoil  \te  hid  rn  the 
time  of  a  deep  euow  v^xks  th»t  of  lacing  about  on 
t'le  crust  of  its  puificp.  IIU  was  forofd  by  a 
slight  ibawFuccfedt-d  by  o  ftvere  frcst.  On  this 
nrust  we  could  liavtl  out  legs,  Irusb,  and  cwing 
to  gif r.t  drifts  of  enow  in  many  jilacts,  over  the 
Ijigl'.eet  fences. 

Jliesc  crusts  wrre  often  fatal  to  fhe  deer. 
WoJvcSv  dogd  and  ircn  could  piir.uc  them  ivitli. 
out  breaking  through  the  cruft:  TKe  deer  on  the 
eon irarj',  when  puiSMcd,  owing  to  the  smalW  tig: 
of  their  hoc)f&  always  broke  through  it,  unlt-ss 
when  it  ^vas  uncomnaonlv  hard.  Ilie  hun- 
ters never  killed  tht^  deer  in  the  dead  of  winter,, 
as  their  fikii)«  and  flesh  were  thei  of  hut  little 
Tal»£.  Taking  advantage  of  them  in  the  time  of 
a  crust,  they  held  a  dishonourable  practice,  and 
ttiey  aiwcyg  relieved  them  from  the  pursuit  rf 
wolves  End  dogs  whf.nevcr  it  fell  in  tbfir 
way  to  do  so.  l^)reigrirrs,  however,  who  were 
pot  in  the  habit  of  huntitigf  of  en  pursied"  and' 
caught  them  on  the  crust  far  the  sake  of  inform- 
ing their  frienHs  in  the  old  country  by  letter  that 
they  had  killed  a  deer. 

An  iticident  happened  in  my  father's  neigh" 
bourhood  which  for  some  time  was  highly  satisfac- 
<*?ry  to  the  hunters,  as  it  looked  like  a  proridcn- 
tial  punishment  for  taking  advantage  of  the  deer 
in  the  time  of  a  crust,  p.«  well  a  tdurans  of  putting 
aD    end,  to  the  unlawful  sport. 

A  Captain  Thomas  Wells,  a    noted   warrior* 
hunter,  and   trapper,  was  informed    by    one   of 
his  neighbours  who  came  to   his  house  to  bor- 
row a  bag,  that  a  deer  had    been    killed  by  the . 
vrolvts,  the  night  before,  not  far  from  Lis  housfi?^ 


10    ftc^mit  r/ 

about  on 
;^ni^  bja 

,      yn  this 
land  cuJRg 

'»  over  the 

'he  dfcr. 
^bem  irifl,. 
««•>'  on  ([^g. 

^'^le   bun.. 
of  winter, 
but  ii/tJc 
Jc  time  of 
^^ice,  and 

ho  were 

Jf<^    «nd^ 

in/arm- 

5lter  that 

sarisfac- 
oridcn- 
hc  decf 

t'arrior^ 
one  of 
^o  bor- 
^»y  the 

ilOU8^^ 


iFEAtiJiitj. 

lihil  t)jat  the  (Issr  Imd  not  been  wholly  devourerf. 
They  concluded,  tjiat  as  tht;  wolves  would  visit 
the  place,  Uie  aucceeditig  lugbt,  for  the  purposti 
ofliilishing  cijcir  }jrcy,  they  mi^ltt  catcii  one  of 
tlieni  in  a  wolt*  trap,  l^^ey  acoprdiiigly  set  a 
large  trap  in  ilio  llead  o(  a  npring,  close  by  the 
relicts  of  ihe  deei'.  !  he  spri.'ig  had  welted  the 
9now  as  it  fell,  and  was  then  cutered  with  a 
thick  coat  of  dry  leaves,  under  these  leaves  the 
trap  wp^  concealed. 

Shortly  after  !h*^y  had  finished  their    work,  a 
couple  of  new  comers  from  Ireland,  in   purKail 
of  a  deer,  with  dogs,  canae  to  ihe  place,  and  see* 
ing  the  bones  of  the  deer,  called  a  halt  to  look 
at  them.    One  of  them  whose  feet  happened  t« 
be    very  cold,  stepped    on    the  dry    leaves    o- 
verthe  spring,  and  phced  one  of  his -feet  in  the 
wolf  trap,  which  instantlv  fastened  on  his  foot  with 
its    mercile'ss   javvs.       With  great  labour,  ditH- 
culty  and  delny,  th*%  foot  was ,  eitricated  from  the 
trap.    The  first  house  they  called  at,  after  the  acci- 
dent, wiis  that  df  tho  (nan  who  bf^^assisted  C»pt. 
Wells  to  set  the  trap.     They  complained  biUvrly 
of  the  occabrence^  and  saiid  that  thi^|iad  wrdifght 
full  half  an  haur  before  they  could  pt  tlta  w|cked 
thing  off  the  foot.    They  wondered  whetlie.rjhere 
was  no  law  in  Ameriea  to  punish  people  for  i^t* 
ting  iuch    wicked  things    about  the    woddf,  ti 
catch  people  by  the  feet.    The  gentleman  hearcl  \ 
fheir  complaint,  without  letting  them  know  that    ^ 
he  had  any  hand  in  setting  the  trap.     F^ortdnately 
the  trap  struck  the  Hibf^rniiin  aeross  tke  soal  of  hitf 
lihoe,  which  being  thick,  and  frozen   prevented   ' 
the  mischief  it  wouH  otherwise  have  done  bim^ 
Vthe  jaws  of  the  trap  hadretth^d  kiB  anel^  ihn 


\ 


t    J 


(4 


IVSATHUI. 


^ 


boses  of  his  It;  moet  hay*  been  brolcci  (o  fmtt 
bj  ihcm. 

The  jukas  whit',  were  carved  out  of  this  ertB^ 
t'broui^hout  the  neighbourhood,  and  the  high  glee 
^ith  which  the  hueters  related  the  tale,  terred 
to  ehew  the  foreigners  the  detestation  in  whicb 
the  practice  of  killing  deer  in  the  winter  seatoa^ 
wai  held,  and  in  a  great  measure  put  a  stop  to 
their  sport. 

But  to  return.  The  spring  of  the  y^ar  infor» 
mtr  times  wa^  pretty  much  like  our  preseat  spriafg 
t^'e  cummonlj  had  an  open  spell  ef  weather  du- 
ring the  latter  part  ot  February,  denominated  by 
'*P«wwawing  days,"  and  by  others  "Weather 
breeders."  The  month  of  March  was  commonly 
stormy,  and  disagreeable  throughout.  It  was  t 
tomnion  sayiag  that  we  must  not  expect  spring 
until  the  "Borrowed  days;"  (hat  is,  the^ree' 
trax  days  of  April  were  over.  Sugar  was  often 
Kjade  in  the  early  part  ^of  April  It  senetimes 
happened  that  a  great  part  ef  April  was  but  little 
better  than  Marchj  with  regard  to  storms  of  rain, 
anew,  and  a  e 'la  chilling  aif^  t  oace  noticed 
forty  "frosts  ef|ter  the  first  ity  of  April;  yet  our 
iruit;ihar7*»..1^:^Was  not  wholly  destroyed.  We 
^e?er^cO>sidered  ourselves  seeure  from  frest, 
intil  the  iirst  ten  days  of  May  had  past.  Durirg 
tbcie  d^ys  we  never  failed  of  having  cold  stor- 
ttiy   Weather,  with   more  or  less  frost. 

On  thewhole,  although  the  same  variable  8yv» 
tern  of  weather  continuei^  our  springs  were 
i^troierly  somewhat  colder,  and  accon^panied  with 
more  snow,  than  they  are  now,  but  the  change 
Ib  these  respects,  is  no  way  favourable  to  vegt^* 
latioB  as  our  latest  springs  are  uniformly  follow- 
^a  kf  tk«  Kttt  If litlnl  se«ata»»    k  h  a  Itw  #tt 


* 


.§jj^^ 


'# 


IpATflftft. 


e5 


fte  Vegetable  world  that  the  longer  t^'Vefttfttive*: 
principle  is  delajed,  the  more  rapid  w^eo^tla 
motion.  Hence  those  northern  countfies  Which 
have  but  a  short  summer,  and  no  springy  ard 
amongst  the  most  fruitful  eountries  1o  the 
World.  ,In  Russia,  Swedeoi  and  Defiiiia||r/ the 
transition  from  Winterio  summer,  ocetipies  but  a 
very  few  days;  yet  a  failure  of  a  crop  in  tboee  coun^ 
tries  is  but  a  rare  occurrence:  while  in  our  lati* 
tudes^  Vegetation  prematurely  put  in  moti^^Jind 
thenoAen  checked  ^*By  the  laggeriog  repr.  of 
winter's  frost,"  frequently  faite  ofattaiping  iis  ul« 
^imate  perfection.  *   » 

From  this  history  of  the  system  of  the  weather 
bf  our  early  timed,  it  appear3  th4t  our  seasone  l^ave 
already  undergone  great  and  important  changes^ 
bur  suihrners  are  much  warmer,  our  falls  mi^cli 
milder  and  longer,  and  our  winters  shmrter  by  at 
leust  one  months  and  accompimied  withmut^h^si 
^now  and  cold  thain  formerly. 

What  causes  have  effected  these  ohangea  in  our 
'system  of  wcaher,  and  what  may  we  reai0'oi|lf 
Isuppose.  will  he  the  pititAate  extent  ofthiii  tiev^- 
tion,aIready  so  apparent  in  oiir  system  of  weit||»^ 

Id  all  countries,  the  popul^^tloki  of  a  deseH  b]^ 
acivilisBed,  land  agricultural  people,  has  ii|d  a 
great  effect  on  its  c%iate*  ::■'  \'^'■^■^■'.'■■y'■'''■i':^, 
^  Italy,  which  is  novf  a  warm  country,  with  Very 
mild  winters^  was  in^he  time  of  Horace,  &Virgil,a9 
|oold  and  as  subject  to  deep  snows,  m  the  westlra 
'  oifiiti^  wks  at  its  first  settleolieot.*  ^l^hiloiophgr 

T^»ce /tt6oriififB»:  gfelti^ 
ft«m^iinffi(crml  oeufe? 


Hor,  lib,  f^  pit  TJS^ 


66 


WkATtfEti 


i .    ■■ 


\. 


I      '*■ 


has  attributed  the  change  of  the  eeasont  in  that 
country,  to  the  clearing  of  its  own  forests,  togeth- 
er with  those  of  France  to  the  norths  and  those  of 
Geroiany  to  the  east,  and  north  of  Italy.  The 
Bame  catise  has  produced  the  same  effect  in  our 
country*  Every  acre  of  cultivated  land,  mus.t  in- 
crease the  heat  of  our  sunomerp,  by  augmenting  the 
ext.ent  of  the  surface  of  the  ground  denuded  of  its 
tiinber>  so  as  to  be  acted  upon,  and  heated  by  the 
rays  of  the  sun: 

The  future  prospect  of  the  weather  through- 
out the  whole  extent  of  the  western  country  is 
not  very  flattenngi  The  thermometer  in  the  hot* 
est  parts  of  our  summer  months  already .  ranges 
from  ninety  to  one  hundred  degrees^  A  frigbful 
degree  of  heat  for  a  country  as  yet  not  half  clear- 
ed of  its  native  timber}  When  we  consider  the 
j^reat  extent  of  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi,  so 
roi&ote  ^om  any  sea  to  furnish  its  cooling  breeftes) 
1fvitb««ft  iBountains  to  collect  the  Tapours,  sug- 
Inent  and  diversify  the  winds,  and  itatered  only 
^f  a  few  rivers, .which  in  the  summer  time  are 
diminished  to  a  small  amount  of  wateri  We  hav« 
efery  data  for.  the  unpleasant  conclusion  that  the 
cliuiatQ  of  the  western  regions  will  ultimately 
become  intensely  hot  and  subject  to  distressing 
calpia  and  droughts  of  long   continuance^ 

j^freaily  we  begin  to  feel  the  elfects  of  the  in* 
create  of  the  beat  o(  summer  in.  the  noxious  ef- 
tluyia  of  the  stagnant  waterof  the  ponds  and  low 
grounds  along  our  rivers;  These  fruitful  sources 
of  pesti1en|ial  exhalations  have  converted  l»tgc 
tracts  of  oiir  country  into- regions  c»f  slol^oeaa  mm 
d^ath.  .While  the  excessive  heat  and  dryness  o^ 
our  settlements  remote  fron^  the  large  water  cours* 
eif|^1iariB  be^A  visited  by  endeipio  dis^t^riea  i^ 


9EA9V9  AHV   BIRDS. 


©If 


tWir  most  mortal  stales.  Thus  (he  most  fortu* 
nate  r«giQQS  of  the*  earth  have  drawbacks  t>oai 
their  aidvantagjes  which  serve  in  some  degre<  to 
balance*  the  conditioti  of  .their  mhubitatit^  wiih 
that  of  the  people  of  coontries  less  gifted  by  na- 
ture ia  point  of  sail,  elimate  and  situation. 

The  conflict  for  equalibriu on  between  the  rari* 
ficd  airof  the  South  and  the  den ^e  atmosphere 
'  of  the  Nortiivwill  continue  forever  the  changea* 
bJe  state  of  weather  in  this  country,  as  there  ia 
DO  mo^untainous  barrier  beiw'een  tis  and  the  norths 
ero  j^sgions  of  our  xontinent 


.    •"    X.       **-    "- 


CHAPTER  Vi 


^nk  reader tie^trtot^t^ect  that  this  chaptef 
will  contain  a  Usi  of  all  the  Bsists  and  fiirdi  which 
were  tenants  of  iheirestei^nwild^ness,  at  the  iiin^ 
of  its  first  settienitnc.  1  shtf  |  dnJy  hri^idj  notice 
a  fewof  those«*^b6thda»es#hiiti|i1iavealrea^^  to- 
talis or  paHiaTI^  disap^^earedfi^oni  the  dbttntry^ 
gether  with  those  i»htch  hiiire  emigrated  here 
wit»r  ow  i^nmio*!.**  TOi  i^twi^ratio n,  as  iar  as 
It  goes,  win  serve  to  shew  the  hatnral  bwtorian  a 
oelCinctidn  hetwieeh  those  Beasts  and  Birds  which 
wrimtttiriJI^  l<%nanta  of  th«  wilMnei^  and  refuse 


M 


BEASTf  AND    MBl{tf. 


the  tocieiy  of  man,  aid  those  ^hieh  follow  his  fojot 
s(p)^8  from  one  region  to  another,  and  although 
partially  wild  yet  subsist  in  part  upon  bi>s  labors. 

The  Biitf&loe,  and  Elk  have  entirely  disappear- 
ed from  this  pecfion  of  the  country.  Of  the  bear 
and  deer  but  very  few  remain.  The  wolres  for- 
merly 80  numerous,  and  ao  distructive  to  the  cat- 
tle arc  now  seldom  heard  of  in  our  older  settUe^ 
ments. 

It  may  seem  sfrange  that  this. ferocious  and  cun- 
ning animal,  sO  long  the  scourge  of  the  mounta- 
nious  districts  of  Europe  should  have  so  suddenly 
ftisappeared  from  our  infant  country.  The  sagacity 
rf  the  wolves,  bids  defiance  to  the  most  consuni*- 
mute  craft  of  the  hunte'rji,  many  of  whom  through* 
out  life,  never  obtained  a  single  ehance  to  shoot 
at  one  of  them.  Sometimes  indeed  they  outwited 
them  by  pit-fills,  and  ated  traps  ^  but  no  great 
number  were  killed  by  either  of  these  nieans;  nor 
tiad  the  price  set  upon  their  scalps  by  the  state 
Jegisl'ifures  any  great  eflTect  in  diminishing  their 
number  and  depredations.  By  what  means  then 
did  their  destruc*ion<  happen  ^  On  this  subjfct 
I  will  hazard  the  bpinion  that  a  greater  number 
of  them  Were  df'stroyed  by  hydrophobia  than  by  all 
other  means  put  together.  That  this  disease  took 
place  amongst  them  at  an  early  period  is  evident 
from  the  fact  that  nearly  forty  years  ago,  a  cap-P 
tain  Ranhio  of  Racoon  Greets,  in  Washington' 
bounty,  ta.  was  bitten  by  a  mad  wolf.  A  few 
years  ago,  Mr.  John  M^Camaut  of  this  County^ 
net  with  the  same  misfortune.  In  both  cases  the 
wolf  was  kiIed,aHd  lam  sorry  to  add  both  these  mea 
died,  aflep  having  suffered  all  the  painty  and  hor-^ 
jrors,  a6compabying  tb«t  most  frigiitful  of  all  d\M 
j^nses,  t^t  in^icttsd  by  tbe  bite  of  a  cabid  aaimMK 


SBABTt  KOm  Blips.  '^ 

An  animal  so  ferocious  ti  a  vrolfy  and  under  (lie 
influence  of  madness,  bites  evei^  tbin|  he  cair 
reach,  of  course  the  oompanions  of  bis  pwn  den 
and  thicket,  are  the  first  victims  of  bis  tage.^^ 
Hence  a  single  wolf  would  be  the 'means  of  de^ 
stroking  the  whole  number  of  bis  fellows,  in  his^ 
immediate  neighborhood  at  least.  In  the  advanced 
state  of  the  disease  they  loose  their  native  wild  • 
neSs,  leave  their  dens,  and  thickets  ind  seek  the 
flocks  and  herds  about  farm  houses  and  in  some* 
instances  have  attempted  to  enter  the  honses -them* 
selves  fbrthe  purpose  of  doing  mischief. 

The  buzzards,  or  vultures,  grey  and  bald  eagles,^ 
ravens*,  or  aa  they,  were  generally^  called  oorbiea- 
were  very  numerous  bere  informer  times.  It 
was  no  uncommon  thing  to  see  from  fifty,  to  one 
hundred  of  them  perched  on  the  trees  over  a  sin- 
gle carcase  of  carion.  All  these  large  ci^rnivorous^ 
birds  have  nearly  disappeared  from  our  settle^ 
ments. 

The  wild  Turkeys  wliicb  used  to  be  so  libtin- 
dant,  as  to  supply  no  inconsiderable  portion  of^i 
provision  for  the   first   settlers,  are  n<ow  rarely^ 

The  different  kintls  of  wodd-peekercr  still  re:* 
main  in  the  countnL  witfi  the  exception  of  the 
largest  of  that  geiuR  of  birds,  the   wOOil^coek. 
which  is  now  ver^carce. 

The  black  and  grey  sqtiii^rels  still  remain  in  tlie 
Jnouotry,  these  beautiful,  but  desthictive  little  i^nv 
mats,  gave  ^ceat  annoyance  to4be  first  settlers  of 
our  country,  b>  devouring  large  qijaniitieaoftbieir 
eorn  in  the  fields,  before  it  was.  fit  lor  gathering. 

There  is  Bomethirig  singular  in  the  Eistdry  of/ 
.^e  squirrels.  •  Sometimes  in  the  course  Hk-  §m^ 


m 


t 


fM 


ihcA&id  Axdb  ftiuiK 


yeatt  (liey  become  so  nvmerouf,  ai  to  tlirHU^ 
the   dcitructiob  of  whole  crops;  wbefi  as  if  by 
eommofa  consent  they  co9>nence  an  emigratioa 
from  West,  to  East,  crossing  the  rivers  in  countrets 
r  ambers.    At  the  commencement  of  theiF  liiarch 
tliey  are  very  fat,>  and  furnish  an    agreeable  afli- 
cle  of  diet;  but  towards  its  conclusion  they  be- 
come  sickly,  and  poor,  irith  large  wortns  attach-^ 
ed  to   their  skins.     After  this  emigrstion  •.btl 
ate  scarce  for  some  years,  ttieii  multipltr,  ^iTilgrate, 
and  perish  as  before.  -The  cause  of  this  phena< 
menon,  is  L  believe  upknowo.    It  cannot  he  tbe 
want  of  food  i' for  the  districts  of  countries  whipb 
they  leave,  arc  often  as  fruitful,  or  more  sq  tb.aa 
thosfs  to  which  they  direct  their  course. 

The  terrible  panther,  as  well  aa  the  wild  cat,  have^ 
also  taken  their  leave  of  us. 

Thus,  in  far  lesa  time  than  it  cost  the  Jews 
to  rid  themselves,  of  the  serpents,  and  beasts  of 
prey  wbicb.  infestedthe  ^'Hill^ country  of Judea,'^ 
vVe  base  freed  ourselves  from  those  which  be- 
longed to  our  country,  Our  flocks  and  herds  are 
safe  from  their  annoyance,  and  our  children  are 
not  torn  to  pieces  by  "A  she  hear,  out  of  the 
wood.'* 

In  return  for  the  beastsihnd  birds  which  have 
left  us,  we  have  gained  an  l^ual  number  from  the 
Atlantic  aide  of  the^ mountains,  and  which  were 
unlirnown  at  tho'firsl  aettlement  of  the  country. 

Our  moroiDga  and  evenings  are  now  enlivened 
with  the  nr*attinaand,  vespers  of  a  g^reat  variety 
of  sirtg^ivg  birds,  which  have  slowly  followed  the 
amfgration  from  the  other  side  of  the  moontaip. 

"(be  hotkey  bees  are  nol  natives  of  this  country; 
Vvt  they  always  kept  a  little  in  advance  of  the 
frlite  pppulMipo*    We  formerly  had  aome  prefno;^ 


•-.^li'-?,  ■.■i?'4j 


■kASYB  Aim  WlWtfit 

titit  kee  iiuD(ers;  but  the  tmoiitit  ^f  hontj  obtained 
from  the  woodsy  wN  never  oonsidereble  owing 
to  the  want  oft  t^aMcieot  quantity  of  ffowera  tct 
furnish  it. 

€r6^  ^nd  blacltbirde  lufe  of  late  become'  rt-> 
^^Ventj.  They  vi^e^d  not  nttives  of  the  wilder^ 
•es?. 

Rats,  which  were  not  known  hero  for  sever  at 
years  aOer  the  aettlemenl  of  the  country,  teok 
posaession  of  it,  in  its  whole  extent,-  in  one  winter 
seaRop.,  Children  of  twelve  yeara  old,  and  under^ 
Hfvif^  never  heard  their  name,  were  roucbanr- 
prised  at  finding  a  new  kind  of  mice,  as  they  oal- 
led  them«  with  smooth  tails. 

Oppossums.were  late  comers  into  the  country; 
Fux -squirrels  have  but  a  very  few  years  ago  made 
their  appearance  on  this  side  of  the  mountains.   ^ 

Thus  our  country  has  ezcbariged  its  thinly  scat- 
tered, popolation  of  savages^  for  a  dense  popula- 
tion of  civiliaed  inhabitant9,.and  its.  wild  beasts 
and  largo  carnivoroua  fowls,  for  domesticated 
animals  and  fowls,  and'Others  which  although 
wild  are  inoffensive  in  their  babits,  and  ]Wi  at 
least  partially  on  the  labours  of  man.  This  baa 
been  effected* here  perhaps  in  less  time  thansucli 
important  changes  were  ever  effected  in  any  other 
region  of  the  earth. 

The  cases  of  the  two  unfortunate  victims  of  the 
hydrophobia*. here  alluded  to  deserves  some  noi^ 
tice. 

Capt.  Rankin  was  bitten  by  the  wolf  in  hts^HTfl 
dopr.  Hearing  in  the  dead  of  night  a  noiae  a- 
mongst.  his  beasta  in  the  yard^  he  got  up  and  jOpien- 
ed  the  upper  part  of  his  door^  which  wasadouble 
eoe.  The  wolf  instantly  made  a  spring  to  get^in**. 
^tHi  l^e  house.    ^4akin>  \viih  great  presencie  c!|t^ 


^ 


•EAITI  ANB  MIDI/ 


mind  caught  4}ie  wolf  in  His  arms  ts  be  wfti  p«i'^ 
fling  over  iltH  lower  ha!f  of  the  door  and  lieldbim 
£i8t  on  il8  upper  edge, and  sgainetthe  doorpost, uo- 
til  a  man  belonging  to  tlie  household  jumped  piit  of 
l^ed,  got  a  koi^,  and  cut  the  wotfs  throat;  but 
the  wolf  in  in  the  mean  time  bit  bim  severely,  in 
t))e  wrifit.  If  I  recollect  rightly  he  lived  but  a 
afaoK  time   after warde. 

Mr.  John  M^Cammant,  who  lived  but' r  few^ 
miles  from  this  place  on  the  road  to  ^VashingloD,*^ 
met  a  similar  death,  much  in  the  same  ^v ay.-— j 
lleariog  an  uproar  amongst  his  beasis^not  far  frcm 
the  house  he  went  to  see  what  was  the  matter. — \ 
He  bad  not  gone  far  before  the  wolf  sprang  at' 
hiiQ^  and-  bit  him  severely  in  the  left  breast.— ' 
Beinf- a  very  strong,  resolute  man  be  caught  the  f 
wolf  by  the  jaws,  a^nd-beld  them  apart  cabling 
on  an.  apprt^ntice  ladvto  bring  an  ax  to  knock 
the  wolf  on  the  head.    He  canie  with  all  speed;.- 
btut  finding- be  bad  no  chance  of  striking  the. 
v^olf^  without  riskicig  an  injury  to  his  niaBter,  lie 
dropped  tha  ax,  r^in  back  to  the .  bouse,  and  got 
a^butcher  knife  with   wbich  ha  cut  the  wolf V, 
tlir^oat. 

It  was  between  4<eTen,  and  eight  weeks  before 
the  ykus  took  effect,  so  as  to  produce  the  sjmp- 
lomBof  the  terrible  disease  wfaich  followed.        >: 

From  the  time  I  firai  heard  of  his  being  bitteit 
lly  the  Wolf,  Lanticipli ted  the  consequence  with 
horror,  and  the  more  so,  becauaehe  applied  to  a 
.physician  who  bad  the  reputation  of' curing  tfie 
bite  of  a  mad  animal  with  a  single  pill.  Placing 
confidence  in  this  nostrum,  he  neglected  all  oth- 
er medical  aici..  tn  this  pill,  r  had  no  confidence 
having pirevioualy  seaiiaiid  examined  one  of  thcm^ 


MtA^n  AMD  •lllfli'. 


aii^To'uDcl  it  roa^fe  of  ingrediend,  posieiied  of 
acsrcely  ant  medicinal  effinaoy  whatever. 

On  the  Thursday  preceding  liis  death,  he  be* 
oame  slightly  iodispoied.  On  Friday  and  Saturv 
day  he  had  the  appearance  of  a  person  taking  an. 
intermittent  fever.  On  Sunday  the  hydrophobic 
came  on.  It  was  then  I  first  saw  him.  l-la\'ing  ne- 
ver seen  the  disease  before,  I  was  struck  with  con- 
•ternatiofi  ^t  his  appearance.  Evefy  sense  ap- 
peared to  have  acquired  an  hundred  fold  excita- 
bility^ The  slightest  impression  upon  ami:  of  them^ 
fare  hiD  a  thrill  of  (he  deepest  hbrrortXN^iie^  the 
fight  of  coloured  clothing,  the  sud^i|;passage  oC 
«ny  person  between  him  and  the  ligtlt^  (be  wi(i<^ 
dnir,  or  candle,  affected  Wim  beyond- d(BS^riptio»». 
^  On  Sunday  night  bis  convulsive  Qti^O^llietbn^. 
He  was  then  fanlened  by  his  hands  and' feel  to  the 
l>ed  posta,  to  pmvent  bim  from  doing-  miachiefw— 
At  d  o'clock  on  Monday  evening  he  became  deli- 
rious, his  file  ceased,  and  at  two  o'clock  in  the 
morning  dealli  put  a  period:  to  hia  suifofio^. 

It  is  impossible  for  Unguage  to  deaenbe  tbi» 
lerrtble  disease,  "fhe  horror  of  miad  wbicK  he 
continual^  suffered,  was  e^ual  to  tha!  wbicb 
would  be  felt  by  the  most'  timid^  lad^^  on  bein^ 
conripelled  to  go  alone,  at  midnigbt  into  a  grave 
y'ard,  with  an  entire  eertaintjF  oiT  seeing  a  ghost,  in 
t  he  nest  frightful  form  which  a  disordered  imagi- 
natiba  ever  ascribed  to  e  departed  apiritw 

lie  aeveral.  timet  requested  tho;  physicians  tjo 
bleeUt  hini*to  death.  Several  veins  were  opei^df 
but  the  blood  had  so  far  lodged  itself  la  engor|;e^ 
meTitt  in  the  viscera^  that  none  could  he  discharged 
trom,the  veins.  He  then  requested  that  some  of  hie 
iimlMk  might  be  cut  off,,  that  the  same  object  might 
heeff«Qt«4thikiway.    Finding  this  re^e^t  would^ 


A 


i;:.r 


^ismm^wm 


I  rUttfe-li^'^ 


• 


s- 


^ 


-•y4 


BEi.fiTs  iNO  sm: 


not  be  coinp!red  with,  he  looked  up  tolas  rifle, 
a&d  begged  of  inc,  t.  ith  tears  in  bis  eyes  to  take  it 
down  and  shoot  bim  tbrougb  tbe  bead^  ^^'i'^^ 
"I  will  look  6t  yon  \vitl»  (if light  and  tbar>kfulnefi»^ 
wbile  you  are  pulling  the  trigger.  In  doing  this  you 
will  do  rigVit,  Hinol^fiom  your  countenar.ee  that 
you  piiy  nu:  but  yru  ki:o\7  jiot  tbe  tbotsardlb  fiwt 
of  ubat  lt^u(!Vr.  You  ought  to  put  an  end  Xo  117 
tnieery,  and  Qod  himself  mil  not  blame  you  for 
doing  60*" 

What  t|iad«  these  requests  the  more  distressing, 
tra^i4ie;ci>cu«i8tance,  that  they  did  rot  proceed 
from  any^earai^gement  ©f  roindj  on  tbe  contrary^ 
CKcepliDg^^ufing  tbe  time  of  bis  file,  which  lasted 
enly-a  ff^weeconds  at  a  time,  he  was  in  the  full  I 
•xfUfoi^e  of  b^  underAtanding:  His  discourse,  un^ ' 
(il  abo^t  three  o^clock  on  Monday   evening  vva9 

Jtuiteratioi.a}.  He  I'equeated  prayers  tn  be  made 
or  him,  ant!  deliberately  gave  directious  about 
4he  place  of  his  intiTfTient,  and  funeral  sermon,  all 
which  re<^ueBCf  were  conrip](bdw>tlK 

The  fttadei  nob  doubt,  wtthetto  fcfiow  as  much 
as  possible  concerning  (he  fa^jouspil),  an  impro- 
per rf'lianee  on  which  terminated  in  the  death  of 
Mr.  M^Cammant.  I  ^ave  bad  an  opportunity  of 
examHiing  two  of  tbfm  at  a  eonsiderable  distance 
ef  finte  apart.  Tbe  first  f  saw  was  aboii^  fi?e  ti^p^s 
a#  liMr'ge  as  one  of  AndersOn^s  piHs,  and  eomposed 
of  Burguody  pt^(^  and  igr^en  Rue.  Tha  second 
VTQsmade  oftbe  same  materials,  with  a  narrow 
strip  of  paper  rolled  up  m  the  middle  ol  it,  *  The 
paper  contained aboot  a  dozfn  ilt-sbapen  letters, 
nut  nolsoarriEifnged  as  to  spell  any  word  in  any 
lanj^uage  with  which  I  em  acquainted.  Tbe  phy- 
sician who  |i:ave  those  pills,  reported  that  he  got 
Iboitcipe  fof  making  then  fron  a  priest  of  Abv8« 


^^, 


tA  A!9D  BlKDSk 


*r' 


siaia.  Such  is  the  saperatltion  which  ttitl  re- 
mains  tltache*^  to  the  practice  of  the  healing;  art| 
and  from  which)  in  all  JikeHhood,  it  will  never  bo 
separated. 

But  why  then  (Ims  celebrity  of  ihi^  pill,  as  a  pre* 
ventativeuf  canine  madness?  Has  it  iieverhadtbe 
etfect  ascribeQ  to  it?    Certainly  nevct* 

Far  the  greater  cumber  of  those  who  are  laid  to 
be  bitten  by  ribid  animals  have  been  bitten  by  an- 
imals eimer  not  really  mad,  or  hot  in  such  &  gta:> 
of  madness  as  to  communicate  the  disease. 

An  event  which  fell  under  my  own  observation 
Several  years  ago  will  serve  to  explain  this  matten 
Several  children  one  of  whonj  was  my  ownjweie 
said  to  have  been  bitten  by  a  mad  cat,  which  wael 
Ihstantiy  killed.  On  tinquiry  1  found  that  ihll« 
was  no  report  of  mad  animals  in  the  nefghborh^d» 
i  then  gave  it  as  my  opinion  that  the  apparent 
madness  of  the  pat,  piwceeded  only  from  <;ater« 
wanling.  This  did  not  satisfy  any  one  but  myself^ 
80 1  bad  tp  treat  the  children  as  i  shouli!.  ha^e,  if 
thi^  cat  bad  been  really%iad,  and  thiis  got  the  cre« 
dit  of  curing  four  cases  of  canine  madness:  acre* 
dit  whiidh  I  never  deserved. 

A  few  yi;ars  ago,  a  gentleman  of  my  neighbor* 
hood  brought  me  bis  daughter  whom  he  saTd  bad 
be^iy}itten  by  a  m&d  Cat.  I  asked  if  the  cat  was 
a  Mate  one,  he  answered  in  the  affirmative.  He 
said  he  had  imprisoned  htm  ma  closet,  I  am  glad 
of  that  said  Ij  keep  him  there  a  few  days,  and  you 
will  find  him  as  well  as  ever  he  was:  and  so  it 
turned  out. 

Dogs  are  subject  to  ft  Similar  madness  from  the 
Same  cause.  In  this  state,  likd  cats,  they  are  apt 
tQ  bite  even  their  best  friends^  In  this  case  tlid 
tiaimal  ki  reported  to  be  mad  and  hmtintly  Idllfedv 


#■ 


.^..* 


\    ■  '     1 


n 


(Eirts  uah  ti 


*# 


fo  such  eases  these  pills,  ts  well  as  other  nosiritlA 
for  this  disease  do  vioudeis}  that  is  inhere  there  || 
tioihirig  to  he  donet 


feHAPTER   VI. 


, ,.  Aiiol^is  the  plagues  of  the  Jew?^  at  this  time  olf 
\heir  settlement  on  the  land  cf  Canaan,  that  cf 
the  serpents  wliicb  abounded  in  that  country,  was 
not  fhe  least.  In  like  hianher  tW  early  settlers 
of  this  country  were  much  annoyed  by  serpento. 
pt  the  poisonous  kinds  of  tj^em  we  had  but  two, 
the  rattle  snake  and  the  copperhead,  both  o| 
Which  were  very  numerous  in  Wexj  section  ot 
the  country,  but  especially  the  rattle  .shake.  We 
had  also  diiferent  kinds  of  blaqk  jsnajkei;  with  a 
B umber  of  leaser  sorts,  but  these  iast/are  not 
poisonous*  The  bite  of  the  rattte  snake  was  Crei 
quenlly  mortaiy  always  extremely  painful;  that  of 
the  copper- bead  not  much  less  so. 

.  Let  the  reader  imma§^ine  the  situation  of  ouif 
first  settlers,  with  regard  to  those  poisonous  rep- 
tiles when  informed^  that  an  harvest  day  seldooi 
passed  in  which  the  labourers  did, not  hoeet  witk 
;irore  or  less  of  them.  The  reaper  busily  employ* 
ed  with  his  sickle  was  suddenly  alarmied  by  the 
^hii  of  ii  rattUaake  8t  his  feetj  he  iDStantly  tk- 


■*-n^^ 


SfiRPEIilS. 


17 


iMattil,  got  a  club,  and  giving^  the  enake  a  h\ovr 
or  two,  finished  his  execution  by  strikii)^,  the  point 
of  the  sickle  through  its  head  and  holding  it  up  to 
the  view  of  the  company.    It  was  then  thrown  a- 
side  by  the  root  of  a  tree,  or  in  a  bunch  cf  bushes 
and    then     lahaur    recommenced.      This  often 
happened  a  half  a  dozen  times  in  the  c^iurse  of  a 
single  day.     This  was  not  the  worst,  owing  to  the 
heavy   daws  and  grovvih  of  rank   weeds   among 
the  snaall  grain,  it  was  requisite  to   let  the  grain 
lie  in  grips  a  day  or  more  to  dry  before  it   was 
bound  up.    Tiie  rattlesnakes  often  hid  themselves 
under  iheie  handfulls  of  grain,  and  hence  it  often 
happened  that  they  were  taken  up  in  the  arms  of 
those  who  were  employed  in  gathering  and  bind- 
ing them.     If  the  labourer  happened  to  be  even 
an  old  man,  stitfened  with  toil  and  the  rheuroatismv 
be  dropped  all  and  sprang  away  wi<h  all  the  agil* 
ity  of  a  boy  of  sixteen,  and  however  brave  in  oth- 
er regpecti^,  it  was  sorHetime  before  the  tremor  of 
his  litnbs  and  the  palpitation  of  his  heart  wore  off*. 
Terrible  bs  the  serpents  were  to  men,  they  ware 
slill  mor«  so  to  otr  women,  to  whose  lot  i(gpne;rai- 
ly  fell  to  pull  the  dix.  The  iUx  patch  w^as  common- 
ly near  the  grain  (ield.     While  the  men  were  re- 
aping the  gra.ia  tlie  women  were  pulling  theflar. 
The  ratilesnaktis  were  ofien  mut  with  anaongihQ 
flax.  When  this  happened  the  women  always  screaan 
cd  with  all  mighf.      A  race  then  look  place  a- 
niong  the  younger  reapers,  to  decide  who   should 
kave  the  honor  of  killing  the  snake.     In   the  race 
each  one  picked  up  a  club,  and  the  first  of  them 
who  reached  the   serpent  instantly    despatched 
bim.     This  was  a  little   picco   of  chivalry  with 
which  the  girli  wtre  well  pleastd.    Very  kvr  we.- 

d 


>'*!•? 


t 


r7S 


SttRPlfN^S. 


men  bad  the  Hardihood  to  attack  and  kill  a  ratile* 
8»ake.  At  thv  eight  of  one  of  them,  they  always 
.gave  aloud  shrtck,  as  if  conscious  of  being  the 
Tveaker  vessel;  in  similar  circuuiBtances  a  man 
never  dotfS  this,  as  he  has  no  otic  to  depend  upon 
lor  protection  but  himself.  I  have  often  seen  wo- 
men su  overcome  with  terror  at  the  sight  of  a 
rattlesnake,  as  to  become  almost  incapaole  of 
jDoving, 

Every  season,  for  a  long  time,  a  number  of  our 

S<!0ple  were  bitten  by  those  poisonous  reptiles, 
ome  of  tbem  died:  those  of  them  who  escaped 
death,  generally  suffered  a  long  and  painful  con- 
finement, which  If  ft  some  of  them  in  an  infirm 
atate  of  health  for  the  rest  of  their  lives. 

In  the  fall  those  reptiles  cor<gregate  together  in 
Ofivtiet  among  the  rocks,  where,  it  said  that  they 
remain  in  a  dormant  statq  during  the  winter.-— 
Whether  this  is  the  fact  or  not  I  cannot  tell,  never 
having  seen  one  of  their  d^s  opened. 

These  dens  were  common  a))  over  the  country, 
and  many  of  them  well  known  to  our  people,  who 
much  dreaded  the  egress  of  their  poisonous  inha* 
Mtants,io  the  spring  of  tbeyear,notonIy  on  account 
of  themselves,  but  also  on  account  of  their  beasts 
many  of  which  were  killed  by  the  .bites  of  tho 
aniikes. 

There  was  a  den  in  the  neighborhood  of  my  fa* 
ther's  place,  and  I  well  remember  n  rare  piece  of 
sport  of  the  children  belonging  to  the  farms  about 
it.  It  was  on  a  warm  day  in  the  spring  of  the  year 
wb^n  we  knew  that  the  snakes  were  out  among 
the  leaveB  eunnir.g  themselves  We  encircled  the 
^tn  including  several  acres  of  ground,  by  p^rtiug 
tht'  leavf^s  8o  as  to  pr«^veni  the  fire  from  spreading 
tVi#ugk  tho  wood)}.    On  the  inside  of  thia  rii||^ 


*•■" 


s- 


8talP(Iiti9« 


«» 


%h  If t  fir«  ta  the  drj  leaves,  f n  ikthott  time  w0 
htd  thfe  fun  of  i^ing  tbo  snakes  jumpiogp  end 
writhing  in  the  bla^e  of  ihe  leaves.  After  the 
burning  was  over  we  collected  a  considerable  pile 
of  our  burnt  snakes  *  . 

I  have  heard  of  btit  two  attempts  tol  demolisli 
the  dens  of  the  snakes.  The  first  wni  sonae* 
whpre  in  the  Allegheny  mountain.  My  informant 
told  me  that  by  the  time  they  had  killed  about  ninetr 
of  (hem,  they  became  so  sic^en/^d  by  the  stench, 
of  the  serpents  that  they  were  obliged  to  quit  the 
work;  although  there  was  still  a  great  number  of 
them  in  view.  The  next  attempt  to  deslroy  a 
snake  den,  took  place  between  New  Lancaster  and 
Columbus  in  the  slate  of  Ohio,  the  snakes  had  chO"* 
sen  one  of  the  old  Itidian  graves,  composed  main  • 
ly  of  stone  for  their  residence.  .  They  gave  suclr 
afkuoyaoce  to  the  settlers  in  its  neighbourhood,, 
that  they  aseembled  for  the  purpose  of  demolish^ 
ing  it.  Li  doing  so  they  found  several  Imndre^ 
snakes  together  with  a  vast  q\iantity  of  the  bones 
of  those  or  them  which  through  a  long  series  ol' 
years  had  perished  rn  the  den.  Tl>€se  were  ia- 
termin^led  with  the  bones  of  those  human  beings, 
Sov  whose  sepulture  the  mouud  had  been  en:cted. 

Da  these  reptiloB  possess  that  power  of  fascin^' 
ation  which  has  so  frequently  been  ascribed  to 
tbem?  Many  of  ttieni  as  I  have  seen,  I  never  wit*? 
RBsaed  an  instance  of  the  t xercise  of  this  power. 
I'bove  several  times  seen  birds  flying  about  them;, 
approaching  cbse  to  their  heads,  and  uttering 
soises  which  aeeined  to  indicate  the  gioatest  dis- 
tress; but  on  examination  always  found  that  the 
strange  eonduct  of  the  bird,  was  owing  to  an  ap^ 
jiroach  of;  the  soake  to  the  nest  containing  its 


80 


S£Ii#BKt£. 


y 


^  Tif ftt'^fiuch  C08CS  as  tnose  above  mentioned  ai^ 
dfirfi  fiiist&ken  for  uistances  of  the  exercise  of  ho 
.Bower  of  fascination,  is  quite  certain;  ncvcnlie- 
leas  thol  this  power  exists  there  can  be  no  dcubt, 
/The  grcattr  r;uirjb  r<?t  the  early  settlers  say  that 
they  liRve  been  uitnesses  of  the  exercise  of  this 
j«ou'er,  and  iI;ct  testimony  is  worthy  of  credit. 

It  eeems  from  some  report*  worthy  of  belief, 
t)jat  even  mankind  as  weii  as  birds  and  be&sti 
are  subject  to  this  f||pinating  power  of  serpents. , 

A  Mr.  Wa^er  Hill,  a  h^bourer  in  Maryland  iti 
rarly  times,  informed  me  that  once  in  the  spring 
ti  the  year,  himself  $nd  a  fellow  labourer  were  di« 
I  tcTc'd  by  their  employer  to  clean  out  the  baro. 
In  doing  this  they  found  a  rattleanake  among  the 
rubbish.  Instead  of  killing,  they  threw  it  into  a 
l^ogshead,  with  a  view  to  have  sport  some  with  bim 
fkfter  they  bad  finished  their  work.  Accordingly  in 
the  evening  when  the  work  was  done,  my  infor* 
tnant  stooped  over  the  top  of  (he  hogshead  to  take 
ti  \o6k  at  thr  snake,  when  instantly  be  said,  he  be« 
came  sick  at  the  stomach,  giddy  neaded,  and  par- 
tially blind.  His  head  sunk  downwards  towards 
Mmt  of  the  serpent,  which  w&s  elevated  some  dis^ 
tence  above  its  coil.  The  eyes  of  the  snake  were 
rtea^ily  6xed  on  his,  and  looked,  as  b^  expressed 
liim«elf,  like  balls  of  fire.  His  companion  observ- 
ing his  approach  to  the  snake,  pulled  him  away* 
It  was  some  time  before  he  came  to  himself.  I  havt 
lieard  of  an  instance  of  the  fascination  of  a  young 
ledy-  of  New- Jersey. 

This  power  of  fascination  is  indeed  a  strange 
phenomenon.  Yet  according  to  the  usual  muni- 
licence  of  nature^the  poor  miserable  snake,  which 
inherits  the  hatred  of  all  animated  nature,  ought 
CD  have  semt  means  of  procuring  lubsistenae,  as 


MRiriitiri* 


well  ai  of  defeDCc:  but  he  has  no  teeth,  or  claw*  to 
till  him  in  catching  his  prey,  nor  ftct  u»  assigi  hnn 
in  flight  or  purauit.  Hie  poieon,  hov^e^er,  tnablca 
hia  to  tak«  reVcng©  lor  the  hatred  enu-ilaiued 
aff4io8t  him,  and  bis  power  of  charmiitg  |.rccurfc» 
bim  a  scanty  supply  of  provision. 

But  whatisihispowtrof  fat>cination?  Is  there  acy' 
physical  agtincy  in  it?  I  think  it  muHt  be  adinjtimt 
that  there  is  some  physical  agency  employed  in 
Ais  niaitei*,  although  ive  ma^ot  bi-  abb*  to  ascer* 
tain  what  it  is.  If  there  be  nWJch  agency  employ- 
ed in  fascinaiioii  by  serpents,  it  must  be  i  flPecRul 
%  a  power,  similar  to  that  which  superstiiiun  ns- 
eribes  to  charms,  irmulets,  spoils,-  and  inc^nta-» 
tioni.  A.  power  wholly  immaginary,  unknown 
to  the  laws  of  nature,  and  which  philosophy  lota I'^ 
1^  rejects  as  utterly  ii»pp88ibl«». 

On  this  subject  Iwill  hazard  the  opinion  thot' 
the  charm  under  consideration,  is  ctTccted  by. 
means  of  an  intoxicating  odour,^wbich  the  serpent' 
has  the  power  of  eoQittihg: 

That  the  rattles  nakes  have  the  power  of  giving 
out  a  Tcry  ofieosivcTapour^  I  know  by  experience, 
ha^ng  often  smelt  them  in  warm  sunny  dny?,  es- 
*  peoially  after  a  shower  of  rain,  when  plowitig  in:, 
the  field.  Thir  oAen  happened  when  I.  did  not' 
see  any  of  them;,  but  it  always  excited  a  painfull 
apprehension  that  li  should'  speedily  meet  with 
some  of  them.  The  "odour  of  a  asi^rpent,  ]z  an 
odour  sul  generic.  A  person  once  accustomed  to  it 
can  never  mistake  it  for  any  thing  eUe. 

I  have  heard  it  said,  although  I  cannot  vouch 
for  the  truth  of  it,  that  a  nnakt^,  when  in  the  act  of* 
charming,    appears,  by  the  alternate  expatisioa^ 
and  depression  of  its  sideB,  to  be  engaged  inthtac^i 
«f  blowing  with:aU  its  might. 


.U.r,  ,«t>.t;., 


m 


iffi»rEHT» 


I  think  it  every  way  probable,  that  in  every  m- 
tftftDce  of  fascination,  the  position  of  the  snake  is 
to  the  windward  of  ilie  victin^ofit^  charm. 

But  why  should  this  intoxicating  odour  draw 
its  victitn  to  the  source  from  whence  it  isFueF? 
HttTfi  I  must  plead  ignorance  to  be  eure;  but  dnei 
any  thing  more  happen  to  the  bird  or  beast  in  this 
oase  than  happens  to  mankind  in  consequence 
of  the  uf^e  of  those  intoxicating  gasses,  or  llui^s 
furruFhfd  by  the  art^ chemistry. 

A  person  atfectedT^  the  exhilerating  gas,  clings 
to  the  jar  and  sucks  the  pipe,  aAtr  he  has  inhalei 
its  whole  contents,  and  is  not  the  madness  ccca- 
sioned  by  inhaling  this  gas,  equal  to  that  which 
takes  place  in  the  bird  or  squirrii,  when  under  the 
inflsience  of  the  charm  of  the  serpent.  The  vic- 
tims of  this  serpentine  fascinati  n  scream  and 
run,  cr  flutter  about  awhile,  and  then  resign  them* 
pelves  to  tilt  ir  fate.  In  like  manner  the  persoD 
who  inhales  the  gas  is  instantly  deprived  of  reagon, 
becomes  franiic,  and  acts  the  iiiadmaD;bul  should 
he  continue  to  inhale  this  gas  only  for  a  ihort 
time,  death  would  be  the  consequence.  The 
rame  observation  may  be  made  with  regard 
to  A]<-ohcl,  the  bai^is  of  ardent  spirits,  a  habit  of 
using  which  occasions^  repetition  of  the  intoxi- 
catitig  draught,  unril,  in  spiie  of  every  considera- 
tion of  honor,  dtjty,  end  interest,  the  indulgence 
jEn<^s  in  a  slow  but  iiitviiabie  suicide. 

My  reader,  I  hope  will  not  complain  of  the 
hng-h  of  this  article.  He  perhaps  has  never  seen 
one  0:  the  poisonous  reptiles  which  so  much  an* 
»o\ed  his  forefathers;  but  in  gratitude  he  ought  to 
Ireflt'Ct  on  the  ai^plling  dangers  attendant  on  the 
teitlemeBt  of  his  native  country.  The  first  settler 
Hi  night  kue\v  not  where  t^  art  lis  fo©t  wilketjt 


ilftMRlf^ 


aft 


^tnger  of  being  asatiled  bj  the  Aings  of  a  lerpent. 
£#eri  bis  ctbin  was  not  secure  from  the  invaiion  of 
thetntkes.  In  the  day  time^if  in  the  woods  he  knew 
not  in  what  bunch  of  weeds,  or  grass,  he  might 
provoke  a  rattlesnake  by  the  tread  of  bis  foot,  or^ 
from  behind  what  tree,  or  log  he  might  be  net  by 
(jut  bullet,  or  tooiabawk  of  an  lodiao. 


Wild  Fruits. 


CHAPTER   VI. 


After  having  described  the  wei^tern  wildci*- 
ness,  an  account  of  its  native  fruits  cannot  be  im- 
proper. To  the  botanist,  and  agriculturalist  this 
history  cannot  fail  of  being  acceptable.  To  the 
former  it  wiU  serva^to  shew  the  great  improv<> 
ment  which  cuUivaii^  has  made  upon  the  indi- 
genous fruits  of  the  forest.  To  the  latter  it  yrill 
point  out  what  plants  may  yet  be  cultivated  witli 
succe.ss,  although  hitbeilo  neglected,  For  in- 
stance, should  he  inquire  whether  thia  country, 
is  calculated  by  nature  (or  the  cultivation  of 
the  vine,  he  has  only  ip  ask  whether  the  coun- 
iry  ia  its  original  state  produced  the  fruit  of 
.theviiie.  Those  early  settlers  who  profited  by 
the  indicatioa  with  regard  to  the  cultivation  of 
ilre  apple  trc^,  furnished  by  the  growth  ef  tb^ 


m 


#ii»  mmiHk- 


H' 


crab  tppleinfbft  oo<int?y,  <l^rived  gir«it  adv»i|^. 
tf^e  from  their  corr«ct  phHosopliy,  in  the  h»gh' 
price  of  their  fruit,  while  tb<>se  who  oeglect«fi 
ifliit  indicfttioD,  ami  delayed  planting  their  tre«9| 
tBotil  they  vritnef;»ed  the  growth  of  Iniit  on  the 
trees  of  their  neighbors,  were  left  several  years  in 
the  rear  in  this  respeot. 

Ingifing  the  history  of  our  native  fruits  I  sbalt 
follow  the    order   in  which  they  ripeaed  from 
•pring  until  winter,  tt^n&anner  of  gathering  them/ 
with  some  remarks  W  the  present  state  oi  those, 
of  them  which  still  remain  in  the  country.. 

'The  first  fniit  «vhicb  ripenetl  m\\ye  country  was- 
Ihe  wiid  8ti*awberfy.  It  grevi  o«i  p^r  land,  on 
which  there  was  no  tionber.-  There  were  many 
aucb  places  of  small  eitent,  on  the  points  of  hills 
along  thecreeki).  They  were  denominated  *  bald: 
knobs.'  The  fruit  wat  smelly  and  much  sourer 
than  the  cultivated  strawberry*  It  was  not.  a-- 
buQdant  in  any  place.. 

The  service  trees  were  the  first  in  bloom  in  the 
ipring.  Their  bieautiful  little  flowers  made  a  fine 
Appearance  through  tht  woods,  in  the  mcnth  of 
April.  The  berries  were  ripe  in  June:  They 
Ire  tv^eet,  wiih  a  very  slig|i immixture  of;  acidity,. 
Mfidavery  8  gf'eeable  flavour.  The  service  trees 
igrew  abiinjdantly  along. the  small  water  courses,, 
iind  more  ibbly  over  the  hills  at  a  distance  from 
tli«m.  AieWofth^fiie  trees  still  remain,  but  their 
fruit  is  i^ostiyjtvoured  by  the  great  number  of 
bmiaKll  hiroa  which  have  Accompanied  the  popular 
Ifonof  the  cduntrjr.  Qaniroe  for  gathering  the 
strvice  berries  as  well  as  other  fruits  was  Sunday, 
^  in  large  companies,  under  the  protection  of  some 
ef  our  warriors  in  arms.  In  doiog  this  a  great 
'iitfitilkr  «f  tbtt  trees  were  cut  dewo,  so  ih^  #^ 


"vtiLy  ravin. 


r  courees. 


(ir#f»  of  tliem  wts  les^enrd  ever?  yptr.  Thii  fruit 
miy  be  considered  bs  lost  to  fhe  country,  for  aN 
tiioui[;h  the  trees  ini^^hl  by  cultivated  in  gardens^ 
the  ben  tea  K'ould  oti  be  devoured  by  tke  smdll 
birds,  before  they  would  be  fully  ripe. 

BtsckberrieB  grew  in  abundance  in  those  places 
where  shortly  before  the  settlement  of  ihe  country., 
the  timber  had  been  blovn  down  by  hurricanes.. 
Those  places  we  called  the  *•*•  fallen  timber/' 

When  ripe,  which  was  in^e  time  of  harvest 
tlhe  children,  and  y»ung  people  resfrted  to  th! 
*'faHen  timber^'  in  large  companies,  under  a  guar^^ 
fdr  tbe  purpose  of  gathering  the  berries,  of  which 
tarts  were  often  made  for  the  harvest  table.  The 
"  the  fallen  timber,"  owing  to  a  new  growth  of 
trees  no  longer  produces  those  berries,  but  e* 
nough  of  tbeni  are  to  be  had  along  tlie  fences  on 
most  of  our  farms. 

Wild  raspberries  of  an  agreeable  flavour  were 
tbxsnd  ia  many  places,  but  not  plentifully  any 
ivher^. 

Gooseberries  of  a  small  size,  and  rery  full  ot 
tiiorbs,  but  of  an  agreeable  taste,  grew  in  tome 
places  in  the  woods.  Tbe  amouat  of  (hem  WM 
out  small.  Whatever  may  be  the  reason,  this  fruit 
does  not  succeed  well,  when  transplanted  into 
gardens,  where  tb«y  flower  abundantly,  but  shed 
tbe  berries  before  they  become  ripe. 

WhortUbenries  were  never  abundant  in  this 
section  ef  the  country,  but  they  were  so  in  many 
places  in  the  mountains.* 

"^  Wild  plums  were  abundant  m  rich  land 
They  were  of  various  colours,  and  sizes,  and  ma- 
ny of  them  of  an  excellent  flavour.  Tbe  wil# 
plunks  of  late  years,  have,  like  our  damson  plutn^ 
Ij^leBof  premftinrely.    The  beetle  bug,  orcur^t^ 


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Photographic 

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Corporation 


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23  WIST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)872-4503 


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.  « 


frtliD  HtvfnL 


U04  an  iBiect  uDknpwn  to  tbecounerf^  tt  U$  fimi 
lettleaient;  i>ut  oow  numerous  evf>rf  wEere,  p^ 
^vites  tb«.gr«eDfruir,  for  tba  df|H>iitton  of  iti 
fegfg.  Tbig  occftsioM  a  flow  of  the  juice  of  thi 
jCryit,  80  that  it  becoBieg  goaioiy,  and  falls  off. 

An  iodifi^rent  U'mA  of  fruit,  called  buckhcniei 
llfed  to  grow  on  smell  ebrubfi^  on  poor  rid^^cs.  Thi» 
fnolt  lifts  nearljr  vani^faed  from  Ihe  setitJed  parts  «r 
Ibecoiioiry. 

Gw  felJ  ftiiks  wHp  wiitleri  and  h\i  mpes; 
llie  former  gcew  iti  iM  bottom  laodi.  Tbej  were 
lipi^,of  little  value,  and  feldom  used;  The  ftll 
grapet  grew  on  the  high  gioundsj  .  particularlr 
in  the  -feJIen  timber  lattd.  Of  theae  grepea  we 
Ifftd  aeveral  varietiepv  end  some  of  tb€«i»  large 
aod  of  en  exeellent  flavoitr  We  stiH  have  tSe 
wsid  grapesr  but  not  in  such  abuiidence  as  fo^ 
yfriy.  fn  process  of  time  they  will  di«appeer 
^ID^  the  cetNiir]^  r^ 

P&etvhiKws  giww  on  large  B[u8?i«iiaR«Qg«th# 
•ill  bottoms   ojf  small  water    eourpes.    Tbfef 
ir  in  large  elMsters,  and  ripen?  witb  the  IfT'gt 
**-  m  tbe-  fklK    ChHdreii  wei«  veci^  Ic^d  # 

...  ..  •'•  '■'^^  '       ■*  ',        ■  ■  ■'■ '    /■'  "■     ■  ''i- ''..I 

_#8d  haws^  gr«ir«n  th«  wlitlft^  ibjt$)^in  bUihee.-*i? 
TOif  «iift«f vavioiis  Itii^s.  The  iMi  bawsfrhieU 
«i»|  aiwAljIpfttiiP  i&  large  tiiiteil^^ 

.  |4mve  #  »o«f  of  abdttf  f  a>»^4vee»  .«rtlNs  itiM 
f^^  "»i?y  garden,  wtiiafc^r«f»i^rBlfedli^oin  tb#^ 
umB.    'rb»berri#ewli»iiri»«i«%|j||w»)end%!ak# 

##ni^  tbe  ebildf^Ni  •i^'t<ai^%ad  df*«»iMtii^tti, 
^ild  ebemnes  m^wmmkuti^mii^um^p^mm 

■ft  Aoir  beoommi  teartft^ 


»  ■   ,    ,        '  "'■■1    "  *  ■    . 

Pawpftwi  were  plenty  along  the  grtat  i^Ater 
coor8e«,  and  on  the  rich  liills.  Some  pe<^1e  are 
fond  of  eatiogf  them.  Scarcely  ^uy  beast  will 
touch  tbeiD,  even  the  omnivorous  hoiBf  nevi;r  eitr 
thew.  It  is  Aaid  that  raccoons  are  fond  of 
ibem.    ThiByarcitilipIenfy  rn  many  placea. 

The  crab  apple  was  very  tbuitdant  along  the 
imaller  water  coiirsen.  The  foliage  of  th^  tree 
which  bears  this  fruit  is  like^that  of  the  doniestlG 
apple  tree,  but  ndt  so  large.  nThe  rree  itself  it 
aiBaller,  of  a  slower  growth  than  the  Orchard  ttte. 
and  the  wood  of  a  much  firmer  teitu re.  It  blos- 
soms a  hnle  lat^r  than  our  orchards,  arid  when  \n* 
bloom  makes  a  noble  appearance,  and  KHi  tlia^ 
surrounding  air  wi»b  a  delicious  fragrance.  The 
crab  appears  to  be  a  tree  oCgreat  longevity. 

Sour  as  as  the  crab  appl«B  were,  the  childr^g 
wnre  fond  of  eating  them,  e«peciaUy  when  in  th» 
winter  season,  they  could  find  them  und^r  tf» 
leaves,  where  defended  from  the  frost,  they  icqui- 
tei  a  fine  «dden  colour, g fragrant  aineU, andfotti 
»ucQ  of  their  sournessv  ^  » 

Bae  or  more  of  these  indigenoira  apple  freii 
•ti^ht  to  be  planted  in  every  orchard,  in  honour  •f 
their  native  tenwi^  of  our  forests,  a«  Well  iis  fdr 
«h^  conveoienct  ofourladies,  who  are  very founi 
oftbem  for  wcserves,  but  are  aometimea  "unabla 
to  procure  them. 

W  Utkan^  nuts  we  had  a  great  vi^iety;^oml 

•;  ihti  ^kness  of  their  shelll,  were  little  InVt! 

l^^^,^^^ '^'^' .^^  white  wafnuti.^ 
we^  gtfiei^l  feed  a  gTeit  Abundance.  Of  black  ** 
wa^notti,  i^vw4eties«^  |osi2e,  and  amount  of 


88 


VYtLD  FRI^m. 


Thus  a  munificent  providence  hti  furniiiic^ 

Mb  region  of  the  earth,  ivhh  the  greater  iuq. 

^  ber  of  fruits  which  are  to  be  found  in    the  oli 

ll     warld;  but  owing  to  the  want  of  cultivation,  they 

were  inferior  in  size,  and  flavour  to  the  same  kibdi 

of  fruit  in  Europe.    It  has  been  my  fate,  as  well 

as  that  of  many  otbers  in  this  country,  to  use,  yi 

infancy,  and  youth,  the  native  fruits  of  the  wil* 

derness,  and  in  more  advanced  age  to  enjoy  (he 

fan^e  kinds  of  fruits,  in  their  most  improved  state. 

The   salutary    etfect  of  the  cultivation  of  tbojM 

iruite,  are  therefore,  present  to  our  senses,  and 

.  we  cannot  fail  to  appreciate  them 

It  may  hot  be  amiss  to  notice  in  thi^  place,  ibe 
changes  which  have  taken  place  in  the  growth,  ond 
bearing  of  some  of  our  fruit  trees,  since  the  settle* 
H^ent  of  the  country. 

My  father  planted  peach  trees  at  an  early  periodi 
fqe  some  time  a  crop  of  peaches  once  in  tbref^ 
or  four  years  was  as  much  we  expected.— 
After  some  time  these  trees  some  became  so  fat 
•  naturalized  to  the  climate,.as  to  bear  almost  evei) 
year.  The  same  observation  applies,  although  in 
a  less  degree,  to  the  apple  trees  which  were 
frst  planted  in  the  country.  Their  fruit  was  fre- 
quently wholly  killed  by  the  frost:  Thia  has  not 
happened  for  many  years  past.  The  pear,  sRd 
heart  cherry  trees,  altnough,  they  blossomed  abMn* 
gently,  bore  but  little  fruit  for  many  years;  but  in 
process  of  tin^e  they  afforded  abundant  crop!. 
Stjchwaa  the  effect  ot  their  becoming  naturalized 
t^  our  climate. 
#  The  peach,  and  pear  trees  did  very  weH  until 
liieyetr  1806,  when  a  l<>»g  succession  of  Tainy 
^feas^ni  eommetptced»4Airing  mU^  jthe  trees  i) 
vergrcw  tkimsel? es,  and  the  fills  being  wa'>'^ 


triu)  tEtntfc 


iB 


rainy,  they  continued  their  growth  untj  the  onset 
•f  winter.  Their  hrtnches  veere  then  fdll  of  wp, 
and  as  water  occ^pJe*  a  greater  epaee  when 
froien,  than  whep  fluid,  the  feezing  oftbe  water 
the?  conuined.burftjed  line  texture  of  iheir  W<IOfl,  ^ 
and  rendcf ed  them  unfit  fpr  the  transmuwon  of 
tap,  the  next  eeasoo.  This  fact  leads  to  the  con- 
olution,  that  thopo  soft- wooded  fruit  trees  ought 
to  he  plaatedio  the  liighest  situations,  and  pooirst 
land,  where  they  will  have  the  slowest  possible 
growth.  TThe  few  dry  seasoi^,  we  hvft  had  lit- 
terly,  have,  in  some  measure  restored  the  pet^M 
trees.  If  such  seasons  should  continue  for  any 
length.of  time,  thf  peaches,  and  pears  will  agtin 
become  plenty.     .  , 

If  annua!  plants,  as  well  as  trees,  possess  the  fa- 
culty of  becoming  naturalized  to  soils,  and  climates 
remotefrom  those  ih  which  they  fire  indigenous, 
what  great  advanM^es  may  we  hot  reasonably 
anticipate  for  the  future  prosperity  of  our  country, 
from  this  important  law  of  the  vegetn^ble  world  t 
If  by  a  slaw  progf«ss/rom  South  to  Nor rh,  the  |e« 
riod  of  the  growth,  of  a  plant  may  be  shortened  to 
three  foiii^hs,  or  even  less  than  that  of  the  time*  of 
its  gi^owth  in  the  south,  thesugar  cane,  alre|dgr 
transplanted  from  the  islands  of  the  West  |n* 
dies,  to  the  shores  of  the  Mississippi,  miiy  sloi|lf 
travel  tip  that  river,  and  its  branches  to  latttt^e* 
far  i^ortb  of  any  region  which  has  heretofore  wit- 
nessed its  growth.  The  cotton  plant,  and  cof- 
fee tree,  in  all  probability  will  take  the  siihe 
4Sour(ie* 

The  conclusions  of  philosophy,  with  regard^ 
the  future,  are  prophetic,  when  correctly  df^ 
tfirom  the  unerring  test  of  eiperience.    In  tbe  * 


90 


T\'IL»  FRUITI. 


I*^ 


])ectbtrii  presented  of  the  practicabilify  of  nfilur> 
aliziDg  the  plants  of  the  foutb,  to  the  temptrate 
latitudes  far  north  of  their  native  region,  it  is  odIjt 
eayingtfaiat  what  has  happened  to  one  plant,  may 
UDder  similar  treatment  happen  to  another.  For 
«xatiiple.  How  widely  different  is  the  large 
squaw  corn,  in  its  size,  and  the  period  of  its  growth 
from  the  Mandan  corn.  The  latter  ripens,  under 
the  fortieth  degree  of  north  latitude;  and  yet  the 
squaw  and  Mandan  corn  are  not  even  ditfereot 
species;  but  only  vanetiea  of  the  same  plant '  The 
squaw  corn  might  tratrei  slowly  to  the  north,  and 
'  ultimately  dwiudle  down  into  Mandan  corn:  while 
the  Mandan  corn  by  being  transplanted  t*  the  . 
south  increases  m  size  and  )en|;tbens  the  period  , 
ef  its  growth. 

The  cherry  tree,  a  native  of  Cerasia,  was  once 
cultivated  as  a  tender  exotic  plant  in  Italy.  It 
now  grows  in  the  open  air  as  far  north  as  St. 
Petersburgh  in,  Russia.  The  palma  christi,  the 
plant  which  furnishea  the  beans  of  which  the 
castor  oil  is  mftde,  is  a  native  of  the  tropiostl  re* 

Sions,  yet  it  now  ilourishes^  and  bears  trait  abun- 
antly  in  our  iatitudesi  I  once  saw  a  plant  of 
thih  iiind  in  a  garden  in  thia  town,  the  seed  of 
vrlnch  bad  jSbme  from  the  West  Indies  amongst 
coffee.  The  plant  was  large^  and  vigorous;  but' 
owing  to  Its  too  great  a  removal,«at  once,  Irom 
its  native  aoil  and  climste  it  bore  no  beans. 

These  observations  have  been  made  tc  abew 
Jlbat  the  independence  of  our  country  may  be  vast- 
ly augmented,  by  a  proper  attention  to  the  laWs 
•t  nature  with  regard  to  the  vegetable  world, 
0Orii|al  wa  may  hereiifter  cultivate  witbm  our 
ciiralMntry,  the  precious  iraits  eTcn  of  the  trp* 

IgiCBt* 


Hermit. 


CHAPTER  ni. 


A  MAN  of  the  name  of  ThoiDM  Hardie,  who  from 
tu§  mode  of  living  was  properlj  entitled  to  the  ap- 
pellation of  hermit,  lived  ih'  the  ntigborhood 
i^  my  father's  placj.  His-  appearance,  dress,  and 
deportment,  are  among  the  earliest  impressions  (^ 
my  memorjr. 

He  was^  an  Englishmas,  By  birth  andedutatioB. 
and  an  ordained  Clergymao  of  the  Church  of  Eng. 
land.  He  must  have  been  a  man  of  profound  lear- 
nin^.  Some  of  his  books  in  Greek  and  German 
fell  into  my  hands  aflcr  his  death.  His  marginal 
remarks  in  the  Cfreek  books  shewed  clearly  that 
he  hW  read  thenr  with  great  attention. 

His  appearance  was  in  the  highest  degree  Tene*- 
rablc.  He^was  pretty  far  advanced  in  age:  hi» 
hsad  was  bald,  hh  heir  grey,  and  hischin  decor- 
at^witha  large  well ^shapen  beard.  His  dr«s» 
was  a  long  robe  which  reached  to  his  feet,  held  to- 
gether with  a  girdle  about  his  bins.  This  he  cal- 
led his  phylactery.  His  clothes  were  all  fastened' 
together  with  hooke  and  eyes.  Buttons,  and  buo- 
ities  were  abominations  in  his  view. 

fn  the  time  of  the  Indian  ivdr,  he  went  about 
Wherever  he  choose,  wkhout  arm«,  believing, 
?*!!*°'1^'^V"*^'"^''*»*  ^oM  hurt  him,  acc< 

I!lSVi?.*'^".?^^  °"*5  although  h©  frequentlr 
|>?8ed  himself  todanger,  ^        ' 


Ik 


.vi.'":;:W'>:-:.,v:f 


4|iS  THE  BfiRMin 

Hitf  conversation  must  hare  been  of  the  moit 
interesting  kind.  He  seemed  to  be  master  of  eve- 
ry science  and  possessed  an  inexhaustible  fund  of 
anecdi^s.  He  frequently  entertained  pretty  large 
•ompaHes,  with  relation?  of  events  in  England 
and  other  parts.  In  all  his  anecdotes  a'nd  bistori- 
eal  relations,  he  was  the  only  speaker;  for  he  knew 
•very  thing  and  bis  hearers  nothing. 

But,  however  entertaining  this  hermit's  ebnver- 
sation  and  anecdotes,  they  were  conducted  in  a  ve* 
ry  singular  way.  When  speaking  he  seldom  kept 
his  seat,  but  paced  the  floor  from  one  side  .of  the 
b^use  to  the  other,  sometimes  with  a  slow  measured 
st«fp>  sometim^B  in  a  quick  and  irregular  gait, 
iTuriog  ail  tbis  time  he  was  constantly  twitching 
bis  beard,  and  sputtering  out  tobacco  spittle,  in 
•u'G^  a  #ay  that  its  drops  were  almost  as  small  si 
those  of  mist.  Sometimes  be  would  walk  up  to 
•ne  of  his  hearers  so  as  to  bring  bis  face  almost  ia 
eontact  with  that  of  the  person  to  whom  be  wai 
^pealLing,  be  would  then  speak  in  a  low  tone  of 
VOite,  almost  approaching  to  a  whisper,  durinj; 
this  time  bis  heater  was  apt  to  be  a  little  annoyed 
by  the  particles  of  tobacco  spittle  falling  on  bis 
ia(^  sind  clothing.  After  talking  a  while  in  this 
wiliy,  he  would  whirl  aboui.  and  talk  again  in  a 
lioud  tone  of  voice. 

Soibetimes  the  hermit  would  preach  to  the  peo* ' 
pie  in  the  fort.    When  be  did  this  he  wore  s 
black  r<^e,  mada  Hke  the  rest  of  his  robes,  in  the 
fasbion  of  a  liaorning  gown.    Sometimes  be  put 
on  bands  of  the  common  size  and  shape.    At  other 

les  be  bid  over  bis  robe  a  very  fine  piece  of 

m,  About  four  feet  long  and  about  eighteen  io« 

^  broad,    in  the  middk  of  this  tber«  was  a  bole 

igbifdiieib  be  put  hit  bead^  so  that  th«  fitcf 


THI  BCRMIT. 


M 


of  linen  hung  down  tt  equal  lengthi  before  and 
behind.  This  deeomtion  gave  him  a  truly  fener- 
able  appearance.  1  think  from  the  greatiMitent 
of  his  learnin*,  he  must,  have  been  a  firtl  rate 
preacher.  In  addition  to  this,  to  the  best  of  my 
recolleetion,  his  roiee  and  elocution  were  of  the 
first  drder.  In  his  public  services,  particularly  m 
the  marriage  ceremony,  which  it  fell  to  his  lot  to 
perform  very  often  for  our  early  settlerSjhe  followed 
the  ritual  of  the  Church  of  England. 

This  Hermit  possessed  one  art,  the  like  of 
which  I  never  witnessedor  heard  of  sinee.  He  wat 
in  the  habit  of  giving  a>  piece  of  white  paper  four  or 
fi^e  inches  square  a  sin|ple  fold,  and  with  a  very 
small  pair  of  scissors  which  he  always  carried,  a* 
bout  himv  he  would  soon  produce  the  picture  of 
a  buck,  a  tlk,.  flower-pot,  turkey,  or  any  thing 
else  he  cho^?«.-  These  pictures  sometimes  ha4 
a  single  sometimes  a  doubU  estoon  border  which 
had  the  appearance  of  fine  needle  work.  While 
doing  this  be  was  eommoDly  engaged  in  conversa- 
tion,  and  appeared  to^^'^ke  very  little  notioa  of 
what  he  was, doing. 

I  remember  f  once  asfted  him  to  shew  mehew  te^ 
make  such  pieturesi  He  answered  with  apparent 
ehsgrin.  **Nb,  P  cannot.  It  is  a  star  in  the  head, 
and  you  dont  possese  ity  therefore  say  bo  odote 
about  it." 

Mr*  Hardie  although  he  professed  hiinselCa 
clergyman  of  the  church  of  England,  was.  nev- 
ertheless attached  to  the  Dunkard  society.  I 
think  ou  the  river  Lehigh,  but  whether  he  cao^ 
into  the  eountry  with  the  Dunkards  who 
the  estahUshments  which  gave  name  to  De 
CVMk  and   Dunkard  bottom  91  eUeat  ri! 

H» 


H 


THt  Hsmirr* 


k  fi 


k 


'  I  have  not  been  iolormed.  1  hate  indeed,  nefir 
been  able  to  obtain  the  bintory  of  the  aettlement 
and  4e|gtrture  of  those  people  from  the  country^ 

Mr.  bardie  brought  with  him  into  the  coun- 
try an  orphan  lad,  whom  be  raised  in  his  hermi- 
tage, and  taught  him  his  religious  principles  with 
aueb^ffect,  that  when  grown  up  ne  saffered  big 
beard  to  giow  long.  He  adopted  his  Master's  dew 
portment  and  mode  of  confersation.  He  was  not 
jio#e?er,  the  disciple  of  his  master  in  every  point. 
After  bis  beard  had  grown  to  a  tolerable  length  he 
•ncaged  in  a  scout  against  a  couple  of  Indians  who 
baa  takdn  two  women  and  a  child  prisoners  from 
the  neighboihood.  The  prisoners  were  recover- 
ed lii  the  evening  of  the  second  day  of  their  cap- 
tivity. On  this  occasion,  the  yuiing  Dunkard  be- 
haved with  the  utmost  bravery.  He  fired  the  first 
gaA,and  was  first  at  the  Indian  camp,  to  save  the 
ptlioA«rs  from  the  tomahawk.  When  the  party 
returned  to  the  fort|  they  unanimously  pro- 
tested that  so  brave  «  man  should  not  wear  suck 
afk  ugly  beard,  and  accordingly  shaved  it  off;  but 
belet  it  grow  again.  All  this  however,  did  not 
suit  the  pacific  princi^SeiB  of  his  master. 

This  disciple  of  the  hermit  departed  from  his 
fldifiler  in  another  point.    He  was  twice  married. 

Th!«t,  I  believe  displeased  the  old  hermit;  for 
BOon  after  the  first  marriage  of  his  pupil,  he  went 
down  aimong  his  brethero  in  the  lower  part  of 
Pennsylvania  where  he  died. 

Although  these  Hermits  seeded  wholly  devoted 

~ie  means  ofsecuring  their  future  inteVest;  they 

"^heless  did  not  e^ntirely  neglect  the  present 

Ibut  took  care  to  fecure  themselves  two  ve- 

fuable  tracts  of  land.    The  one  on  Cross 

where  their  first  h^rimitage  was  ereotedf 


M 


i$m  iniittVi 


to 


iThe    otbef  the  pitee  now  owii«fl  by  tk.  lob« 
Cutbb«rt8oii  on  whicb  tbe  tecood  hermitMjMVM 

When  a  boy,  I  was  often  at  the  latter  benDitage 
for  the  purpo»e  of  reC'^ifing  instruotioDi  in  aritn« 
netic  from  the  old  Hermit;  alihough  tbe  old  malt 
was  a  good  hand  at  washing  and  cookings  vet 
the  apparent  poverty  and  w^etcbedoesa  of  the 
cabin    demoDstated  in  mott  iropresaive  manner 
*'That  it  is  not  good  for  man  to  be  alone.'' 
Thare  waa'something  strange  in  the  character  and 
I  latter  end  of  the  younger  Iterrait.    Duringtbe  greef 
ter  part  of  his  time,  especially  in  his  l^cr  yeers, 
the  was  enthusiasticallv  religious.    Beme  eeting 
he  commonly  read  a  few  verses  in   his  bible,  in« 
stead  of  saying  grace.    When  alone,  be  was  ofteA. 
engaged  in  soliloquies,  sometimes  be  attempted  t« 
[preach,  although  he  was  a  great  stutterer.    Sev- 
leral  times  he  became  quite  deranged.    On  one  oc** 
[caBioo  he  took  it  into  bis  bead  that  he  ought  te 
[be  scourged,   and   actually  prepared  bickoriesy 
[strtppBd.  himself,  end  made  a  mulatto  man  whip 
hnm  until  he  said  be  bad  enough.    Throughout 
life  with  the  exception  of  his  last  year,  be  wai 
remarkably  lazy  and  careless  about  bis  worldly 
ftfTairs,  owing  to  bis  great  devotion  to  reading  and^ 
religious  eiercises.    He  was  the  last  in  tbe  neigh* 
[jourhood  at  planting,  sowing,  reaping,  and  every 
thing  else  aoout  his  farm,  so.  that,  although  he 
'lad  an  excellent  tract  of  land,  he  eould  hardly 
lake  out  to  live. 

About  a  year  before  his  death  he  fell  into  a  e 
lumptive  complaint.     During  this  year  bis  for 
religious  impressions  seemed  intirely  to  have 
lakeo  his  mind.    He  became  completely  the 
^  the  world.    Whenever  any  conversation,  fur^i 


■^4y**/' 


-  "  nii^^'T^An^'i^Si'i 


.,  .,i.^.,^.*^ 


8K 


mM  MMtif: 


lifiouf  libjfletf  wtt  offered  him  by  bit  hif  nefgl^ 
bourtgpbo  0tw  tbat  bis  end  wai  fatt  approach* 
ing,  Xmlwaya  replied  witb  aome  obiervation  t- 
bout  building  a  barn,  a  fence,  or  lomething  else 
of  a  worldlf  nature.  During  tbi§  jear  be  did 
mora  world%  businesi^  than  lie  ever  bad  doneift 
any  ten  year*  of  hit  life  before. 

I  knew  an  inatance  of  a  eimilar  change  in  the 
deportnuant  of  a  gentleman  whom  I  attended 
10  a  levera  attack  of  the  dropey.  B^ore  bis  ill- 
Mfs  he  was  an  easy^  good  natuied,  careless  man 
and  a  good  neighbour;  but  after  bis  recovery  he 
was  eicei^ely  avaricious,  pofane  in  his  laiw 
gpagOt  anA  tyrant  to  his  family,  and  neigbbouri. 
totb  these  in^n  appeared  to  bate  undergone  as 
•oliro  eb«nge  in  the  state  of  the  mind,  and  ei< 
ttrnal  deportment. 

Tbe  question  whether  tb'e  moral  syeteaa  of  our 
nature  Ss  not  as  apt  to  suffer  a  deterioration,  u  to 
r—e\f9  an  improremeftt  in  eonsefuencc  of  safers 
and  long  continued  fits  of  sickness,  wonld  be  a& 
interesting  subject  in  moral  philosophy,  and  da- 
flnraa  tha  attentioB  of  Mai  ef  aeienee. 


t,rs 


Item  of  our 
'fttion,  u  to 
t  of  stf  er« 

onldbt  an 
ij,  and  da- 


^^' 


PdRt  SECmift 


4-,' 


SsM 


TbeS 

somihen 

Ihat  ^m 

in  the  II 

p.    Tfc 

rom  the 

rlBod,  a 

bHed,  m 

(f  them  1 

lemean 

le  militi 

They  effc 

irith  pae 

(one,  ai 

le  vvriid 

Lani  \ 

the  sa] 
^  J*  taking 
I  crop  of 
sd  thee 
)d  a  pre 
djoining 
lis  righi 


a----,     -sA*- 


Beiikment  of  ill 


(CHAPTER  VIH. 


The  Settlemenifi  on  tW«  side  of  the  meontafo's 

commenced  irtong  the  MonongfttieU,  titd  i»|tfveen 

that  Tiver  ancl  the  Laurelfti€igi^,f{i  they^l778« 

In  the  tueeeedtng  year  the^  reached  tlielRbi^ri- 

rcr.    The  greater  Durober^the  first  settlers  eaiile 

romthe  upper  parts  of  the  then  colonies  df  MJi 

jrland,  and  yirginia.    Br»ddock?8  trail,  ia#  it  was 

laHed,  was  the  rout  bjr'which  the  greater  number 

|f  them  crossed  Iba  mountains*    A  less^number  W 

lem  cameby  tbewayofBedlbrd  andFortLigonler. 

le  military  ioadlrom  Pennsylvania  to  Ptttsbargh. 

They  effected  tbeir  removals  on  horses  furnished 

irith  paok^stddles.    This   was  the  more  easUy 

lone,  as  abut  fedf  these  early  adFedturers  inl« 

he  wilderness  were    eoeumbered    wiil^#ubh 

LanJ  was  the  object  which  invited  the  greater 
iumbor  of  these  people  to  xsross  the  mountain,  for 
H  the  saying  then  was,  **  It  was  to  be  had  here 
^r  taking  op;'»  that  is,  building  a  qabin  and  raisinjr 
I  crop  of  grain,  however  small,  of  any  kind,  enti° 
«d  tbeoeeupant  tofour hundred  acres  of  Ian 
id  a  preemption  right  to  one  thousand  aorea: 
ajomiogi  to  be  secured  by  a  land  office  w 
"!»  right  was  to  take  ciifoct  if  th|fe^^  bipi 


1*.,- 


t. 


4fo 


nTTtElieEKT    OF  TBE  COVNTST, 


%t  80  much  vacant  land  or  any  part  thereof,  tA* 
joining  the  traot  secured  by  ih^  aettlenienl  i*]^^ 

Ayupi  early  period,  the  government  of  ViriMp 
appi^fed  three  comRnissioneralo  give  certifi^cftiei 
of  settlement  rightf.  These  ceitifieatea  together 
^ith  the  surveyor's  plat  were  sent  to  the  land  office 
•f  rlie  state,  where  they  laid  six  mouths,  to  g. 
'  Wait  any  caveat  which  nngbt  be  offered.  If  none 
was  offered  the  patent  theti  issued. 

There  was  at  an  early  period  of  our  settlementi  j 
Ml  inferior  kind  of  land  title  iclenomioated  a  **  ton^ 
!|pf^k  right)"  which  was  made  by  deadening  a  I 
lew  tree«,near  the  head  of  a  spring,  amd  markiAg| 
the  baryi|  fiome  one,  or  more  of  them  with  the  i 
iuiitial^ j^lie  name  >oC the  person  who  made  tl)e 
iitoprovement.    I  remember  having  seen  a  num* 
>»i^6f  tliose  *Momahawk   rights,"  when  a  bo|, 
For  alongjime  many  of  them  bore  the  names  iofl 
those  whomade  ihem.  I  hav^  no  knowledge  of  tljl  [ 
efficacy  of  M:ie  tomahawk  improvement,  or  whether  I 
it  conferred  any  right  .whatever,  unless  followed! 
by  an  actua)  settlement     These  rights  however 
were  often  bought  and  sold.     Those  who  wish- 
ad  t%-B^ake  settlementa  on  their  %orite  tracts  of  | 
landi  bought  tip  the  tomahawk  improvements,  w 
ther  thajt^nter  into  quarrels  with  those  who  fatd 
Biade  tB%n.    Other  improvers  of  the  land  with 
a  vi^ew  to  actual  settletnent,  and  who  happened  to 
^be  alout  vfsteran  fellows^  took  a  very  differen  i  count 
from  that  of  purchasing  the  <*  tomahawk  rigtlis." 
tVben  i^nt^yed^  by    the  dainnantt^  under  thoie 

*it8,th^yi  deliberately  cut  a  few  good  hiccoriei, 
;ave  them  what  was  called  in  those  days  "i 
'  if^*.  thaUt  a  sound  whippingi.  ; 
iCthe  early  fettlers  took  the  preeaufioi 
|r  the^i^atmna-itt  the  sprkrgi  leavial  { 


;<§i"1%; 


tifniLtifBNT  or  mc  covntit, 


tUeir  families  behind  to  raise  aerop  of  corn,  an4 
then  return'  and  bring  them-  out  in  the  fall. 
Thil  I  ebdttld  think  wat  the  better  way.  Others, 
iapecitily  those  fhose  raniires  ilere  «ma1l,1||^oght 
them  widi  them  in  the  spring.  Mjr  fathei^  idok 
the  tatter  isolnrse.  .JEis  family  was  but  small  and 
he  brought  them  an  with  hini.  The  indian  me^al 
which  be  bi^ought  over  the  mountain  was  expeef- 
ed  six  weeks  too  soon,  so  that  for  that  length  of 
~  time  we  had  to  live  without  bread.  Ttie  lefo  ren* 
ison  and  the  bireast  of  the  wild  turkies,  we  wera 
taught  to  call  bread.'  The  Hfcsh  of  the  bearjjtf 
denominated  meat,  lliia  artificd  did  not  suca^l 
very  v^ell,  after  lirittg  in  ^s  way  ioi^me  time 
we  became  ilckty,  tha  st^nlach  seeinAto  be  id- 
ways  empty,  ind  tormenled  with  a  seBb  of  hun- 
ger^ "I  remeinber  how  narrowly  the  ebildreft 
watched  ttie  growth  of  the  poftato^  lopi,  ntln^- 
kin  and'  iqfualh  v1n«i,  hoping  from  day  to  tfiy,  to 
get  soinelhiiif  t6  aniwei^  in  the  place,  of  bread. 
HoW^lddiitwas  the  taa^of  l^  pdtatoel 

wheii  w«ge^  th#l»^  l^af  «jillnltis  id^  we 
were  permuted  tdimU  thiyifuiiif  %ortti(d>rro«siing 
eari.  ^  Still  Hiore  so  Wtoi  It  hi^  acqfulred  itiH- 
cient  lardoettito  be  ttiade^  iiito  jaMliiy  elUBea  by 
theaidof  «  tifratj^  W^theivl^me  hjNiltl^ 
vigoirdni  aii  c^tented  with  ottir  siti^on^  poor 
as  it  was.  -■■■"'•"'  f'-'-:-   '''■'■       -     ^'■'  - 

My  father  with  a  tmill  nuinl^er  of  bH  neigh- 
bours made  their  tettlenlenti  in  the  spritig  of  1771^ 
Tho^  they  Were  In  a  poor  i^d  destitute  situatioi) 
they  neverlbeless  lived  in  peatfef  but  tbeir  tran* 
%uimy  wns  not  of  long  contmuance.  t^-—- 
most  att^ocious  murders  of  the  peaceable 
ibiske'In^UM  it  Captina  and  Yellr^  ' 


i03 


SBlTLBilfiNT  OF  THE  .eOUNTAT. 


brougbt  OD  the  war  of  Lor<i  Dunmore  in  the  spring 
of  thejreftf  ^^^*«  Ourlitijejicttlemeot  then  broke 
up.  The  women  and  children  were  removed  to 
MorrU'lort  in  Sandy  creek  glade  ifome  distance 
to  the  east  of  Uniontown  llie  Fort  consiBted  of 
an  aflsembiage  on  smatl  hovels^  oitiiiiited  on  the  mai  - 
gin  of  a  large  andno;fciou8  mareh,the  effluvia  of 
^hich  g;aye  the  fpost  of  the  women  and  child r#^n 
the  fevered  ague^  The  men  were  compelled 
|)y  nec^asitf  tor  .nBturn  home,  and  risk  the  toma- 
bawj^and  sc«l|uiig  %)ife  of  the  ladjans,  in  rais- 
ing ilpl  to  keep  their  familieB  from  fitarvation,  the 
•uc^Kding  winter.  ThoM  «ujSering8,  dangers,  and 
lossef  lyerethe  tribiite  we  bad  to  pay  to  thattbiret 
for  blbpd^  wflbh  actuated  those  veteran  murder- 
ers wbt^brottght  the  war  upon  usi  Ttememory  of 
the  sufeKfiri  in  this  war  as  well  as  tb«t  of  their 
descendants  stiU  looks  back  upon  them  with  re* 
gret,  and  %bbo;rre«ice*  arid  the  pago  of  hislory  will 
icOnsll^.their'  naines  to  postenty^  wit|^  the  Jull 
weight  of  infamy « th^  deser?^. 

A  eorrefit  an4  dfiitt^ed^^^^i^^  the  origin  of 
8ocietif(s^  and  their  progress  from  one  condttioo 
or  pcant  cf  weajifch,  scienoi^  and  civilkalion,  to 
another  in  thes^$ltuportaat  respeSi  a  much 
bigb<5ir  grade,  is  alw^shifhjy  interesting;  even 
when  received  through  the  dtisky  medium  of  his- 
tory, oAentimjes  but  i^iorly  and  pwUtaUy  writtifen; 
but  w^«thi}retrospi?c$  of  tbiii|^.pa$^ 
drawn  from  the  re«pllectionkif  e^perienc?,  th« 
Impressions  which  it  mates  on  the  bart  aii^of  tie 
|d,deep  andJa^liug  Vind.  . 
llowing  history  of  the  stale  ojT  sociefyt 
1  customs  of  aur  l^refatbecs  is  to  be 
,|he  latter  source^  and  it  is  ^iveiD  to  the 
Iba  r^coUe^pR  that  many  ofjny  oo« 


8&TTLKIfKlf8s,er  tttR  COUNTRY. 


m 


tompories,  still  living,  fift^e,  i9  w«U  lit  mjself 
witnessed  all  the  scenes  and  events  herein  desorib- 
ed,  and  whose  memories  would  speedily  delect  and 
expose  any  errors  the  work  n^ay  contaio. 
The  muoieipal,  as  well  as  ecclesiastical  institotiont 
of  society  whether  good,  or  bad,  id  oonseqiience 
of  their  long  continued  use,  give  a  eorresponifiog 
cast  to  the  public  character  of  the  society,  whose 
conduct  they  direct,  and  the  inoi'6  so  becausft  \tt 
the  lapse  of  tim^the  observance  of  them  becc^ev 
a  matter  of  conscience.  ,,,g^ 

This  observation  appU«s,JB  full  force,  fotH  in- 
fluence of  our  early  land  laws,  which^  allowed  jfbuc 
hundred  acres,  and  no  more,  to  a  se^meAt  right. 
Many  of  our  first  settlers  seemed  to  regard  thia  a* 
mount  of  the  surfaoe  of  theeartij,  avlbe  allotttenl 
of  divine  providence  for  one  family,  and  beli^eved 
that  any  attempt  to  get  m<>rc^Wou]d  be  sinful.  Most 
of  them,  therefore  eontentcd  therosel  vos  Vith  that 
amount;, although  they  mi^ht  have  evaded thelaw. 
which  allowed  but  ode  seitleoient  right  ta  any  on6 
individual,  by  tafeiog  out  the  title  papers  in  the 
»ames  of  others,  to  be  afterwards  transfeited  to 
tbem,^f  i^  purchase.  Soms^fow  indeed  :^ur- 
tued  this  .practice  J.  ijut  it  Wasjh^d  in  destairon. 

^  My  father,  like  many  others,  bclie?ed,  ihat  b«« 
ving  secured  his  legal  allotment,  the  rest  of  the 
coHntry  belonged  of  right,  to  those  who  choose 
to  settle  in  It.  There  waa  a  piece  of  vacant  knd 
adjoining  his  tract  ancoueting  to  about  two  hun- 
dred acres.  To  this  tract  of  land  he  had  the  pre-, 
emption  right,  and  accordingly  tecured  it  \  ^ 

rant^  buthis  conscience  would  notperiml 
refam  H  in  his  faniitf,  he  therefoi*c  gave  ( 
jpprofaiice  lad  whoafi  he  mi  raised  it^k^« 
Tb»a  rad  pold  itto  m^^m^  fi^f 
wf,  and  a  wool  hat,   '^^^ 


m' 


104 


•WrTUMeMT  W  THB   COUNTHy. 


*!?*?■ 


OiTing  to  the  equni  distribution  of  real  property 
directed  bjr  our  land.Uwe,  and  the  sterling  integrity 
of  our  forefathers,  in  their  observance  of  iheni,  vrt 
htivt  no  districts  of  **8old  land"  as  it  is  called,  that 
is  large  tracts  of  lfir.d  in  the  hands  of  individualr, 
or  companies  nho  neiiher  sell  nor  improve  them, 
a«  in  the  case  in  Lower  Canada,  and  the  norih* 
western  part  of  Pfiiins^lvania.  These  iinseulcd 
tracts  fiifike  huge  blanks  in  thi  fopulalioo  cf  the 
Oountry  where  ihey  exifet. 
Jffiie  division  lines  betfrecn  those  whose  lands 
■ipiiied-,  were  generaily  made  in  an  amicable 
manner,  before  any  survey  of  theoi  was  made,  by 
the  partiee^ concerned,  lo  doing  this  they  were 
guided  Aie&nly  by  the  tops  of  ridges  and  water 
oo|trie9,  buVparticuiarly  the  former.    Hence  the 

fieater  number  of  farms  in  the  western  parts  of 
eoiaylvania  and  Virginia  bear  a  striking  resem* 
blance*to  an  amphitheatre.  The  buildings  occu- 
py a  low  situation  and  th^  top0  of  the  surifounding 
bills  are  the  boundaries  of  the  tract  to  which  the 
family  mansion  belongs. 

Our  forefathers  were  fond  of  farms  of  this  des-^ 
oriptionybecai^e,  as  they  said,  tb||are  attended 
vrilhthiseonvenienee  "  that  ever|  thing  comes 
to  the  hoiise  down  hill.*'  In  the  billy  parts  of  the 
state  of  Ohio,  the  land  having  been  laid  off  in  an 
arbttiracy  manner,  by  straight  parellel  lines,  with- 
out regard  to  hill  or  date,  the  farms  present  adif* 
jpsrent  aspect  from  those  on  the  east  side  of  the  ri* 
?er  opposite.  ^  There  the  buildings  as  frequently 
py  the  tops  of  the  hills,  as  any  other  situation. 
r  people  had  beeome  so  accustomed  to  the 
of  ^*  getting  land  for  taking  it  up,"  that  for  a 
time  it  was  generally  believed,  that  the  land 
e  weet  nde  ef  the  Ohio  wotild  ultimately  h\ 


•ETTUcmiiT  or  IBM  cocimv. 


1^ 


disposed  of  in  that  way.  Hence  almoat  the  whole 
tract  of  countrv  betvreen  the  Ohio  and  MatlcingunK 
was  parcelled  out  ID  tomahawk  itoprovements;  but 
these  laMer  improvers  did  not  content  thetiiseWea 
with  a  single  four  hundred  acre  tract  a  piece.  Ma* 
i»y  of  them  owneda  great  number  of  tracts  of 'the 
best  land,  and  thus,  in  imagination,  werif '^as 
**  Wealthy  as  a  South  sea  dreara.*^  Afany  of  the 
land  jobbers  of  this  class  did  not  content  them* 
selves  With  inarkiog  the  trees,  at  the  usual  height^ 
with  the  initials  of  their  names;  but  cliinbed/iip. 
the  large  beech  trees,  and  cut  the  letters  in  |i^ir 
bark,  from  twenty  to  forty  feet  from  the  groSm!; 
To  enable  them  to  identify  those  treea^  at  a  futui'e 
period,  vtbey  made  marks  on  other  ttees  around 
them  as  references.  « 

Most  of  the  early  settlers  c^irsi^ered  their  land  as 
of  little- value,  from  an  apprehension  that  af^r  a 
few  years  cultivation  it  would^lose  its  fertility^  at 
least  for  a  long  time.  I  have  often  heard  them 
•ay  that-sueh  a  field  would  bear  so  mamy  crops  aftd 
another  sa  many,  more  or  less  thao  tbati  The 
ground  of  this  belief  concerning  tho  short  lived 
fertility  of  the  land  in  this  country,  was  the  pover- 
ty of  a  great  proportion  of  the  land  in  the  lower 
parts  of  Maryland  and  Virginia,  which  after 
producing  a  few  crops,  became  unfit  for  use  and 
was  thrown  out  into  commons.  • 

In  their^  unfavorable  opinion  of  the  nature  df 
tbe^eiiof  our  country,  our  forefathers  were  ut- 
terly'mistaken.  The  nMi*«  weeds  were  scarce- 
ly destroyed,  before  the  white  clover,  and  differ- 
ent  kind»  of  grasa  made  their  appearancggii^ 
These  soon  covered  the  ground,  so  as  to  ^mUk 
|>Mttti»  fer>  the  cattle,  by*the  time  the  woediKk» 


roB 


IBTTLEMfiKKV     OP  VHC  ^tfVlVMr, 


WM  eaf«n  out,  as  well  as  protect  the  Boil  from  be< 
in|;  If  ashed  away  by  drenching  rains,  lo  often  in« 
jurious  io  hilly  countries. 

Judging  from  VirgiPg*  test  of  fruitful  and  bar* 
ren  soils,  the  greater  part  of  this  country  must  pos- 
iesJB  every  requisite  for  fertility.  The  test  is  this; 
dig  a  hole  of  any  reasonable  dimensions  and  drpth. 
If  the  earth  which  was  taken  out  when  thrown 
lightly  back  into  it,  does  not  fill  up  the  hole  the  soil 
IS  fruitful;  but  if  it  more  than  fill  it  up  the  soil  is 
barren. 

/JJM^hoever  choses  to  make  this  experiment  will 
A  ltd  the  result  indicative  of  the  richness  of  our 
aoil.  Even  our  graves  notwithstanding  the  size  of 
the  fault  are  seldom  finished  with  the  earth  throivo 
out  of  them,  and  they  soon  sink  below  the  surfaee 
of  the  earth. 


*^ti/«  locum  saptes  oeuZts,  atltque  jubebU 
In  9^ido  puteum  demitti,  omnemque  repones 
Rwsits  hwnuni,  et  pedibus  summas  (Bqutibis  aren0. 
Si  deerunt:   rarumy  peeorique  et  vitibus  altm 
Apttia  uber  tirit.     Sin  in  sutp'posse  negabunt 
Jrtjocay  et  serobibus  superabit  terra  repletis, 
iSbwsut  ager:  glebas  cunctantes  crasaaqite  ierga    , 
JmjftttMy  9tUidi$  ttrram  prosemde  juvencis. 

A  yir.  Geo.  lib,  ii,  I  230. 


t.    ■' 


4 


House  Furniture  and 

Diet. 


CHAPTER  IX. 

I'he  nettlement  of  a  nevr  country,  in  the  iumt' 
iliate  neighbourhood  of  an  old  one,  is  not  attended 
with  much  difficuHy,  because  supplies  can  be  rea- 
dily obtained  from  the  latter;  but  the  settlement 
•f  a  country  very  remote  from  any  cultivated  re- 
gion,  is  a  very  different  thing,  because  at  the  out* 
set,  food,  raiment,  and  the  implements  of  tlll- 
bandry  are  obtained  only  in  small  suppUee  and 
with  great  difficulty.  The  ta<)k  of  making  neir 
establishments  in  a  remote  wilderness,  in  a  time  of 
profound  peace  is  su^ciently  difficult;  but  wheo 
'>n  addition  to  all  the  unavoidable  hardships  attend- 
ant on  this  business,  those  resulting  from  an  ex- 
tensive and  furious  warfare  with*  savages  are  su- 
peradded; toil,  privations  and  sufferings  are  then 
carried  to^^e  full  extent  of  the  capacity  of  men  t* 
•ndurethem. 

Such  was  the  wretched  condition  of  our  fore« 
fathers  in  making  their  settlements  here.  To  all 
their  riifficulties,  and  privationa  the  Indian  war 
was  a  weighty  addition.  This  destructive  war- 
fare they  w^re  compelled  to  sustain  almost  0^t6 
kanded,  because  the  Revolutionary  cooteaM^ffith 
BD|[land,    gave  fall  employment  for  the  mfiitary 


lA 


BlVfK  rORNITOXB  ^D  mti. 


w 


streDgtb,  and  reiourcea,  on  the  east  tide  of  th^ 
motirvtains. 

The  folloiving  hblory  of  the  poverty,  labours! 
iuffenD^B,  manDBrs  nud  customs,  of  our  forefil 
ther§, .will  appear  like  fr  collection  of  ^^  tales  A 
olden  limes"  without  any  garnish  of  language  tol 
•poil  the  original  portraits,  by  giving  them  Bhadcil 
of  tiolouring  whicli  they  did  not  possess.  I 

I  shall  follow  the  order  of  things  as  they  occurredl 
during  the  period  of  time  enjhraced,in  these  narm.! 
tires,  begtning  with  those  rude  accommodationil 
with  which  our  first  adventurers  into  this  countrj 
furnished  themselven  at  the  commencement  of 
Hfeir  eitablishmentSi  It  wiU  be  a  homely  nt>rri>l 
live  ;  yet  valuable  on  the  ground  of  its  being 
real  history* 

If  my  reader  when  viewing  through  the  mediuBJ 
which  I  here  present  the  stifTurings  of  human  ni< 
J^  in  one  of  its  most  depressed  and  dangerouil 
IRndltions  should  drop  an  involuntary  taar;  let 
him  not  blame  me  for  the  sentiment  of  symuathj 
which  he  feels.  On  the  contrary  if  he  should 
fometimeft  meet  with  a  recital  calculated  to 
excite  a  smile  or  a  laugh  I  claim  no  credit  for  hill 
eujo)  roent.  It  is  the  subject  matter  of  the  historj 
and  not  the  historian  which  makes  those  wide- 
ly different  impressions  on  the  mind  of  the  rea* 
der.  V 

In  this  cliipter  it  is  my  design  to||nve  a  brief 
account  of  the  household  furiiilnreanQ  articles  of 
diet  which  were  used  by  the  first  inhabitants  of 
Our  counlhy.  A  discription  of  their  cabins  and 
half* faced  camps  and  their  manner  of  bu>ildiiig 
them  will  be  found  elsewhere. 
'**'^p1je  furniture  for  the  table,  for  several  yean 
tfm  the  aettlement  of  this  Gountrjy  cooaiated  of 

■■■1    '  ■    ■  ^■"•"  ■ 


M 


.m 


XlffUSB 


^WWl 


iTURB  Arm  nmti 


lU^ 


a  Cevr  pewter  dished,  plates,  andspoona;  but  moitly 
af  ttoodcn  bowli,  trenchers  aod  nof^gint.  If  these 
last  were  scarce,  gourds  and  bard  shelled  squash^ 
es  made  up  the  dtficiencj\ 

The  iron  pots,  kniires,  and  forks  were  brought 
atom  the  east  side  of  the  mouotaios  along  with  the 
salt,  and  iron  on  pack  horsea. 

These  articles  of  furniture,  corresponded  ?ery 
well  with  the  articles  of  diet,  on  which  they  vf^re 
emplojed.  **Hog  and  homin>'*  were  proverbial  for 
The  dish  of  which  they  were  the  component  par^s. 
Jonny  cake  and  pooe  were  at  the  outset  o/j4i« 
settlements  of  the  country,  the  only  forms  of  bread 
in  use  for  breakfast  and  diooer.  At  supper,  oailk 
aod  mush  were  the  standard  dish.  When  milk  was 
Bot  plenty,  which  was  often  the  case^  owinjc^to 
the  scarcity  of  cattle,  or  the  want  of  prop^.!^^^- 
ture  for  them,  the  substantial  dish  of  booainy  |ril>>«^ 
to  supply  the  place  of  them;  miish  was  i^eqaeony 
eaten  irith  sweetened  water,  molaases,  bears  oil* 
or  the  grave;^' of  fried  meat.  ^ 

Every  family,  besides  a  little  gar^ln,  for  the 
few  vegetables  which  they  cultivated,  had  an^tb- 
er  small  enclosure  containing  from  half  an  acre  . 
to  an  acre,  which  tbev  called  a  ^'Truck  patch." 
In  which  they  raised  corn,  lor  roastiDg-eary, 
isumokins^quashes,  beans,  and  pob|toe8.  These 
10  the  I&tpr  part  of  the  summer  and  fall,^  were 
cooked  with  their  pork,  venison  and  bear  meat 
&)r  dinner  and  made  very  wholes6flG#  and^^well 
tasted  dishes.  Tlie  standard  dinner  dish  for  ev* 
ery  log  rolling,  house  raising,  and  harvest  day 
was  a  pot  pye,  or  vfhat  in  other  countries,  ia  ' 
led  "8ea  pye."  This  besides  answering  fo 
ner,  served  for  a  part  of  the  supper  also.  ^ 
TeMaindef  of  it  Irom  dinner,  being  eatei  ivifii 


A. 


m- 


'  * 


110  HOUStf  FtBIflTVIl4|M»  DIET. 

milk  io  thft  eveoiog,  fiftcr  the  conclusion  of  \\ 
labour  of  the  day. 

In  otir  whole  clieplay  of  furnilure,  the  ijflllj 
ebina,  and  silver  were  unknown.  It  did 
then  as  now  require  conlributions  from  lie  fou 
quarters  of  the  glebe  (o  furnish  the  breakfast  ti 
ble.  viz.  the  silver  from  Mexico;  the  cctleefrcn 
the  M'est  Indicf;;  the  tea  from  Gl^ina,  and  \[i 
dielft  and  pprcel&iD  from  Eurofje,  or  Asia.  Id 
•ur  homely  fare,  and  unnighily  cabins,  and  furJ 
niture, produced  a  hardy  veteran  race,  wbop1antei| 
the  first  foot  steps  of  society,  and  civil izutiooJ 
in  the  immense  regions  of  the  west,  found  to] 
hirdihood  bravery,  and  labour  from  their  earlu 
youth,  they  8u«*ained  with  manly  fortitude  thf] 
fatigue,  6f  the  chace,  the  campaign  and  i\pout,aod| 
strong  irms  **Turned  the  wilderness  iot«l 

illtil  'fieidi"    and  liave  left  to  their'  d.escenJ 
ants  the  rich  inheritanbe  of  an  immense  empiit] 
blessed  with  peace  and  wesltb. 

I  well  recollect  the  first  time  I  ever  saw  a  teij 
cup  ftB4  saucer,^d  tasted  coffee.  My  mother 
died  when  1  was^bout  sis  or  seven  years  of  age. 
My  father  then  sent  me  to  Maryland  m\ih  a  bro* 
ther  of  my  grandfather^  Us.  Aleiander  Wells,  to] 
school. 

At  Colonel  Brown V  in  the  mountains,  atStoojj 
oreck  iflactes,  I  for  the  first  time  sm|  tame  geeMt 
and  by  bantering  a  pet  gander  I  Pt  a  severe  bi*i 
ting  by  bis  bill,  and  beating  by  his  wings.  I  won* 
delved  v#y  much  that  hirds  so  large  and  strong] 
•hould  be  so  much  tamer  than  the  wild  turkies,] 
at  this  place  however  all  vnas  right,  excepting  tbs| 
;^j|e  birds  which  they  called  geese.  The  cab* 
apcl  its  furnitjiice  wexe  sii^  as  i  had  been  a«* 


fatig 
i|^tb 

^iPant 


wJ 


Wp.' 


BAtiiE  rvMyuRB  and  »ibt. 


Hi 


[customed  to  sets  in  the  backwoodi  as  my  eoun- 
ry  W&9  then  called. 

At  Bedford  every  thing  WM  changed.  The  ta- 
vern At  which  'my  uncle  put  up,  was  a  stone 
liouse,  and  to  make  the  change  still  more  complete 
It  ivas  plastered  in  the  inside,  both  as  to  the  walls^ 
ind  ceiling.  Oq  going  into  the  dining  room  I 
;ra8  struck  with  astonishment  at  the  appearaoca 
)fihe  bouse.  I  had  no  idea^  that  there  was  anf 
louse  in  the  world  which  was  not  built  of  logs; 
[)ut  here  I  lookeci^  round  the  bouse  and  could  see 
DO  logs,  and  above  I  could  see  no  joists;  whetheiri 
luch  1^  thing  had  been  made  by  the  bands  of  mail) 
ir  bad  grown  so  of  itself,  I  could  not  conjecture. 
'  bad  not  the  courage  to  inquire  any  thing  about  it. 

When  supper  came  on,  '*  my  confusion  itaa 
,rorse  confounded.*^  A  little  cup  stood  in  a  biffgcH' 
)ne  with  some  brownish  looking  stuff  in  it,  which  i|^ 
ras  neither  milk,  honunwDCM*  broth:  what  to  do 
7ith  thead  little  cups  and  tjhe  little  apoon  belong- 
ing to  theOD,  i  covld  not  4eH^  and  t%as  |f|iid  to 
kskaay  thihg  coneelningtbe  iffe  of  theft. 

It  was  ift  the  time  df  the  war,  and  t^e  company 
itf9  ^ving  accoufits  of  catching,  whipping  and 
lianging  th^  tories.  l^he  word  jai2  frequently 
>ccurred:  this  word  I  had  never  heard  before;  but  * 
soon  discovered,  and  waa  much  terr\|Sed  at  ita  • 
Deaning,.and  #ippo8ed  that  we  were  in  much 
langer  of  the  ute  of  the  tories;  for  I  thought, 
IS  we  had  come  from  the  backwoods,  it  was  alto* 
[ether  likely  that  we  must  be  tories  too.  For  fear 
f  being  discovered  IdUrst  not  utter  a  single  word. 

therefore  watched  attentively  to  eee  what^tlie|i, 
Mg  folks  would  do  with  their  little   cups  and 
ipooiiB.    I  Imitated  them,  and  found  the  taste  m 
he  coffee  nauseous  beyond  any  thing  I  ever  ht^'^ 


♦ 


% 


f^- 


S' 


W 


lU 


H6U8B  CTSKITtrRt 


** 


DtB:r. 


tasted  in  my  life.  I  continued  to  drink,  as  the 
rest  of  the  company  did,  with  the  team  ttreaniiDg 
from  my  eyes,  but  when  it  wss  to  end  I  was  at  a 
lots  to  know,  OR  thelitde  cups  were  filled  \nmt. 
diately  after  being  emptivd.  This  circumstance 
distressed  me  very  much,  as  I  durst  not  say  I  had 
enough.  Looking  attentively  at  tbe  grown  per* 
sons,  I  saw  one  man  turn  his  little  cup  bottom  up> 
wards  and  put  his  little  spoon  across  it.  I  obser* 
vedthat  after  this  his  cup  was  not  filled  again;  I 
followed  his  <?xam pie,  and  to  my  great  satisfaction, 
the  result  as  10  my  cup  was  the  ^ame. 

Tbe  introduction  of  delft  ware  was  considered 
l»y  man?  of  the  backwoods  people  as  a  culpable 
innovation.  It  was  too  easily  broken,  and  tbe 
plates  Qf  that  ware  dulled  their  scalping  aid  clasp 
Kni»es;  tea  ware  was  too  small  for  men;  they  might 
do  for  women  and  childrea.  Tea  and  coffee  weie 
f%  slops,  which  in  the  adage  of  the  day  <«difi 
not  stick  by  the  ribs*"  The  ided  was  they  were 
designed  only  for  people  of  quality,  who  do  not 
labor,  orytbe  fMac^  A  genuine  backwoodsmora 
would  hhve  thougb^imself  disgraced  by  show- 
ing a  fondness  for  those  slops.  Indeed,  many  of 
^^Mm  faafe  to  this  day,  rary  liitla  rfsp«et  for  tham^ 


f 


Dres&. 


# 


•HAPTER  X. 


©N  the  frontier-s  and  particularly  amouf  st  ihaee 
who  were  much  in  Ihe  habit  of  huntings  and  going 
on  scouts,  and  campaigns^.the  dress  of  the  men  was 
partly  mdian,  and  partly  that  of  civilizes  na- 
tions. 

^  The  hunting  shirt  was  universaUy  worn.— . 
This  was  a  kind  of  loose  frock,  reachiijg  halfway 
down  the  thighs,  with  large  sleeres,  open  befof^- 
and  80  wide  a9  to  lap  over  a  foot  or  more  wbeik 
belted.  The  cape  was  large,  and  scmet|in«s  band- 
somely  fringed  with  a  ravelled  piece  of  cloth  of 

*  fc^!^^  ^?^°^^  ^'^"^  **»a*  ofclb^  bunting  shirt  it- 
self.  ^  The  bosom  of  this  drels  served  as  a  wallet 
to  hold  a   chunk  of  bread,  cakes,  jirk,  tow  f^t 
wiping  the  barrel  of  the  riile,  of  any  other  nece^. 
sary  for  the  hunter  or  warrior.     The  belt  which 
was  always  tied  behind  answered  several  purDoa- 
es,  besidesljat  of  holding  the  dress  together^ 
In  cold  wether  the  mittens,  and  sometimes  the 
bullet-bag  occupied  the  front  part  of  it.    Td  the 
right  side  was  suspended  the  tomahawk  and  to  the 
left  the  scalping  knife  in  its  leathern  sheath.— 
Ihe  hunting  shirt  was  generally  madt  oflinsey. 
«)metimcs    of    coarse    linen,    and    a    few    W 
dressed  deer  skins.    These  last  were .  very  c^l 
Md  uncomfortable  la  wet  weather.    The  swS 
4nd  ja<jkct  were  of  the  common  faabion.    Uptib^' 


K 


A'- 


i,;; 


114 


^ 


ORESS. 


of  drawers  ^r^  breeches  nnd  leggins,  Sl^re  the 
^re^  of  the  thighs,  and  legs.,  a  |>air  of  moca&- 
sons  ansiwered  for  me  feet  much  better  than  ehoes^ 
These  were  made  of  dressed  deerskin.  They^vere 
mostijr  made  of  a  single  piece  with  a  gathering 
seam  along  the  top  of  the  loot,  and  another  from  the 
liottom  of  the  heel^  without  gathers  as  high  as 
the  ankle  joint  or  a  little  higher  Flaps  were  left 
on  eachsi^e  to  reach  some  distance  up  the  legs. 
These  were  nicely  adapted  to  the  ankles,  and  low- 
er part  of  the  leg  by  thongs  of  deer  skin,  «o 
that  no  dust,  gravel,  or  spoiw  could  get  within  the 
mpcaSson.. 

The  mocassons  in  ordinary  use  cost  hjit  a  few 
hours  labouf  to  make  them.  This  was  done  by 
.an  initrument  denominated  a  mocaason  awl,  which 
was  made  of  the  backspring  of  an  old  dapsknife. 
This  awl  with  its  buckshorn  handle  was  an  ap- 
pendai^e  of  every  shot  poucih  strap,  together  with 
A  roll  of  buckakin  for  mending  the  mocassons.*^ 
T^is  was  the  ld>oui|;i  of  almost  every  evening.-^ 
They  were  sewed  together  and  patched  with  deer 
« skill  thongs,  or  whangs  as  they  were  commonly 
called.  ; /''  Tt     V 

in  cold  Weather  the  mocassons  vrttB  well  stuff- 
ed with  deers  hair,  or  dry  leaves,  so  as  to  keep 
the  feet  comfortably  warm;  but  in  wet  weather 
it  was  usually  said  that  wearing  them  Was^^A  de- 
cent  Way  of  goin|f  barefooted;"  atfd  such  was  tbe 
f%ct)  owing  to  the  spongy  texture  of  the  leather 
of  which  they  were  made. 

.Owing  to  this  defective  covering  of  the  feet, 
iii<^e  than  to  any  other  circumtta  rce  the  great- 
«i!  lumber  of  our  hunters  apd  Warriors  were  af- 
jBicted  with  the  rheumatism  in  their  limbs^  Of 
this  difeaso  the-^  were  all  apprehensive  in  eold 


* » 


ir*> 


!>ttE89.' 


iw 


)cads6n8.'*^ 


or  #et  weather,  and  therefore'  aUf^&ye  slept  with 
their  feet  to  the  fire  to  prerent  ordure  it  as  well 
ae  they  could.  This  practice  uof  uestioiiably  #ad 
a  very  ialutary  effect,  and  prevented  many  of 
them  irom  becoming  confirmed  cripples  in  early 
life. 

In  the  latter  ycart  of  the  indian  war  our  young 
men  hecame  more  enamoured  of  the  indian  dresV 
throughout,  with  the  exception  of  the  matchcoat. 
The  drawers  were  laid  aside  andtiie  leggins  made 
longer,  80  as  to  reach  the  tipper  part  of  the  thigh. 
The  indian  breed!  clout  was  adbptcd.  This  wa» 
a  piece  of  linen  or'eioth'  nearly  a  yM  long,  atitt 
eight  or  nine  inches  broad.  This^  passed  -  nttlNr 
the  belt  before  and  behind^ leading  the  cnd^  for 
flaps  hangiof  feforo  tind  behiod  over  the ;hefi.<^ 
These  flaps  were  sbmetimes^'  omaaiented'^ ti^Jtli 
some  coarse  kind  of  embroidery  work.'  To  the 
same  bdts  which  seenred  the  breech  cl6ut,  stringps 
which  supported  the  long  leggins  were  stlache^. 
Whan  this  b<elt  as  was'OltVn  the  case  passed  a^eir 
the  hunting  shirt  the  upper  pat^t  of  the  thighs  lii^ 
part  of  the  hips  Were  naked.-  ^^ 

The  young  warrior  instead  of  being  abashei 
by  this  nudity  was  proud  of  his  indian  Tike  deess. 
In  some  (a  w  iitstan  6e9  T  have  seen  them  go  in  to 
places  of  public  worship  in  this  dress.  Their  ap- 
pearance however  did  not  add  much  to  the  dev(y- 
tion  of  the  foung  ladies. 

The  linsey  petticoat  and  bed  gown  whiclv  were 
the  universal  dress  of  our  women  in.  early  timeSy 
would  make  a  strange  figure  in  our  days.  A 
small  home  made  hankerchief  in  point  of  elegance 
would  illy  supply  the  place  of  that  profusion  of 
ruffles  with  which  the  necks  ofour  ladies  are  hew 
ornamented. 


A-*. 


/1 6; 


DR£3«. 


/, 


.Tbcy  went  barfooted  in  tvar.n  wealher«  and  in 
cold,  (heir  fe«l  were  covered  with  niocRssopH, 
GOiree  shoe?,  or  shoepacks,  which  would  inake 
but  Qfiorrv  figure  beside  the  elegant  inorrocco 
slippers  oUeii  embossed  with  bullion  which  at 
present  ornament  the  feet  of  their  daughters  and 
grand- dau(>hters. 

The  coaid  and  bedgowns  ofthe  women  os  well  as 
the  hunting  ehirts  of  the  men  were  hang  in  full 
^ifiplay  on  wooden  pf*gs  round  the  walls  of  their 
Cabins,  so  that  while  they  answered  in  some  degree 
thepUce  of  paper  hangings,  or  tapestry  they  &d* 
nounced  to  the  stranger  as  well  as  neighbour  the 
wealth  or  poverty  of  the  family  in  the  articles  of 
cloathing.  This  practice  has  not  yet  been  whd* 
ly  laid  «fiide  amongst  (he  backwoods  families. 

Tbe  historian  would  say  to  the  ladies  of  the  pre^ 
sent  time.  Our  iancestora  of  your  sex  knew  no* 
thing  ofthe  ruffles,  leghorns,  curls,  coinbSy  rin^ 
ftnd  Other  jewels  with  which  their  fair  daughters 
jikdw  decorate  themselves.  Such  things  w^ic  not 
#^n  to  be  hod;  Many  ofthe  younger  part  of  them 
Xflire  preily  well  grown  up  before  th«y  ever  saw 
Itbe  inside  of  a  store  room,  or  even  knew  there 
was  such  a  thing  in  the  world,  unless  by  bearsoy, 
and  indeed  scarcely  that. 

Instead  of  the  toilet,  they  bad  to  handle  the 
distaff  or  shuttle,  the  sickle  or  weeding  hoe,  con* 
tented  if  they  could  obtain  their  linsey  cloathing 
lind  cover  their  heads  with  a  sun  bonnet  made 
of  six  or  seven  hundred  linen.  t^u 


The  Fort.      # 


CHAPTER    XI. 


Mt  reader  will  understand  by  thu  term,  not  on- 
ly a  plaoe  of  defence,  but  the  residence  of  a  small 
Dumber  of  families  belonging  to  the  same  ocigli- 
bourbood,  As  Ibciiulkn  node  of  warfare  was 
an  indiscriminate  slaughter  of  all  agea,  and  both 
sexes,  it  was  as  requisite  to  ^^  'ovidc  for  the  safety  of 
the  women  and  children  as  for  that  of  the  men 

The  fort  consisted  of  cabins,  blockhouses^  and 
stockade?.  A  range  of  cabins  commonly  form- 
ed one  side  at  least  of  the  fort.  Divisions,  or  par- 
titions of  logs  separated  the  cabins  from  each 
other.  The  walls  on  the  outside  were  ten  or  tivelFo 
feet  high,  the  slope  of  the  roof  being  turned  whol- 
ly inward.  A  very  few  of  these  cabins  had  pun- 
cheon floors,  the  greater  part  were  earthen.      :^ 

The  blockhouses  were  'juilt  at  the  angles  of  the 
fort.  They  projected  about  two  feet  beyond  the 
outer  walls  of  the  cabins  and  stockades.  Their 
upper  stories  were  about  eighteen  inches  ev^iy 
way  larger  in  dimension  than  the  under  one,  leav- 
ing an  .opening  at  the  commencement  of  the  se- 
cond story  to  prevent  the  enemy  from  making  a 
lodgment  under  their  walls.  In  some  forts  in- 
stead of  blockhouses,  the  angles  of  the  fort  were 
furnished  with  bastions.  A  large  folding  gate 
aado  of  tbtc^  jlabs,  nearest  the  spring  c1om4  the 

K  2 


s* 


*... 


113 


frtffi    FOtlT» 


fort.  The  stockades,  bastions,  cabins,  and  blook^ 
home  vrali)  wem  ftirtilshcd  with  port  holes  at  pro- 
pei|i^eights  an  j  di*3tance8.  The  whole  oftheoul* 
side  ivas  made  ootnpUtely  bullet  proof. 

it  may  be  truly  said  that  Decessily  is  the  moth- 
er of  invention;  for  the  whole  of  this  work  was 
made  without  the  aid  tf  a  single  nail  or  spike  J 
iron,  and  fur  this  reason,  such  things  were  not  to 
be  had. 

In  some  places,  less  exposed,  a  single  block- 
house, with  a  cabin  or  two  constituted  the  whole 
fort. 

Such  places  of  refuge  may  appear  very  trifling 
to  those  who  have  been  in  the  habit  of  seeing 
the  formidable  military  garrisons  of  Europe  and 
America;  but  they  answered  the  purpose,  as  the 
Indians  had  no  artillery.  They  seldom  attackecji 
and  scarcely  ever  took  one  of  theoi. 

The  families  belonging  to  these  forts  were  so 
attached  to  their  own  cabins  on  their  farms,  that 
they  seldom  m<>ved  into  their  fort  in  the  spring 
until  compelled  by  some  alarm,  as  they  called 
it;  that  is,  when  it  was  announced  by  some  mur- 
der that  the  indians  were  in  the  settlement. 

The  fort  to  which  my  father  belonged,  was 
during  the  first  years  of  the  war  three  quartets 
of  a  mil0  from  his  farm;  but  when  thirfori  went 
>o  o.icay,  and  became  uafit  for  defence,  a  new 
one  was  built  at  his  own  house.  I  well  remem- 
ber thai,  when  a  little  boy,  that  the  family  were 
SUinetimes  waked  up  io  the  dead  of  nighf,  by  an 
ekpresii  with  a  report  that  the  indians  were  at  hand. 
The  express  came  softly  to  the  door,  or  back 
window,  and  by  a  gentle  tapping  waked  the  fani'' 
fly.    !Fhi«  was  easily  doae  as  an  habitual  (tfti 


( ■ 


119 


nade  us  erer  watchful  and  sensible  to  the  elight- 
est  alarm.  The  whole  family  were  instantly  in 
notion.  My  father  8iezed  his  gim  and  other  im- 
plemenis  of  war.  My  step  mother  '^aked  «L 
and  dressed  the  children  as  well  as  she  ooulo, 
and  being  myself  the  oldest  of  the  children,  I  had 
to  take  my  share  of  the  bu^hens  to  be  carried  to 
the  fort.  There  Was  do  possibility  of  gelling  a 
horse  m  the  night  to  aid  us  in  removing  to  the 
fort.  Besides  the  little  children  we  caught  up  what 
articles  of  cloathing  and  provision  we  could  get 
hold  of  in  the  dark,  for  we  durst  not  light  a  candid 
dr  even  stir  the  firok  All  Ibis  was  done  with  the 
utmost  dispatch  and  the  silence  of  death.  The 
greatest  care  was  taken  not  to  awaken  the*young- 
est  child. 

To  the  rest  it  was  enough  to  say  inJiar^aod  not 
a  ivhimper  was 'heard  afterwards.  Thus  it  ofteit 
happened  that  the  whole  number  of  families  be- 
longing to  a  fort  who  were  in  the  evening  at  tbeiv 
homes,  were  all  in  their  little  fortress  before  the 
dttwnof  the  next  morning,  ii  the  course  of  the 
succeeding  day,  their  household  furniture  was 
brought  in  by  parties  of  the  men  underarms. 

Some  families  belonging  to  each  fort#ere  much 
less  under  the  influence  of  fear  than  otiilrli  &  who 
after  an  alarm  had  subsided,  in  spite  ofjBvery  re«- 
monstrance  would  remove  home,  while  tKeir  more 
prudent  neighbours  remained  in  theforh  Such 
families  were  denominated  ^^fool- hardy**  and  gave 
no  soiall  amount  of  trouble  by  creating  such  fre- 
quent necessities  of  sending  runners  to  warn  them 
of  their  danger,  and  sometimes  parties  of  our  m^ 
T|^  protect  the  ID  during  their  removal. 


#• 


Caravans^ 

CH^PTI^.    xir. 


Ths  Bcquisition  cf  the  indiepensible  articlegofj 
fait,  iron,  steel  apd  castings  presented  great  dif* 
ficultirs  to  the  nrst  settlers  of  the  western  coun* 
try.  They  had  no  stores  of  any  kind,  no  salt,  iron, 
nor  iron  works;  nor  bad  tbey  money  to  make 
purchases  where  those  articles  could  be  obtained. 
Peltry  &  furs  were  their  only  resources,  before  ihey 
had  tiflne  to  raise  cattle  and  borsea  for  sale  in  the 
Atlantic  states. 

Every  fjimily  collected  what  peltry  and  fur, 
they  could  obtain  throughout  the  year  for  the  pur* 
pose  of  sending  them  over  the  mountains  for  bar* 
ter. 

In  the  fall  of  the  year,  after  seeding  time,  every 
family  formed  an  association  wilh  some  of  their 
neighbowEs  for  starting  the  little  caravan.    A  mas* 
t^r  driv(#  was  selected  from  among  them  who 
was  tO"))e  assisted  by  one  or  more  young  men  and 
sOmetirttes  a  boy  or  two.    The  ^orses  were  fitted 
out  with  pack  saddles,  to  the  hinder  part  of  which 
was  fastened  a  pair  of  hobbles  made  of  hickorj 
withs,  a  bell  and  collar  ornamented  bis  neck.— 
The  bags  provided    for  the  conveyance  cf  the 
salt  were  li!led  with  feed  for  the  horses;  oo  the 
journey  a  part  of  this  feed  was  left  at  conyeoient 
atagea  on  the  way  down,  to  support  the  r^ro  of 
Ibe  cartTan;  large  wallets  well  filled  wH|  biead, 


■^i^^      •'^''■^,-:  -^ 


CARAVANS. 


iu 


jjrk,  boiled  ham  and  cheese  furoHlied  pulsion 
fbr  the  drivers.  At  night  aft«r  faadihg,  the  norset 
whether  put  in  pasture  or  turrjod  ou,t  iuto  the  woodB 
were  hobbled  and  the  bells  were  opened.        Ml^ 

The  barter  far  salt  and  iron  f/as  made  firttw 
Biltimore.  Frederick,  |Iagerstown,  OJdt^wo  an4 
Fort  Cujnberland  in  succession  became  the  place 
of  exchange.  Each  horse  carried  iiro  buihela  of 
alluoi  salt  weighing  eighty  four  pounds  the  bushe). 
This  to  be  sure  watt  not  a  hf?avy  load  for  the  horses 
but  it  was  enough  consideriug^tke  scantjf  subsia- 
tance-  aHowed  them  on  the  journey. 

The  common  price  of  a  bushel  of  allUtn  salt,  al 
an  early  period  was  a  good^cow  and  calf;  and  until 
fveighti  were  introduced,  the  salt- Was-  lueasufed 
into  the  half  bushel,  by  hand  as  ligluly\8  possible. 
Vo  one  was  permitted  to  walk  heavily  o?«r  the  floor 
while  the  operation  of  measuring  waiB  going  on.- 

Tha  followinif  anecdote  will  serve  to  shew  how 
Utile  the  native  sons  of  the  forest  knew  of  the 
etiquilte  of  the  atiantic  cities. 

A  neighbour  of  my  father,  some  years  after  the 
seltlemeai  of  the  couhtry,  had  eollecied  a  small 
drove  of  cattle  for  the  Baltimore  market.  Amongst 
the  hands  employed  to  drive  them  was  one  who 
never  had  seed  any  condilion  of  society  but  that 
of  wopdsmen. 

At  one  of  their  lodging  places  in  the  mouotain^ 
tbe  landlord  and  his  hired  man,  in  the  course  of 
the  night  stole  two  of  the  bells  belonging  to  the 
drove  and  hid  them  in  a  piece  of  woods. 

The  drove  had  not  gone  far  in  the  morning  be- 
fore the  bells  were  missed;  and  a  detachment 
went  back  to  recover  the  stolen  bells,   ,The  nien 
weri>  found  reaping  in  the  field  of  the  landJoi'd;, 
Sh^y  were  aocuaed  df  the  theft|  but  they  doQie^ 


ru 


CARAVAK9» 


th«c!llrge.  The  toitureorsu'eating  according  to 
the  cuBtom  of  thattime^  that  U  of  suspension  by 
the  arms  pinioned  behind  their  backs,  brought  J 
i|anfe8sion.  The  belli  were  procured  and  huirg| 
Around  the  necks  of  the  thieves.  In  this  ccr.di. 
lion  they  were  driven  on  foot  before  the  diMach* 
mrsit  until  they  overlook  {he  drove  which  by  thji 
tf  nie  had  gone  nine  miles  A  halt  was  called  and  a 
jury  selected  to  try  the  culprits;  They  were  con. 
denned  to  receive  a  certain  number  of  lashes  oa 
the  bare  Haak  from  the  hand  o^  ea^b  drover.... 
The  man  above  ttlluded  to  was  the  owner  of  one 
of  the  bells;  whea  it  came  to  bis  turn  to  use  tb« 
liiekorv  now  says  he  to  the  thief  ^^You  inferail 
scoundrel;  Til  work  your  jacket  ninateen  to  the 
dosen,  only  think  what  a  rascally  flgure  ]  ehould 
Bkake  in  the  s&eeta  of  Bialtimore  without  a  bell  oa 
my  horae,'* 

Thf^  man  wat  in  earnest,  having  teen  no  horsei 
^aed  wijthout  bells,  lie  thought  they  wore  reijLMisita 
^  every  aituation. 


Ilk* 


& 


CHAFTER  XIIL 


Tins  was  an  iorpoHant  part  of  the  employv- 
ment  of  the^  early  eeitlers  of  ^ibie  €Ottntr)r.  For 
some  ycars^'the  woods  supplied  Ihein  with  I  be 
greater  amount  of  their  subsistance,  and  with  re- 
gard to  some  families  at  certain  iimea,  Uie  wh^e 
of  it;  for  it  was  no  unoommoo  thing^forfaoiilief 
to  live  several  ipooths  without  a  mouthful  of  bread. 
It  frequently  happened  that  there  was  i!o  break- 
fast uT^til  it  was  obtained  -from*  the  wOods.  Fur 
'and  peltry  were  the  people's  money.  They  bad 
nothing  else  to  give  in  exchange  for  rifles,  salt,  and 
iron,  on  the  other  side  of  the  mountainf>. 

The  fall  and  early  part  of  the  winter  was  the 
season  for  hunting  the  deer,  and  the  whole  of  the 
winter  including  part  of  the  spring  for  bears  i^nd 
fur  skinned  animals.  It  was  a  customary  saying 
that  fur  is  £ood  during  every  month  in  the  name  of 
which  the  Tetter  R  occurs. 

The  class  of  hunters  with  whom  I  was  best  ac- 
quainted were  those  whose  hunting  ranges  were 
on  the  western  side  of  the  river  and  a^  the  dis- 
tance of  8  or  9  miles  from  it.  As  soon  as  the 
leaves  were  pretty  well  down  and  the  weather  be^ 
came  rainy,  accompanied  with  light  snoi^,  these 
men  after  acting  the  part  of  husbandoieii,  so  far  ai 
the  state  of  warfare  permittedithem  to  do  so,  soon 
began  to  feel  that  they  were^munters.    They  be* 


it'fm 


Vt4 


liVNTIKO. 


came  unpasy  Al'Konne.  Everything  about  ttien 
krcfime  disagreeable.  Tbo  houie  wea  too  warn. 
3^e  frathcT  bed  too  8orr,ardev«ti  (he  good  wife 
was  rot  thought  for  the  time  being,  a  proptr 
companion.  The  mind  of  the  hunter  was  whoiI| 
•occupied  vvith  the  camp  and  chase. 

I  have  efU'n  seen  the ro  get  up  early  m  the  roorn* 
irg  at  this  season,  walk  hastily  out  and  look  aO' 
xiously  to  the  woods  and  snufTthe  autumnal  windi 
with  the  highest  rapture,  then  return  into  ihi 
bouse  at>d  cast  a  quick  and  attentive  look  at  tbe 
rifle,  which  was  always  suspended  to  o  joist  bji 
oouple  of  bucks  horn»i,  or  little  loiks.  iVis  hunung 
dog  understanding  the  intentions  of  bisintstfr, 
would  wajfttistail  and  by  every  biandishment  in  bii 
power  exprea^  his  readiness  to  accompany  him  ts, 
the  wood|i. 
•  A  day  was  «oon  appointed  for  the  march  of  tbe 
little  cavalcade  to  the  camp.  Two  or  three  horses 
fumis^hed  with  pack  saddJea  ivf.re  loaded  with 
4our,  Indian  mt&lf  blankets  and  every  tbin^;  else 
temiisito  for  the  use  of  the  hunter. 

A  bunding  camp,  or  what  wascalleil  a  half  fa- 
oed  cabin  waa  of  the  following  form;  the  back- 
part  of  it  was  sometimes  a  large  Tog;  at  th^  dis- 
tance of  eight  or  ten  feet  from  this  two  stakes  were 
ee!  in~  the  gri^und  a  few  inches  apart,  and  At  the 
distance  of  eight  or  ten  feet  from  these  two  more, 
to  receive  the  the  ends  of  tbe  poles  for  tbe  aides 
of  the  camp.  The  whole  slope  of  the  roof,  was 
from  the  fiont  to  the  back.  The  eoveriDg  was 
mar)e  of  slabs,  skins,  or  blankets^or  if  in  tbe  apring 
•of  the  y^h  ^^c  ^ark  of  hickory  or  asb  trees.  Tlie 
front  was  left  entirely  open.  The  fire  waa  built 
fllrectly  before  this  opening.  The  cracks  be- 
Iwooiiiie  logs  wero||lfd[  with  moti,  jlry  leaved 


wivTiira. 


m 


f  frved  for  t  htd.  It  is  thus  that  a  couple  of  nt ■« 
ia  a  few  booTf,'  wifl  conatruot  for  thenitelve|,ft 
temporapy,  but  tolerably  eo.i&for(ible  defeoeot 
irom  the  inolemenciee  of  the  weather.  Tba 
beaver,  otten,  tnuikrai  and  squirrel  are  scarceljf 
their  equate  in  'dispatch  in  fabricatiof  for  thenv 
jelTee  aeofert  fron^  the  tempesti 

A  litdo  more  paini  would  have  made'  a  htti- 
ting  eamp  a  defence  against  the  Indiana.    A  ca- 
bin ten  teat  iqu'are,  butlet  'proOf  and  tiiroishaft 
with  ^porl  holes,  would  have  enabled  two  or  thre« 
hunters  to  hold  Wenfy  iodians  at 'bay  for  aof 
length  of « time.    Bat  this  preOaut^on  4  belief* 
was*  never  attended  to;  hence  the  hunters  wer*' 
often  surpt^fed  ami  killed  in  .theiir  camps. 
.     The  site  for  the  camp  was  selected  with  all  th« 
sagacity  of  (be' woodsmen,  so  as  to  have*it  ahelter*; 
<ed  by  th^  surrounding  hills  from  every  win3,  hut> 
Bore^  especially  from  those  of  the  north  and  west* 

An  uncle  of  mine  of  the  name  of  Samuel  Teter 
occupied  the' saine  camp  for  several  yeara  in  suo* 
•cession.    It  waii  situated  on  oqe  of  the  aouthera 
branchea of  Cross  Creek.    Although  f  lived  ma- 
ny ^years' not  more  thain  fifteen  miles  from  the  r 
place,  it  ^arnot  'till  within  a  very  (ew,  years  ftg«.«^ 
that  I  discovered  its  situation.    It  if  as  shewn  me 
by^a  geDttleman  living  In  the  neighbourhood.*^ 
Viewing  the  hills  round  about  it,  I  soon  pereeiv* 
edi!thb'safl»^ty  of  the  hunter  in  the  site  for  hie 
oamp.    Not  a  wind  could  touch  him^  and  unlese 
hy'the^TeBOrt  of  his  gun  or  the  sound  of  his  aae^ 
it  would  naVe^een  %  mere  accident  if 4ya  iediaft  ^ 
^ad  disieovered  his  'Concealment.  .^  . 

HaMiiig  was-  not  a  mere  ramble  in  pursuit  dl 
r 4q-  iliht^h  Ihev  was  ^othioc  ot  fkili  4xA 


■:% 


ite 


UUI7TING. 


iM. 


calculation;  on  the  contrary  the  hunter  before  he 
•et  out  in  the  morning,  was  informed  by  the  state 
of  the  weather  in  what  situation  he  might  reason' 
ably  expect  to  meet  With  his  game;  whether  on 
the  bottoms,  sides  or  tops  of  the  hills.  In  stormy 
weather,  the  deer  always  seek  the  most  shelter- 
ed places,  and  the  leeward  sides  of  the  hills.  In 
rainy  weather,  in  which  there  it  not  much  wind, 
they  keep  in  the  Open  woods  ^n  the  highest 
ground. 

In  every  situation  it  was  requisite  for  the  hun^ 
ter  to  ascertain  the  course  of  the  wind,  so  as  to 
get  the  leeward  of  the  game.  This  ha  effected  hj» 
putting  his  finger  in  his  mouth,  and  holding  it 
there  until  it  became  warm,  then  holding  it,lii 
hove  his  head,  the  sideiwhich  first  becomes  cold 
ihewB  which  way  the.- wind  blows«: 

As  it  was  requisite  too  for  thb  hunter  to  know 
the  cardinal  points,  he  had  only  to^observe  the 
trees  to  ascertian  them.  The  Ka^  of  an  ag«d 
tree  is  thicker  end  much  rougher  on  the  north 
than  on  thi^  ieuth  side.  The  same  thing  may  be 
•aid  of ^  moss,  it  is  much  thicker  and  stronger 
on  thi^l^orth  than  on  the  south  sides  of  the  trees. 

Thl|^lK>le  business  of  the  hunter  cousists  of  a 
fuccesisidh  of  intrigues.  From  morning  'Ull 
iight  he  was  |D  the  alert  to  gain  the  wind  of  his 
j(»me,  and  appp^ich  them  without  being  discover- 
ed. If  he  succeeded  In  killing  a  deer,  ne  skined 
it,  and  hung  it  up  out  of  the  reach  of  the  wolves, 
end  immediatly  resumed  the  i^lse  Hill  the  close 
of  the  evening,  when  he  bent  his  course  ton^ds 
his  camp;  whf  n  arrived  there  he  kindled  ^  his 
.  fireflNytegether  with  his  fellow  l^iinter,  cooked 
hisftuppl^  The  supper  fini*bed,  the  adventures 
of  tht  day  furnished  the  tales  to  the  OTeDi}i>g,-< 


■UlTTf  N6« 


m 


the  8pike  buck,,  the  two  and  three  pronged  bucip 
the  doe  and  barren  doe,  figured*  through  their  ao* 
ecdotes  with  grettt  advantiigo*  It  should  seem 
that  after  hunting  awhile  on  the  same,  ground,  the 
hunters  became  acquainted  with  nearly  all  the 
gangs  of  deer  within  their  range,  so  as  to  know 
each  flock  of  them  wh^n  they  saw  them.  Often 
some  old  buck,  by  the  means  of  his  superior  sft- 
ffftcity  and  watchfulness,  saved  his  little  gang  frond 
the  hunter^s  skill,  by  |[iving  tiriety  notice  of  hit 
approach.  ^The  cunning  o*  the  hunfer^  and  that 
of  the  old  buck  were  slaked  against  each^  otfiiif,'  * 
finA  it  frequently  happened  that  at  the  conclusioo  . 
ot  the  bunting  season,  the  old  fellow  was  left  the 
free  uninjured  tenant  of  his  forest;  but  if  his  rival 
succeeded  in  bringing^  him  down,  the  victory  was 
followed  by  no  small  amount  of  boasting  on  the 
part  of  the  conqueror. 

Wlien  the  weather  was  not  suitable  for  bunting, 
theskins  and  carcases  of  the  game  were  brought 
in  and  disposed  of. 

Many  of  the  hunters  rested  from  their  labOurii 
on  the  Sabbath  day,  some  from  a  motive  of  pietyj; 
Others  said  that  whenever  they  hunted  on  Sundaj^, 
they  were  sure  to  have  bad  luck  oo  the  r^itctf 
the  week.  «|^ 


.'^ 


m 


CHAITER.  Xm 


P<  i 


-:si' 


PpE  atqHg^tiinir«;ftpJ't^^eflrstget|Iementofthii« 
0t»untry,  the  inhabitams  in  geiieml^arriedjoungk 
t  There  vi;a«  no  distinctiott  of  rftnk,  iftd  veiy  lit- 
ih  of  foriune.  On  the»Q  accounti  the. first  impres* 
fliop  of  love  resulted  ininarrlege^«nd  a  faroily  ei- 
lilbliihineBt  eoii  bt»t  •  UlOe  Ubour  ao4  ootbinr 
fi^if'  ' 

A  di^riOtioD  of  a  wedauf  from  the  begining  t§v 
the  end  will  serve  to  shew  ibt  mannen  of  our  fore* 
Hithers  and rm^ik Hhe  grade  of  cit jUEetionlfblclfc 
|r|s  stibccedf  d  to  tHeiMwdt  itileof  aocietyin  the 
bourse  ofa  few  years,  .  . 

At  en  Wly  period,  the  prectioe  of  ^  eelebrajllDg^ 
Ibtei  ipijirrUge  at  tiie  hous^  of-  the  bride  begen,iao4 
tt^s^id  sefi]H^  with  greal-  prc^rieiyr  Slie  b1s# 
^j^stjie  choice  of  W)e  ^cie^t  to  perlbrin  Uie  ewe- 

In  the  firttSi^  of  the  settlement  of  (fiis  coun» 
ti^r,  aweddingTngaged  Ihe  attention-of  a  whole 
neighbourhood ;.jand  the  frolic  was  anticipated  by 
old  end  young  with  eager  exjf|eetatioD.  This  is  not 
to  he  wondered  atvwben  it  it  told  thai  a  wedding 
waj^iitoit  the^y  gpathering  which  vVas  nut  ac- 
0O^BIKwitlj||Kj(|bour  of  reaping,  log  rolling, 
j^bi^r^aning.  soBB  aeot^^orean*^ 


M 


4'^- 


we  wiMilro. 


1t9 


tn  the  morniDg  of  tbe  wedding  dav,  the  grboiiwi 
ftnd  his  at|eDd«atft  aiaeinbled  at  the  house  of  >bis 
father  for  fhe  purpbi^  of  reaching  the  mansion  6f 
his  bride  by  oooo,  which  was  the  usual  time  for 
celebrating  the  nuptials;  which  for  certain  must 
take  place  before  dinner. 

Let  tbe  reader  iitiagine  an  assembtage  of  pep* 
|)le,  without  a  store,  tailor  or  maotuamaker  Witbia 
an  hundred  miles;  and  an  assemblage  of  h<^sef, 
without  a  blacksmith  or  saddleil  within  an  eqiifl 
distance.    Ilie  gentiemen  dressed  in  6boe{^G]if| 
mocassons,  leather  breeches,  leggtns,  lintey  hc^iil*    * 
ing shirts,  and  all  homemade.    The  >i^i<»  dres* 
sed  in  iinsey  pettlcoatcts  and  linsej  or  Une,n  be4 
gowns,  coarse  shoes,  Stockings,  halldl:erchlefi|^ 
and  buckskin  gloves,  if  any*    If  .there  were  aof^ 
bucklef,  rings,  buttons,  or  rufSeSy  they  %%re  the^ 
relick&i;>l  bid  tinesi  family  pieces  from  parebfi 
dft  griina  p^rehts/    The  horses  were  caparidone% 
vrith  did  iiijlalei;  did  bridles  or  hsilteirs,  and ;|>ack4 
laddlesy  with,  a  b^g  or  blanket  thrown  oyer 
them:  a  rope  Or  striii|^  as  often  iopatituted  $he 
girth  M  a  piece  of  leather. 
^Iphe  march,  in  double  fit^  was  tt^ti  vaU(tvipt4. 
^d  by  thd^  naitowpess  and  obatt^tibBi  of>u^7 
borsi  paths,  as  they  were  calle4^|^H|  we  had'  Jidr 
toads;  and  these  diffibuities  weiiPiRen  mcreali' 
e|,  somf  times  by  the  good,  and  sometioaes  by  th#, 
^ill  will  ol  neighbours,  by  falling  trees  and  tyin| 
grape  ?ii|6S  across  •thei  way.    Sometimes  an  am'' 
buscaje  if flis  formed  by  the  ^ray  side,  and  aflLlih'^ 
expected  discharge  of  ^^^^t^Mtfl  ^< 
iojs  to  edrer  the  wedcKnglMw  wi 
Leit  t^Hikder  imagine  the  sc^Pwhl 
edtl^wOharge;  the  suddeu  jpariil  df  tha  bdrs^ 


^ 


4#. 


P^^ 


S^ftk  W19>lpfe-~ 


|§Al^j|irJfkkftOf  tht  gfirls,  Aod  tbe  cblvtlric  buath  4f 
^l^pirfartnerB  to  «&««  them  from  f4llip^.    Some* 
.MD^BSj.iA  §pU9  of'^^i^ll  thtt  could  be  done  to  pn* 
tent  il,  some  wore  thrown  to  the  nound*   jf«^ 
jvristtelhbw,. or. ankle  happened  (obe  »prain«4{|^^ 
VRai-tiedt^witb  a  bank«rcbiof,,aiid'little.more  wif 
.thoi^g^t  t)r; aaid^bout  it.    * 
,  •A*oiKer«ofemony^poiiiiiioiiljf  took"  place  befon 
iiht  ^art|  reaehed  the  house  of  the  bride,  after  thi 
j^aciiceol^iMkiftgwhiskctjbegany  which  was  zi- 
lain  ii|i;l J, period;  when  the  party  were  about  a 
%i|4»  Vfcop  the  place  of  th^ir  d«siiDation,two  young; 
>     men'  would    aiagle   out  to   run    for  the    bet- 
<Ae;  the  vforaor  the  path,  she  more  loga^  brush  an4 
|eep:,}ifil|i^8  the  belter,  as  these  obstacles  afford^ ; 
ail  o^portuoiiy  f»ihe  greater  display  6f  intrepi- 
dity and  borseinanabip. .  Ilhe  jBnglish  foz  chase, 
\^  p^l  of  danger  to  tho ridere  and  titeir  ^^^es,  ii 
Nothing  to  this  raee  fctr^he  bottIe«^  .Theflhrt  was 
tnnouiiee^  by  an  Indian  yelli  logs,  bru^,  0)udd| 
VlUoWs,  hill  arid  g(en„  were  speedily ,  passed  bj ^ 
|bie  rival  ;poi^ies*    xPhe  bottle  was  llirays  filleq 
lor  the  occasion,  so  that  tlMire  was  nb  use  for 
^ud|^fr^  ;for  the  i0t>  who  reached  'the^d«Grwa», 
pf «^eii^e^:with^evprize«  wilh^w^icb  he  returned" 
u^  tfiumph  ^lire^  company.      On  approaGhin|-, 
ibem^  he- a^fliPpcedhif. victory  over  hj»  rival  b^ ; 
|ilBh^i.whroop«     M  the  head  of  tbe  troop,  be 
nve- twB  bottle;  first  to  the  gfoom  and  bta  atteo^ 
^nts,tnd  then  to.  e^ch  pair  \n,  successioAv.to  the* 
mrjjf  the  liRe,>fi^:ing-  each  a  dram;  ;And  theq^ 

the  hesooi  of  jiie  hunting' : 

.the  company f . 
marriage  preceede4thedin- 
T,  whicW  svf^^P^bsiantial  back  woods /east  of 
efy  poi'lc,  IM^  attd^«ametiffleii.  vtni^a.  and 


%**,;^. 


Ml,  WBBMira^' 


bitar  nett  rottted  and  b»iled^  with  ]^ttty  ^ 
IKitatoes,  cabbage,  and  other  vegejablea.  t^pt 
the  dthner  the  greateat  bilaiity  alwajra  preniltdi 
ahhough  the  Cable  night  ba-ft'large  slab  of  timbi|» 
hewed  out  with  a  broad  ate,supported  by  fouraltoka 
aet  io  au|er  holeB;^nd  Ihe  farhiture,  aome  old 
pewter-dishes,  and  plates;  the  rest)  wooden  boWib 
and  trenchers;  a  few  pewter  spoons,  much  battered 
about  the  edge#i  were  to  be  seen  lat  ronne  tabjea. 
The  rest  were  made  of  horns.*  If  JulWea  were 
scarce,  the ^efioi^ncy^waa|nade^  by  the  sca^l:^— 
ing  knives  which  were  carried  in  sheathi  a  us  pcnd?* 
ed  10  the  belt  of  the  bunting  shirt.  * 

At^er-dJoner  the  dancing  eommenco^^*  laiid  go^ 
Jieratty  lastednill  the  next  nwrningrf   l*b#%urc»- 
of  the  dances  we|«   three,   aad  :.fonf   baf)^«||; 
leels,  or  sqiiarf^  iiwtcs;  and  j%s.    The  cdnvinei^* 
"I*  J*  52?  •^*'*y»  •  square  four,  vibiob  wos  follow, 
td  bj  ^|^t;was  called  jjging  it  ol^  that  is^  ti^o  of  ^ 
the  four  would  sioi^leo^t  for  a  jte^and  wefo^ol. 
J(^ed  by  the  remaining- cou|>le.     The  jij^wero- 
•fieh-  accompuiied  «««th  wftat  was  caMed  cunj^iv 
<«rtr  that  ,is|«wfa«n  either  of  the  parties  b^cafu^^ 
^fedmhe  dance,  on  intimaiion  th<a  place  waa 
suppliefd  by  someone  c^  the  eooi^piyir^hoiii  anyr 
interruption  of  >ehe  dance:    lit  3H|^y  a  4lhai« 
Wis  often  continued  4ilLt|teinudi^|Piri^^^^^^^ 
tired  flff  his  situatioi^.    Inward, the  jj^  pjirt  of ' 
m  night,  if  any  pfihe  company,  through  WeaH- 
»eM,  :^terap«d  to  conceal  thewselr^p;  for  th0> 
purpose  of  sleeping  theyiwei^  bubted^ip,  paiadei 
•n  the  iioiir,  and  the  6  ddler  of^^i^o  nf 
outUl  to*oiorro w  morning.'* ^i 

Ahoi^t  nine^  or  ten  o'cJoct,     ^,^      „,^„,^ 
the  youiji^liidies  stole  off  the  brido^  4d  put  her  » - 
nw.v  lidoiag:  this,  itire^aatJy.^ip^enad/tha^t 


US 


tbey  bad  lo  tsccnl!  a  ladder  instead  of  a  pair  of 
tiairt,  leading  from  the  diniog  and  ball  room  \^ 
the  ioft,  tbe^oor  of  wbicb  was  made  of  clspboardb 
lying,  loose  and  vvithout  nails.  This  ascent  oa^ 
might  tbink,  would  put  the  bride  and  b^r  attends 
ants  to  (he  blueh;  but  as  the  foot  pi  the  faddei 
was  pommonty  behind  (he  door«  whieh  ivas  pur- 
posely opened  for  the  occasion^  and  its  rounds  iV 
the  inner  ends  were  weU  hung  nhh  hunting  sbirti 
petticoats,  and  other  articles  of  clothing,  the  can* 
dies  being  on  (be  opposite  side  bf  the  house,  (be 
exit  of  the  bride  was  noticed  but  by  few.  This 
done,  a  deputation  of  young  men  in  like  manner 
at(ble  oflT  the  ^room,  and  placed  him  souj^y  by  tbs. 
aide  of  bis %»d^.  The  danee  still  continued  y^^' 
if  saata  happened  to  be  scarce,  whicb  ^Ji^as  often 
the  case,  every  young  maPf  wlien*  nqf^^ngaged  i^, 
the  dance,  was  crbliged  to  offer  bis  ^  ap,a  6tj^ 
ifof  oneof  tb<^glrlsi  andtbeoff«r  wais  sm  to  be 
apcepted*  jo  the  midst  of  this  hilarity  the  bri^| 
and  groom  iirere  not  forgotteo«  |?reUy  late  in  (^ 
flight,  some  one  vyould  remind  the  company  th«^ 
t|ke  new  couple  must  stand  in  need  of  some  rs^ 
Iresfament:  Uack  fi^^t(T,  ftrbicb  was  the  name  of 
the  bottle^  jSaplIed  for,  and  sent  up  the  ladder; 
biit  tometi  AJIpck  Betty  did  not  go  alpne,  1  hare 
many  itimealiii  as  mnco  bread,  beef,  pork  aai 
cabbage  ieiit  along  with  her,  as  tvould  afford  I 
ago«dm«aiforbau  a  da^ei  birngry  men.  Tb 
joupJT  couple  were  compelled  to  eat  and  drinl^ 
uioil  Of  less,  of  ^.bakiver  was  offered  tb|m, 

"*  co«if||!p;ine  festivity  il  any^^pnted  t^ 

_ie|f  t#^jlNlm,  ftQd  the  young  couple   (o 

oast^he  vrootd  eall  out,  ^  where  is  black  Betty, 

VTf^t  to  kiss  ber  sweet  lips:''  black  Betty  ^ai 

~  iiiiidad  to  bioil  Ibtii  holding  her  up  iii  jbi» 


V- 


VftB  WBBBma. 


i9* 


I^Blband,  we  would  say*  *'  her«*l  httUfi  to  the 
^oni)  odt  forgettfog  myielf;  tnd  her&'f  to^  tfot 
Bride,  thumptng  luck  and,  big  children:"  This, 
80  far  from  oeiog  taften  amiss,  wa8.eon8idered  aa- 
an  eipression^ofav^ry  prpper  and  friendly  wisbf; 
Ibr  big; children,  especially  sons,  were  o^  great  im- 
portance;- as  we  w^re  few  in  numi^er,  and  engaged. 

>  in  perpetual  hostility  with  the  Indians,  the  end  of 
which  no  .one  could  foresee.  Indeed  many  of 
them  seemed  to  suppose  that  war  was-the  natural 
state  of  man,  and' therefore  did:  not  anticipate  any 
conclusion  of  it;  every  big  son'  was  therefore  con^ 
ftidered^s  a  young  soldier. 

Fut'tOreturn.  -  It  often  happened  that  same 
neighbours-or  relations^  ribtbeihgasked  to  the  wed^ 
difig,  tdok  offence^  and'theinode  of  revenge  adop*^ 
ted  by  then^  on  such  occasions,  was  that  of  out* 
ting  off  the  maries,  foretops^.aiid  taih|.oftbe  bdCMt' 
el^ihe  f#ij§df ng  coispany. 

Another  method  of  revenge  whieh  was-  adopted- 
when  then  chastity  of  the  bride  was  a  iittla  suspec^ 

.  led,  was  that  of  setting  up^  a  pair  of  horns  on  polea^. 
or  trees,  on  the  rou4  of  the  wedding  company.-^ 
This  was  a  hint  ta  the  groom  that  be  might  e^ 
pect  to  be  eomplimented  vi1i|i4ti>ai||,oChorB8  bim-r 

On  returning  to  the  infare,  tbe  MJPolpjroces* 
sion,  and  the  race  tor  black  Bfet<y  was  the  same  aa 
befoie.  Tbe  feasting:  and  dandng  oiften  lasted' 
for  sevet'al  days,, at  the  end  of  which  the  whole 
odmpany  were  so  eikhausted  wi^loas  of^8leep,Jtba]^ 
several  ^^s  rest  were  f  64uis^|Pi|^  th 
turn  to  thieir  ordiniii^kbours.     r^lm 

Should^. be  9sked  why  I  have  iifgpP 
pleasant  portrait Jofibe  ra^^  manners  pf  our  ^    ^ 

^^tbi^^  1  ^niyt^tn  would  iMki^md^C)^,^^ 


dyi- 


i 


'"^pP"' 


ISi 


THE  WEpDIFG* 


ftre  you  pleased  with  the  histories  of  the  blood  an| 
carnage  of  battles?  "Why  arc  you  delighted  vritlri 
the  fictions  of  poetry,  the  noypi  and  romanGe^  I 
hare  related  *  truths  and  oiijy  truih|  strange  as  it 
inay  seem.  I  have  depicted  a  state  of  society, 
and  manners,  which  are  fast  vanishing  from  xU 
memory  ot  man,  with  a  view  to  give  the  youth  ti 
our  country  a  knowledge  of  the  advantages  of  cii* 
ilizat ion,  and  to  give  contentment  to  the  agfed,  by 
preventing  them  from  saying  ^*  that  foriner  timet 
were  better  than  the  present." 


Tlie  Mouse  WariMngi 


CHAPTER  XV. 


I  will,  proceed  to  state  the  usual  mafifiersf 
fettling  a  young  couple  in  the  world. 
A  spot  was  selected  on  a  pi^ce  of  land  of  one 
'     parents,  f<mihelr  haDitation.     A  day  wu 
id  sbj^^^^^^r  their  marrage  for  com* j 
^l^^^pK  of  building  their,  cabin.     Tbs; 
iigfue  party  ccmsif^ted  of  cbbppers,whoseJbusin«si| 
was  to  fell  tbfc  treei  and   out  them   off  tt 
grtpef  le*ilgtbs.     A  liuaa  with  i^  teaoi  for  h»ulhi| 


J.     i^S 


THI  HOUSE  WARHINtt* 


%S& 


iial  maiifierof 


theDi  to  (he  n|ace,  and  arranjf^io;  tbem,  properly  ^ 
assorted,  at  the  sides  and  ends  of  the  buildiog,  'a  A 
carpeoter,  ifsucb  be  might  be  called,  whose  tiu- 
sinesa  it  was  to  search  t^e  woods  for  a  proper 
tree  for  making  clapboards  for  the  roof.  Tb« 
tree  for  tlf|s  purpose  rount  b<^  straight  grained  and 
from  three;  to  four  feet  in  diameter.  The  boards 
wera  split  four  feet  long,  with  ajarge  froWf'aod 
as  wtdoas  the  timber  would  allow.  They  were 
used  vrithoUtr  pUiningor  sha?iiig.  Another  di- 
vision wara  eo^lo^ed  in  gettit)g:^uncheons  for 
the  floor  of  the  cabm)' this  waiidOBe  by  splitti^ig 
trees,  about  eighteen  ipches  in  diameter,  apd  hew» 
ing  the  faces  of  the  in  with  a  broad  axe.  They  were 
half  the  leOgth  of  the  floor  they  were  inteoded 
to  make. 

The  rosterials  for  the  cabin  were  mostly  pre** 
pared  on  the  first  day  and  soroettmes  the  foundav 
tion  lai^inthe  eireaing.  The  second  day  waa 
allotted  ^ihe  raising.  - 

I|  the  moaning  of  the  next  day  the  neighboura 
cOlleoted  for  the  raising.  The  first  thing  tabe  done 
was  the  election  of  four  corner  men,  whose  busi- 
ness it  wa«  to  notch  and  place  the  logs.  The  rest 
of  the  company  furttisbed  them  with  the  timbers* 
In  the  meantime  the  boards  and  ptt|^|eona  were 
collecting  for  the  floor  and  roof,  fif^H^  by  the 
time  the  cabin  was  a  few  rounds  hig^K  sl0||lets 
and  floor  began  to  be  laid.  The  door  wat  i&ade 
by  sawing  or  cutting  the  logs  in  one  side  so  as  t« 
make  an  openin|p  about  three  feet  wide.  Thia 
opening-was  secured  by  uprigl^  pieces  of  tir^ 
about  three  inches  thick  throujiwhicth  holey 
bored  into  the  ends  of  the  logs  ibr  $||  puif^ 
pmninf  them  fast.  A  similar  opeliitfg,  but^ 
wa8nadaatihlend£»rlhechiiittiey.    Thia  waa^ 


M 


n9 


THt  'Booffi  wAionira. 


"■'IP 


built  of  logs -and  made  large  to addlit  of  n'hHk 
<and  jama  MHoae.  At  the  square,  tiro  emd  logi 
proj^eied  afoot  or  eigbtean  inchea  beyond  the  wiM 
to  receive  (lie  butting  -poles,  as  theywere  cal^ 
against  which  the  endaof  tjie  lirst  row  ofcli^ 
lioards  was  supported.  Tl^e  i^of  waa  formed  hj 
making  the  end  logs  shorter  until  a  single  log 
formed  (he  comh  of  the  roof,  on  these  logs  (h« 
clap*  boards  were  placedjthe  ranges  of  them  Up. 
^iog  some  ^stance  over  those  n«itt>elow  (hen 
;arid  Iriipt  in  thiir  placesty  logs,  placed  at  pro^ 
Pittances  uoon  thrai.  * 

The  Toor,  and  aometimes,the  floor  were  finiBhed 
on  the  same  d»y  of  tlie  raising.  .  A  third  da}  wii 
•canunonly  apent1)y  a  few  carpenters  ia  level- 
ingofftbe  floor,  making  a  clap  .'board  door  and 
a  tabla;  This  last  waa  made  of  a  apUt  sls^ 
lu^d  supported  by  four-round  legs  selTn  auger 
bolea.  Some  three  legod  albOls^  wer^made  .^ 
the  same  manner.  Some  pios,atuok  in  the  Jogt.  it 
the  back  ■  ar  the  liouae  •  tuported  ..soma  .  clia, 
Ijoarda  which  s«»rved  forahelv^s  for  the  tsbls! 
futBiture  A  single vfotic,  placed  with  its  loww 
ond  in  a  hole  io  the  floor  and  Ihe  lipper  end  fasten* 
ed  to  a  joistjerved  for  a  bed  stead, %y  pljicing  i 

ie  In  tha%#k  wi^b  one  «nd  thrpueh  a  am 


pole  In  thr^k  with  one  «nd  througli  a  «rack 
4»mw<^tl^pgs  Of  the  wall.  Thia  front  pols 
wa^^^jpHsei  liy  a  i(horter  one  within  the  fori, 
-wilb  iii^^er  end  through  another -crack.  From 
ihe  frcinf  pole,  through  a  «rack  between  the  Jogs  of 
^he  end  •of  the  hous^  die  boards  were,  put  on 
»ks^^  formed  tfad1)ott^nr  of  lire  bed.  Sonie  times 
ssi  'Wife  pinned^oihe  fdi*  a  little  dis- 
i?e  thase;  for  the  purpo«<^  of  supporting 
Wnd^  foot  t>f  the  %ed,^hile  the  walls 
-^«Pportrof-4t»  liiik  i^dThead,   Afew 


■m 


^. 


THE  H0V8B  WARMINH. 


1S7 


^egs  around  the  walls  for  a  display  of  the  coats  cC 
the  women,  and  buntiog  shirts  of  the  men,  and  tw^ 
small  forks  or  bucks  horns  to  a  joist  for  the  rifle 
and  shot  pouch,  completed  the  carpenter  work. 

la  the  mean  time  masons  were  at  work.  With  the 
heart  pieces  of  the  timber  of  which  the  clapboards 
were  made,  they  made  billets  for  chunking  up 
the  cracks  between  the  logs  of  the  cabin  and  chim- 
ney, a  large  bed  of  niortaT  was  made  for  daubing 
up  those  cracks;  a  fev/  stones  forined  the  back 
and  jambs  of  the  chimney. 

The  cabin  being  firnished,  the  "ceremony  Of 
house  warming  took  place,  before  the  young  coii« 
pie  were  permitted  to  move  into  it. 

The  house  warming  was  a  dance  of  •  whole 
night's  continuance,  made  up  of  the  relations  of 
the  bride  and  groom,  and  their  neighbours.  Oh 
the  day  following  the  young  couple  toiA:  ^Ofli^ 
t4on  Of  ^eir  dtw  ndaniHoii. 


Cte 


41 


'■•?«.. 


s^ 


f: 


m 


Workings 

CHAPTER  XVI. 


IViE  necessary  Itboare  of  the  farms  along  the 
frontiers,  were  performed  with  every  danger  and 
idifficulty  innmaginable.  The  whole  f  opulation  of 
4be  frontiers  huddled  together  in  their  little  forts, 
left  the  country  with  every  appearance  of  a  de- 
serted region;  and  such  would  have  bean  the  o- 
jiinion  of  a  traveller  concerning  it;  if  be  had  not 
«een  here  and  there,  some  smaU  fields  of  ^corn,  or 
•tber  f  rain  in  a  growing  state. 

It  is  easy  to  immagina  what  losses  niust  bava 
.%een  sustained  by  our  first  settlers  owing  to  this 
deserted  state  of  their  farms.  It  was  not  the  fuH 
ineasore  of  their  trouble,  that  they  risked  their, 
lives  and  (tften  lost  them,  in  subduing  the  forest 
:«nd  turning  it  into  fruitful  fields;  but  compelled 
to  leave  them  in  a  deserted  state  during  the  sum- 
mer season,  a  jl^^ftt  part  oi  the  fruits  of  their  la- 
l^urS  ttttf  l<!9it  %  "lis  untoward  tiroumstance. 
Their^fbi 
9folvesM| 

were  eitin  let  into  their  fields,  through  brea«beB 
made  in  their  fences  by  the  falling  of  trees,  and 
jff^uently  almost  the  wbo|e  of  a  little  crop  of  corn 
lislriB^ed  by  squirrels  and  raccoons,  so  than 
ly  Iwiilies, '  and  after  an  hazardous  a»i  )%• 
„  lious  spring  and  summer;  had  but  little  leit  ^ 
|iai|if»Bfarl  tf  the  dreary  winter^ 

^- . '%'.    *  ;-" 


''and  hogs,  were   devoured  by  the 
thers,  and  bears.    Horses  and  cattle 


VrORiflNG. 


f^ 


t*he  earl^  settlers  on  the  frontiers  of  this  60un<<' 
try,  were  like  Arabs  of  the  desert  of  Africa,  inr 
at  least  two  respects,  every  man  was  a  soldier^ 
arid  from  early  in  the  spring,  'till  late  in  the  fair 
was  almost  continually  in  arms.  Their  work  waa 
often  carried  on  by  parties,  each  one  of  whom  had 
his  rifle  and  every  thinj;  else  belonging  io  hia 
war  d^e^s.  These  were  deposited  in  some  central 
place  inthe  field.  A  ceniinel  was  stationed  on  the 
outride  of  the  fence,  so  that  on  the  IvaSt  alarm  the: 
whole  company  repmred  to  their  arms,  and  were 
resdy  for  the  combat  in  a  moment. 

Here  again,  the  rashness  of  some  families  pro-* 
vcd  a  sourse  of  difficutiy.  histead  of  joining  the 
working  parties,  thfy  went  out  and  attended  t!  eir 
farms  by  thcmsrres,  and  in  case  of  alarm,  an  ex- 
press was  sent  for  them,  and  sometimes  a  parly 
of  men  to  guard  them  to  the  fort.  These  fami- 
lies, in  some  indtances,  could  boast  that  they  h»»d 
belter  crops,  and  were  every  way  better  provided 
for  the  winter,  than  their  neighbours.  In  other 
instances  their  temerity  cost  them  their  lives. 

In  military  affairs,  when  every  one  concerned  is 
lefi  (o  his  own  vhII,  matters  are  sure  to  be  but  badly 
managed.  The  whole  frontiers  of- Pennsylvania 
and  Virginia  presented  a  succes^^  ^{jB^^'^^^^y 
camps  or  forts,  we  had  military  <^>uicif^|M:  is  i^ 
say,  captains  and  colonel;  but  they  itBiy  res- 
pects,  were  only  nominally  such.  They  l^d  ad* 
vise;  but  not  command.  Those  who  chose  to  follow^ 
their  advise  did  so,  to  such  an  extent  as  suited  their 
fancy,  or  interest.  Others  were  refractory  Jiid" 
thereby  gave  much  trouble.  These  officeta  w6^|d 
lead  a  scout,  tr  compaign.  Those  who  ihoujlt 
proper  to  accompany  them  did  so,  those  who  did 
not  remained  at  hoioe.    Public  cil^m  m     ' 


i4^ 


UEClUMtC  ARTA* 


f  nly  punifehment  for  their  lai^ineis  or  cowardice. 
There  wos  no  compulsion  to  the  performance  of 
3ni1itary  duties^  and  no  pecuniary  reward  when 
they  were  performed'. 

It  is  but  doing  jusiiee  to  the  first  settlers  of 
this  country  to  say^that.  instances  of  disobedience 
of  families  and  individuals  to  the  advice  of  our 
officers,  were  by  no  means  numerous.  The  grea- 
ter number  chftet  fully  submited  to  their  directioni 
with  a  j^rQlPpt^aud  I'aitbful  ohcdieoce. 


Mechanic   %3lrts. 


CHAPTER  XVIIi 


in  gjyng  tl4tklstory  of  the  stats  of  the  mechan- 
ic artaSuh^ey  were  exercised,  at  an  early  period 
of  the  ialmmebl  of  thi»  country,  Ftshall  present 
a  peop]^^  driven  by  necesaity  to  perform  works  of 
mechanical  skill,  iFar  beyond  what  a  person  en- 
joy|ii«  all  the  advantages  of  civilization,  would  ex- 
IHBejt from.a  population  piaced  io  such  destitute' 
djpcumatancet. 
iMy  reader,  wiH  naturally  ask  where  W)ere  their 
mills  for  grinding  grain  ?  Where  their  tanners  for. 
anakkii;  leather  ^    Where  their  smith  shopafor  lBa^ 


\ 


BiKCnANiG  ART9. 


141 


king  and  repairing  their  farmir|f  utensils?  Wha 
were  their  oarpeoters,  tailori<,  cabinet  wcrkfiieb, 
shoemakers,  and  weavers?  The  answer  is,  those 
manufacturers  did  not  exist,  nor  had  they  any 
tradesnaen,  who  were  professedly  such.  Every 
family  were  under  the  necessity  of  doing  every 
thing  for  themselves,  as  well  as  they  could. 

The  hoioiny  block,  and  hand  mills,  wers  in  use 
ill  most  of  our  houses.  The  first  was  made  of  a 
large  block  of  wood  about  three  feet  long,  with 
an  excavation  burned  in  one  end,  wide  at  the  top^ 
and  narrow  at  at  the  bottom,  so  ^hat  the  action  o^ 
the  pestle  on  the  boffbm  threw  the  corn  up  to 
the  sides  toward  the  lop  of  it,  from  whence  it  con  : 
tinutlty  fell  down  into  the  centre. 

In  consequence  of  this  movement,  the  whole  mast 
of  the  giain  was  pretty  equally  subjected  to  the 
strokes  of  the  pestle.  In  the  tall  of  the  year  while 
the  indian  corn  was  soft,  the  block  and  pestle  did 
very  wellfor  making  mealfor  johneycake^arid  muKli  ;^ 
but  were  rather  slow  when  the  corn  bi^caine  hard. 

The  sweep  was  sometimes  used  to  lessen  the 
toil  of  pounding  grain  into  meal.    This  was   a 
pole  of  some  springy  elastic  wood,  thirty  feet  long 
or  more,  the  but  end  was  placed  u'lder  the  side 
of  an  house,  or  a  large  stump,  this  pole  was  sup-, 
ported  by  two  forks,  placed  aboat  one  ^Ifd  of  Hr 
length  from  the  but  end  so  as  to  el^a0  the  smalt 
end  about  fifteen  teet  from  the  groundftb  this  ivas 
attached,  by  a  large  mortise,  a  piece  of  a  sapling 
about   five,  or  six  inches  in  diameter  and  viglu  or 
ten  feet  long.    'Die  lower  end  ofthii  was:|^aped^ 
so  ab  to^answer  for  a  pestle.    A  pin  of  wood  ttlfput 
through  it  at  a  proper  height,  so  that  two  pmoot^ 
4^uld  Work  at  the  sweep  at  once.    Thia  toipple 


...^-^ 


Ht 


sffiGiAAmd  AkTi* 


machine  very  much  IlBMOfied  the  labour,  iDil^ez* 
pedited  the  work. 

I  remember,  that  when  a  boy  I  put  up  an  exr 
cellent  sweep  ^  my  fathers,  ft  was  made  of  a  su- 
gar tree  sapling.  It  was  kept  going  almost  con- 
fttantiy  from  morning  till  nigjit  bf  our  neighbours 
for  several  weeks. 

Its  tb»  Qreenbriar  country  where  they  had  9u 
number  of  saltpetre  eayoo,  the  first  settlers  made 
.plenty  of  ejeelleot  gun         I  ?  by  the  means  of 
liK>8e  sweepa  and  mortar^ 

A  machine,  still  more  silpple  t^an  the  morfar 
and  pestle  was  used  for  making  meal,  while  the 
corn  was  too  soft  to  be  beaten.  U  ws^s  called  a 
grater.  This  was  a  half  circular  piece  of  tin, 
perforated  with  a  punch  from  the  concave  side, 
and  nailed  by  its  edges  to  a  block  of  wood.  The 
ears  of  corn  were  rubed  on  the  rough  edges  of 
the  holes,  while  the  meal  fell  through  them  en 
the  board  or  block,  to  which  the  grater  was  nailed,, 
which  being  in  a  slanting  direction,  discharged 
the  meal  iritc  a  cloth  or  bowl  placed  for  U»  recep- 
tion. This  to  be  sure  was  a  slow  way  of  makiog 
meal;  but  necessiiy  has^nola^. 

The  hand  mill  was  better  than  the  mortar,  and 
grater.  U  wm  madip  of  two  circular  stones,  the 
lowest  of  nihioh  was-  called  the  bed  stone,  the 
upper  one  the  runner.  These  were  placed  in 
1:;  hoop,  with  a  spout  for  discharging  the  meal.— 
A  sthU  tvas  let  into  a  hole,  in  tlie  upper  surface 
of  lhe,,ru8ncr,  near  the  outer-edge,  and  its  up- 
per^i^  through  a  bole  in  a  board  fastened  to  a 
J0i»|^bove,  so  that  two  persons- cjijuld  be  employed- 
in  %rning  the  mill^j&t  the  san)e  titoe.  The  g;raiat 
was  put  iJrto  the  openinij,  in  th*  runner  by>  hand* 
Xb«fe  miils  aCi^  still  in  use  iki.  I^alestioe,  the  anr- 


J 


mcRAmo  MKm^ 


Ui^ 


tfientcowitry  ofthe  Jfews.  To  v  niiUoflhissorlr: 
out  Saviour  alluded,  wheo;  with  rcfcienoe  to  tbo 
(f^truetiotl  of  Jaru»alein  he  wid  "Ttro  wooae* 
shall  be  grinding  at  »jRill,  the  ooe  sball  be  take» 
and  the  other  left.'* 

This  mill  ifl  much  preferaWe  to  that  used  at 
preient  in  upper  Egypt,  for  making:  the  dhouf- 
ra  bread.  It  is  a  smooth  8ton<?,  placed  on  o4i  in- 
clined plain  upon  which  the  grain  is  sfn^ead,  wbidi 
is  made  into  meal,  b}F^  rubing,  another  stone  up 
and  down  upon  it. 

Our  first  water  milli^  were  of  that  discHp* 
t ton  denominated  tub  mills.  Il  consisis  of  a 
perpendicuhir  shaft,  to  the  lower  end  of  which 
an  horizontal  wheei  of'  about  four  or  fiv<e  feet 
diameter  is  attached^  the  u^pper  end  passes  through 
the  bedfeftone  and  carriea  the  rwyner  aAer  the 
manner  of  a trundleheadv,  Thiese  millswere built 
with,  very  little  expenee,  and  many  of  them  ao4 
swered  the  purpose  very  well. . 

Instead  of  bolting^clothsv  sifters  were  in  general 
use.  These,  were  made  of  deer  skins  in  the  state 
of  parchment,  atretched  over,  an  hoop  aud  pver^ 
{iorated  with  a  hot  wipE>i  '^      '•  ' 

Our  clothing  ^^as  afT  bf  domestic  manufaci^ 
lure.    We  had  no  other  resource  for  clothing.,  and 
this  indeed,  was  a  poor  one.    The  crogf  '6f  flais. 
often  failed,  and  the  sheep  were  destroyitoy  the 
wolves.   Lihsey,  Which  is  made  of  flax^and  wool, 
the  former,  the  chain  and  the  latter,  the  lillir^gy  wait 
ttie  warmest  and  nnost  sdbslanti&l  cloth  we  could 
make.    Almost  every  house  contained  a  loom,  Mid 
almost  every  woman  was-a  weaver. 

Every' family  tanned  their  own  leatheri    Tfe 
tfn  vat  was  a  large  trough  sunk  to  the  uppaa^ 
^^  io  the  ground.    A  quantity  of  bark  waa  ea? 


144 


MECHANIC  ARTfl. 


sily  obtained  every  Spring,  ID  clearing  and  (tuii 
ing  l»nd.    This  after  dryings  ivas  brought  in «o(I 
in  wet  days  was  shaved  and  pounded  on  a  bl«c|( 
of  wood,  with  an  axe  or  mallet*    Ashes  was  usedf  | 
in  place  of  lin>£  for  taking  off  the  hair,    fieari 
oil,  hogs  lard  and  tallow,  answered  the  place  of] 
Ash  oil.    The  leather,  fo  be  sure  was  coarse;  but 
it  was  substantially  good.     The  operation  of  cur* 
rying  was  performed  by  a  drawing  knife  with  its 
edge  turned,  after  the  manner  of  a  currying  knife,  j 
The  blacking  for  the  leather  was    made  of  scot 
and  fcegslard.  ^  . 

Almost  every  family  contained  its  own  tailor8j| 
tnd  shoemakers.    Those    who  could  not  make 
shoes,  could  make  shoepaeks.    These  like  mocas' 
sons  were  made  of  a  single  piece  of  leather  with 
the  exception  of  a  tongue  piece  on  the  top  of  tbi 
foot.    This  was  about  uvo  inches  broad  and  cir* 
cnlar  at  the  lower  end.    To  this  the  main  piece 
of  leather  was  sewed,  with  a  gathering  stich.    The 
Beam  behind  was  like  that  of  a  mocasson.    To 
the  Aboepack  a  boal  was  sometimes  added.    The 
women  did  the  tailor  work.    They  could  all  cut 
out  and  make  hunting  shirts,  leggins  and  drawers, 
^    The  state  of  society  which  existed  in  our  country 
mt  fin  early  period  of  its  settlement,  is  well  calculate)  I 
to  calUnto  action  every  native  mechanical  geDiou8.{ 
This  happened  in  this  country.    There  was  in  al* 
most  every  neighborhood^  some  one  whose  nalu^  I 
ral  ingenuity  enabled  bim  to  do  many  things  for] 
himself  and  his  neighbours,  far  above   what  could 
have  been  reasonably  expected.      With   tlie  few 
loots  which  they  brought  with  them  into  the  coun* 
try,  they  certainly  performed  wonders.     Their  1 
plows,  barrows   with  their   wooden    teeth,   audi 
^eda  were  io  many  instances  weU  made*    Tbe^ 


MECHANIC  ART^. 


145 


\  own  tailors: 


aL^.. 


eooper  ware,,  which  comprehended  ever;  tbin^p 
for  holding  milk*  and  water,  waa  generally  pretty 
weU  executed.  The  ccder  ware  by  having  al- 
ternatly  a  white  and  red  stave,  was  then  thought 
beautiful,  many  of  their  puncheon  floor's  were  ve- 
ry neat,  their  joints  close  and  the  top  even  a«d 
smooth.  Their  looms,  although  heavy  did  very 
well.  Those  who  could  not  exercise  these  me* 
chanic  arts,  were  under  the  necessity  of  giving  la* 
hour,  or  barter,  to  their  neighbours  to  exchange  for 
fbe  use  of  them,  so  far  as  their  necessities  required.     ^., 

An  old  Bian  in  my  father's  neighborhood  had  thefl|P 
art  of  turning  bowls,  frotn  the  knots  of  trees,  par«  » 
ticularly  those  of  the  ash.  In  what  way  he  did  it» 
£  do  not  know:  or  whether  there  was  much  mys- 
tery in  bis-  art.  Be  that,  as  it  may,  the  old  man'i 
skill  was  in  great  request  as  well  turned  woodeA 
bo  wis. were  aonongstaur  first  rate  article*  of  house- 
hold furnitwre. 

My  brothers,  and  myself  once  undertook  to  pro*' 
eure  a  fine  s'sit  of  these  bowls  made,  of  the  best 
wood,  the  ash..  We  gathered  ali  we  could  find  on 
our  father'i  land  and  took  them^to  theartbt,  who 
was  to  jive,  as  the  saying  was  one,  half  for  the  o- 
ther.  He  put  the  knots  in  a  branch  before  hie 
do^r.  A  freshet  came  and  swept  theai  all  away. 
Not  one  of  them  was  ever  found.  This  was  a  , 
dreadful  miaforlune.  Our  aitticipati0it  of  aa 
elegant  display  of  new  bowls  was  utterly  blasted 
in  a  moment,  as  the  poor  old  man  was  not  able  to 
repair  our  loss,  or  any  part  ofit. 

My  father  possessed  a  meebanioe]  geoiouaof  th0 
highest  order,  and  necessity  which  is  the  mother 
of  invemioO)  occasioned  the  full  exerciic  of  hista* 
lents.  His  farming  utensils  were  the  best  in  the 
Beighbourhood.    Aftes  makiDg  his  bom;,  lie  oC^a 


14^ 


SIECIUNIO  ARTS. 


,  .te 


used*  it,  as  a  weaver.  AH  t!ie  shoes  belonging  to 
the  family  were  mnde  by  himself.  He  alway* 
spun  his  own  shoe  thread.  Saying  (h&t  no  wo- 
man coold  spin  shoe  thready  as  well  as  he  could. 
His  cooper  ware  was  made  by  i)iiT)se)f.  1  have 
seen  him  mak^a  sataH,  neat  kind  of  wooden  ware 
•ailed  set  ivork,.  in  which  the  st(\vfs,.vvere  all  at> 
tacbed  to  the  bottom  of  the  vessel,  by  tlte  nncans  of 
a  groove  cut  in  them  by  a  strong  claps  knife, 
and  small  chisel)  before  a  single  hoop  v\as  put  ofi. 
Ho  was  sufficiently  the  carpenter  to  build  the 
best  kind  of,  houses  then  in  use,  that  is  to  say 
first  a  cabin,  and  afterwards  the  hewed  log  house^ 
with  a  shingled  roof.  In  his  tatter  years  he  be* 
came  sickly,  and  not  heing  able  to  lebour,  ke  a- 
'mused  himself  with  tolerably  good  imitatioLS  of 
cabinet  work.. 

Not  possesing  sufficient  healib  for  service  on 
the  scouts,  and  campaigns,  his  duty  was  that  of 
Impairing  the  rifles  of  his  neighbours,  when  they 
Deeded  it.  In  this  business  he  manifested  a  high 
degree  of  ingenuity.  A  t^mall  depression  on  the 
surface  of  a  stump  or  log  and  a  wooden  mallet, 
were  his  instruments  for  straightening  the  gun  bar- 
rel when  crooked.  Without  the  aid  of  a  bow  string 
he  could  discover  the  smallest  bend  in  a  barrel* 
With  a  bit  of  steel,  he  could  makea  saw  for  deep- 
'^niog  the  fuFrow8,.when  requsite.  A  few  shots  de« 
termined  whether  the  guo  might  be  trusted. 

Although  he  never  bad  been  more  than  hs 
weeks  at  school;  he  was  nevertbelef;s  a  first  rats 
penmaD,and  a  good  arithmetician.  His  penman- 
ftbip  was  of  great  service  to  his  neigbdours  ia 
writing  letters,  bonds,  deeds  of  conreyaoce,  &c. 

Young  ae  I  was,  I  was  possed  of  an  tat  whicb{< 
.wal  o)f  great  use.    It  wag  that  o(.  wenving.  sk^^V 


&*t„ 


jiEDiciin:. 


147 


pouch  str«p8)  belts,  an%  garters.  I  could  make 
my  loom  and  weave  a  beli  in  lens  than  one  day^— 
Having  a  piece  of  board  about  four  feet  long,  an 
inch  auger,  spike  gimlei,  and  a  drawing  knife;  I 
needed  no:other  tooU  or  materials  for  making  any 
loom. 

It  frequently  happened, 'that  my  weaving  proved 
serviceable  to  the  family,  as  I  often  sold  a  belt  for  a 
days  work,  or  making  an  hundred  rails.  So  thM 
although  a  boy,  I  could  exchange  my  labour  for 
Hiat  of  a  full  grown  person,  for  ao  equal  length  of 
time. 


5 

J^Iedicine. 


JCHAPTER    XVin. 


This  amongst  •  rude  and  illeterate  people,  cdf|| 
sisted  mostly  of  specificks.  As  far  as  I  can  rec(M^ 
lect  them,  they  shall  be  innumerated,  together 
with  the  diseases  for  which  they  were  used. 

The  diseases  of  children  were  mostly  ascribed  (• 
worms.  For  the  expulsion  of  which  a  selu* 
tion  of  conunoD  salt  was  giren*  The  dose  wai 
always  large.  I  well  remember,  having  been  cem- 
j^dledto  ttke  hilft  table  spoon  ftill^  when  ^uilf 


148 


Sl£DieiM. 


7^ 


•mall.    To  the  best  of fpy  recolleclion  it  geMN 
ally  answered  the  purpose. 

Scrapings  of  pewter  spoons,  wac  another  len. 
edy  for  the  worms.  This  dose  was  also  largo,  i> 
mounting,!  should  think,  from  twenty  tofortygraiu 
It  was  commonly  given  in  sugar. 

Sulphate  of 'iron,  or^green  coperas  was  a  third 
remedy  for  the  worms.  The  dose  of  this  was  al* 
80  larger  than  w«  should  venture  to  give.at  this 
time. 

For  burns  a  poultice  of  indian  lineal  was  i 
common  remedy.  A  poultice  of  scraped  -potatoei 
was  alse  a  favourite  remedy  with  some  people. 
Roasted  turnips,  made  into  a  poultice  was  used  by 
'Others.  Slippery  elm  bark  ivas  often  used  in  the 
seme  way.  I  do  not  recollect  that  any  iir* 
ternal  remedy,  or  bleeding  was  -vver  used  for 
/bums. 

The  croup,  or  whpt  was  then  trailed  the  **BoM 
liives"  was  a. common  disease  amoDg  tlie  children, 
many  of  whom  di^d  of  it. 

For  the  Cure  of  this,  the  juice  ofYoasted  onion 
or  garlick  was  g^iven  in  large  dosea.  Wall-ink 
^as  also  a  favourite  remedy  with  manj  of  the  tilt 
ladies.  For  fevers,  swearing  was  (he  genenl! 
remedy.  This  was  generallj^  performed  by  meabi 
•cf  a  strong  decoction  of  ▼irginia  snake  root.  Tbe 
iose  Was  always  v^rylirg^^.  If  a  tiurge  was  a^e(t,it ; 
Wtts  idmut  half  a  pint  of  a  strongdf^coclioii  of  whitu 
fralnut  bark.  Thia,  virhen  intended  for  a  putge,  Wai 
peeled  doivniii^arda;  W  for  a  vomit  it  iVaa  peeldl 
vpwaids.  Ito^'aii  pb^  sick,  or  boi^aiif  root,  a  spe* 
eies  of  epicacuanha  nvaB  frequently  lised  for  a 
tomit  ana  sometidites  the  pocooti  or  blood  root 

T6t  tbef  bft^  of  a^rattfe,  or  copper  strak^,  a  greit 
tMltgf  6fii)«ciAoa  w«ra  usad.  Iram^berwbeifi 


Will  W  ip  hare  M#ft  m«p  bitlffV  ^  »5J^« 
•oilw  bfiwhi  into  tHe  fort  «»  •  »M\bML  ^w^^ 

th^il^  #M >S  inUiplecei  of  fkoal  {wo mchjtt 
10  loBiUyjpUt  open  Ui  tuoomioo,  md  Iwd  on  tiie 
wowlW'fraw  oitlbe|K>i|oi,w  tUy  ewetjrf 
it  Wbtii  thU  WM  over,  t  firie  wm  kwdlrf 
Upiiitlirfort  jwd  wd  the  wholo  of  th;  wMPoent 
birned  to  ishoHby  «n!|of  wengo  for  aie|fipuiy 

helii^donew  .  ■.■^  .  .s^     M^H 

After  this  process  wu  ofer^  •  JW  flutiititj  env 
oberaut  l^fea  w m  colleoted  end  boiled  nr »J0t* 
Tbe  whole  of  Ibe  wounded  mMi^  leg  end  pirt  wbit 
<hiih  were  pieced  in  e  niece  of  cbeenut  berk, fmb 
ffovi  tbe  tree,  end  tbe  decoction  ponredon  tbe  Jeg 
80  ii  lb  mn  down  into  tbe  pot  egain;  nflttr  contsn- 
vans  thii  prooese  (or   ##0^  time,  a  quanug'  , 
ollbe  bwred  learet  were  bited  Ui  tbe  leg,    Ty»§ - 
wan  repeated  several  tiiiief  a  day.    Tbe  man  Pf  ^^^ 
well:  but  whether  owliig  to  tbe  treat|nentbeetown 
<ed  on  bis  iround,  ie,  not  so  uerlain.        ^  ^     . 

A  nuoiber  of  native  plants  were  used  for  tbe 
cure  of  snake  bites.  Among^  them  the  white 
plantain  held  a  bigli  rank.  This  was  boiled  ua 
.  milk  and  the  decoction  giYen  the  patient  in 
1^  mmntities.  Akind  of  fern,  which  from  Its 
tes^iAance  to  tbe  leases  <tf  walnut,  was  capMl 

S^nut  fern,  wee  anowr  wmedf.  AnlantwiOi 
Miius  r^otS)  resembling  the  seneiia-snake  roo^ef 
a  bla^  ^<our  and  a  strong,  but  not  disagreepa 
sma^  WM  considered  and  relied  on  as  the  in- 
^nn  ipeeiic,  for  tfaie  cure  of  the  sting  ot  a  soaka* 
f  A  decoction  of  this  root  was  also  used  for^tbA 
^  ^a^   laotber  jf^  wl^cb  far|p«pr 


imo  4ist>ioiffK. 

leflembles  tb^  one  above  mentioned;  but  violently 
jpoiionouB,  wad  soinetinies  mistaken  for  it  and  uied 
in  ifs  plaee.  I  knew  ti^o  young  wonten  who 
JQ  consequence  of  being  bitten  by  rattle  snakei, 
.tised  tbe  poisonous  plant  instead  of  the  othfr, 
and  learly  lost  their  lives  by  themistake^  The 
roots  were  applied  to  their  legs  in  tl^e  .form  of  a 
])ou}tice,  tbe  violent  burning  and  swelling  oc- 
,«asioned  by  the  inflamation,  discovered  the  mis- 
take m  tipie  to  prevent  them  from  taking  any 
-'*  tbe  decoction,  which  had  they  done,  it  would 

ve  been  instantly  fatal.  It  Was  with  difficulty 
that  tbe  part  to  which  the  poultice  was  applied 
ivas  saved  from  mortUtcation^  so  that  tbereni- 
edy  was  far  worse  than  the-diseasp. 

Cupping,  sucking  tbe  wound  and  making  deep 

isions  which  wer^tilled  with  salt  and  gun 
der,  were  amon^tihe   remedies  for  snake 

8.  It  does  not  apprtfar  to  me, that  any  of  the  in- 
rnal  remedies  used  the  by  Indians  and  the  first 
.iettlers  of  thi»yCountry,  were  well  adapted  for  the 
cure  of  the  disease  occasioned  by  thef  bif«s  of  a 
anake.  The  poison  of  a  snake  like  that  of  a  bee 
ht  wasp,  must  consist  of  an  highly  ^concentrated 
m^  very  poisor^us  acid,  which.instantly  inflames 
the  part  to  wkjich  it  is  applied.  That  any 
aUbstance  whatever,  can  act  at  a  specific  for  the 
decomposition  ef  thiia  poison,  seems  altogether 
idoiibtful.  The  cure  of  the  fevei*  occasioned  by 
this  animal  poison,  must  be  effeOted  with  re- 
fet'ence  to  those  getieral  iadications  tvhich  are 
regarded  in  the  ^uife  of  Other  ifeveiv  of  i^jual 
Ibree.  The  ioternal  remedies  aiiuded  to^  s*#' for 
«|  I  am  a€4)uainted  with  them  are  posited  of 
0/d»  or  no  medical  efficacy.  They  are  ^t  isme- 
gcs,  cathdUcs,  or  sudurifics.    Wbat  then^  Tbejf 


Ufeoiciscc. 


isr 


d  t04  soTfiir 


treliarittlesi  lubataiicel which  do  wondcw  in  all 
tboie  cnwf  in  which  there  it  nothing  to  be  doiie. 

the  truth  i«^he  bile  o£a  rattle  or  copper  wko 
irt  a  fleshy  or  tcDderous  part,  where  the  blood  vef. 
selarc  neither  uumeroui  or  large,  soon  heale* 
under  aay  kind  of  treatment.  But  whpn  tBe 
fangs  of^  the  serpent,  which  are  hollow  and  e- 
JBCt  the  poison  through  an  oriaoe  near  the  poiptay 
penetrate  aWood  fessel  of  any  coosideraple  »i«e, 
a  malignant  and  ineuraWe  fever  waa  gener- 
ally the  immediate  consequence  andthe  patient 
often  expired  in  the  first  paroxysm.      .    -  ^ 

The  same  oiwepvaiioos  apply  tothe  eflfecta  of  the- 
Hite  of  serpents,  when  inflicted  on  beasUi.  Korsef 
were  frequently  killed  by  them,  aCthey  were  opin- 
inooly  bitten  somewhere  about  the  nose  in  whicb 
the  blood-vessels  are  numergna  and  lar^e.  'ono^ 
gaw  a  horse  die  of  the  bitApf  a  rattle  snike,^ 
The  blood  for  some  t\m  befora  he  expired 
exuded  in  great  qoaatitf  through  the  pores  of  the 
skin*'*  ., i'*    ■ ' " i-^:.,-',^  '.  ' 

Cattle  were  lesafrequenlly  killed,  because  tl^^'r 
noses  are  of  a  grisly  texture,  and  less,  furni^^hed 
with  blood  msels  than  those  of  a  horse.  P«>gi 
were  someUnii^s  bitten  andbeing  naturrally  phy^V 
tiians  they  commonly  scracbed  a  bole  iii  eome 
damp  piacO  and  held  the  wounded* jiart  in  the 
(^und^till  the  infiamation  abated.  Hogs,wben  in 
tolorable  order  were  never  hurt  by  them,owinet<l 
their  Ihi0k  substratum  of  fat ^  between  the  ^3ft 
inusctilar  flesh  and  blood  vessels.  The  ho^  i^ 
nerally  took  immediately  tevcnge  fer  the  wiUfy 
doee^imi.byioila??!^^  tearing  to  pieces  a6d,  ^- 
fouring  the  serpent  which  inflicted  it.  : 

ifbe il«h, whieiiwar ft. ferji oommen  dipetiit 


'4f 


■•'V 


|d  early  (imet,  wai  commonljr  cured  hj  ta  o\n^ 
meat  madt  of  brimttoBt  and  bogs  lard/  ' 

QttB  ibet,  and  other  woonds  were  treated  with 
flipacrjelm  bark,  flax  teed  and  other  such  like 
poultio')!.  BfaoY  loit  their  lires  from  woundi 
wbiob  would noWoe considered  triting  aod  eaiil; 
ouiod.  The  uiis  c£  the  lancet  and  other  means  of 
depletion,in  the  treatment  ofwoundaconiitutedoo 
part  of  their  auM  in  this  eountr|,  in  early  times. 

My  mother  died  in  earl?  life  of  a  wound  fron 
the  tread  of  a  horse,  which  any  person  in  4 he  bt* 
bitof  letiog  blood:  might  have  cured  by  two  or  three 
hleeding8,witbout  any  other  remedy.  The  woupA 
waapouHicedwithSpikenard  roots  and.  soon  termt* 
sated  in  an  extensive  mortification.. 

Most  of  the  men,  of  the  early  setfers  of  thii 

luntry  were affectedwith  the  rheumatism.    For 

\ht  from  this  <4pea»  the  hunters  genertkllj 
i^ept  witbthenr  feet  to  the  fire..  From  this  prac- 
tice they  certainly  derived  much  advantage.  The 
oil  of  rattle  snakes,  geese,  wolves,  bears,  ^poonsi 
ground-bogs  and  |)ole-eats,  was  applied  to  swelli!^ 
joints  and  bathed  in  before  the  fire. 

The  pleurisy  was  the  only  discease  irvhtcb  wm 
piplioaed  to  require  hlood  lutings  but  in  many 
OM^  a  bleeder  was  not  to  be  had; 

Roughs,  and  pulmonary  consumptions  were 
treated  with  a  great  variety  of  syrrups,  the  prii* 
^IjffiA  ingredients  of  which  were  commonly  spike- 
i9rd  and'  elecampane.  These  syrrupa  certainly 
gave  but  little  relief. 

Charms  and  incantations  were  in  tise  for  the 

^  clbie  of  inani  diseases.    I  learned,  when  young, 

""  |be  incantation,  in  Qermao;  for  the  cure  of  bumi, 

f£tij(»piD^lAiod^  fot  the  tooth  ache,  anitbe  eWtfi^ 


M:;]^ciiiiei 


15d 


%pi\ii9ibi\w\n  inbatllr;  but  for  the  WMt  of  faith 
in  ihuir  f ffic«'>y,  I  pev* i  used  any  of  th<am. 

Tii'i:  cirasper.if,  ff  Si  Authony^i  iire  wa8  cir- 
e'jmscnbvid  by  th?  Mom!  cf  a  b\Rck  cat.  Mence 
ihcifi  vTft?  scasrctC'y  a  bhr;k  v^'.  to  be  seen,  whose 
i^fi.n  and  trvll  bat?  ijUwrim  iVc-i^catly  cropped, 
for  acoDty!buti:«ii  of'  bV>jd, 

Whether  «ii«  med/cai  protesaim^  h  productive 
of   most  jfO<»ti  oir   harm,   may   '^^Jt*  be  a  matter 
of  dispute  with  some  philo»oj.her«  who  usver  san?  * 
any  cojitSitir^iii  of  roriely,  in  ;?^>j<ih  there  were  no 
jibjihhiiSr,  an-i  '.herd'(j«r«j  co«Jd  uot  be  furnished' 
a  proper  teat  far  CtcMbi^\hf}  <{(M8lioii.  '  Had  hH 
utibeliefer  in  ihe  hca'ir-jBf  s^vt  !if  eo  amongst  Ihe  ear«" 
]y  inhabitants  of  this  country,  he  would  have  been 
in  a  ;>roper  f^ituation  tci  v/itnets  the  con8equeii|gp - 
of  the  want,  ot  the  exeraii|^of  this  art.    For  ma- 
Ay  yeai'i  m  ^uccussion  there  was  no  person  wlio 
bor«i  even  tht  name  of  a  Do'ctor  within  a  oonsid- 
ef&ble  distance  of  the  residence. of  my  father. 

For    the   honor  of  the  medical   profession,  I 
must  give  it  as  my  opinion,  that  many  of  our  peo- 
ple perished  for  want  of  medical  skill  and  atteii')^ 
tion.  * 

The  pleurisy  was  the  only  diieaao  which  was, 
in  any  considerable  degree,  understood  by  our 
people.  A  pain  in  the  side  called  for  the  use  of 
the  lancet,  if  there  waff  any  tol-^  hiid;  but  ||^« 
ifig  to  its  sparing  use,  the  pat-  at  was  xpt  to  be 
left  with  a  spitting  of  blood,  viich  'iametimes  ' 
endedi  n  consumption.  A  great  nuo)b<T  of  chil 
dreu  died  of  the  croup.  Rt^outtcut  and  inte 
nittent  fevers,-  were  treated  with  wan 
drinks,  lor  the  purpoae*  of  swf^ating.  The  p 
tients  were  denied  the  use  of  cold  wa^er  and  Ires 
iicv    Mftnj  of  them  died.    Of  those  who.eacapMfli^ 


m 


Ittsfcilf^. 


not  a  few  dl«cl  aflterwards  of  the  dropsjr,  or  e00^, 
•umptioD;  or  irere  left  with  paralytic  limbs.^U 
Breaths  in  child  bed  were  not  unfrequent.  Ma- 
gy,  na  doubt,  died  of  the  bite  of  serpents,  in  con^ 
geqiienee  of  an  improper  reliance  on  specifics  pes* 
tessed  of  no  medical  virtue. 

My  father  died  of  an  hepatites,  at  the  age  of 
about  forty  six.  He  had  laboured  under  this  dis- 
oase  for  thirteen  years.  The  fe?er  which  acconi" 
sanied  it  was  called  "  Tho  dumb  ague"  and  ths 
awelling  in  the  region  of  the  liver,  *^The  ague  cake** 
The  abscesa  bursted  and  discharged  a  Targe  quan- 
tity of  matter  which  put  a  period  to  his  life,  in  a*^ 
|»Out  thirty  hours  after  the  commencement  of  the 


Thus  i,  for  one,  may  say,  that  in  all  hufflan 
probability,  I  lost  both  my  parents/  ifor,  wan^t  of 
medical  Md» 


.*«!.>•  >^-^*>^ 


{"^%^* 


m 


.  M 


Hi         V*. 


CHAPTER  XlX/~ 


Thbsb  were  such  m  might  hh  ezpecied  amon^ 
ft  people,  who  owing  to  their"*  circumstances,  sj 
well  as  education,  set  an  higher  Taloe  on  piys" 
oial,  than  on  mejital  endowments,  and  on  ikilt 
in  bunting  and  bravery  ia  warf  than  on  any  p<riife  * 
accomplishments,  or  fine 'arts*  > 

Amusementa  are,  in  many  instances,  either  im« 
itations  of  the  busines8H>f  Im^,  or  at  least,  of  some 
of  its  particular  objects  of  pursuit;  ootlie  |»arMJ| 
young  men  bebnging^  to  nations  in  a  state  w 
warfare,  many  amusements  are  regarded  as  0iie«^ 
peraiions  for  the  military  character  which  ttiey 
are  expected  to  sustain  in  future  life.  Thus,  the 
war  dance  of  savages,  is  a  pantomime  of  their 
stratagems  and  horrid  deeds  of  cruelty  in  War, 
and  the  exhibition  jpreparea  the  aninds  of  tb^ir 
young  men  for  a  participation  in  the  bloody  trag- 
edies which  they  representr  Dancing,  aaipng 
civilized  peophe^is  regarded,  not  only  as  an  amtise* 
meat  suited  to  the  youthful  period  of  human  life; 
but  as  a  means  of  inducing  urbanity  of  majj^ba 
and  a  good  personal  deportment  in  publiclP-- 
Horse  racing,  is  regardea  by  the  statesman,  aa 
a  preparation,  in  variout  ways,  for  the  equeatrii 
department  of  warfare:  it  is  said  that  the  enriii 
goferoment  never  fosseaad  a  good  cavalry  unti^ 
the  encouragement  given  to  pi.blick  races,' thi 
jbreed  of  horte^^  was  improved.    Qamef,  in  irlu( 


n& 


•FlMRTStf^ 


there  \%  a  mixture  of  chance  and  skill,  are  iiif] 
to  improTe  the  undcretaodingin  mathematical  vm 
other  calculations.'  I 

Many  of  the  sports  of  the  early  settlers  oftbitj 
eotmtry,  were  imitative  of  the  exercises  and  strtt.) 
agems  of  hunting  and  war.    Boys  were  t&ugiit| 
the  use  of  the   6ow  and  arrow,  at  an  early  tgtJ 
btit  although  they  acquired  considerable  adroit.1 
ness  inthe  use  of  them,  so  as  to  kill  a  bird  or 
squirrel  sometiiDesi    Yet  it  appe&rs  to  me  (hat  is 
the  hands  of  the  white  people,  the  bow  and  arrow! 
could  never  be  depended  upon  for  warfare  or 
bunting,  unless  made  and  maoaaed  in  a  different] 
manner,  from  any  specimeaa  of  them  which  le?er 
saw. 

In  ancients  times,  the  bow  and  arrow  nrast  haiej 
leen  deadly  instruments,  in  the  hands  of  tb^.  W 
barians  of  our  country;  but  I  much  doubt,  whetheri 
any  of  the  present  tribes  of  indians  could  make j 
much  use  of  the  flint  arrow  beads j  which  mug^j 
have  been  so  generally  used  by  their  forefatheri« 
.-Fire  armsv  wherever  they  can  be  obtained] 
soon  put  an  eiid  to  the  use  of  the  bow  and  arrow;] 
but  independently  of  thiacircumstanee,  militaryJ 
as  well  as  other  arts,  sumetimes  grow  out  of  date  [ 
and  vanish  from  the  world.  Many  centuries  haTft-j 
elapsed  since  the  world  has  witnessed  the  dee* 
tructive  accuracy  of  the  B^njaniites,  in  their  usrj 

€th6  sling  and  Stone;  nor  doet)  it  appear  tome 
at  a  diiuipution,  in  (be  sixeaodfitTength  of  tb» 
aborigines  of  thifi  country,  has  occasioned  a  de« 
crease  of  aecuracy  and  eflVct  i»  their  use  of  the 
t^ow  and  arrow.  From  ail  the  ancit  nt  skeleton} 
vvbich  h&ve  come  under  my  notice,  it  does  not 
appear  ^hat'ihis  section  of  the  globe  was  ever^ 
uibalntad  by  a  \vt%%^  race  of  humao  beuigs  thai^ 


»5p«». 


m. 


&^  wbiioli posMf sed it ayhe time  oCitldlspirery 
lif  tbe  iSitiropei&i^.        V,  ,v 

Oiiiittpomnt  Iftitloai^  oui^lio^a,  vi|lb#or 
of  imitating  thenmie  if(  every  >ird  and  bet»t 
in  tlid  v»k>ds.    ThM  faculty  was  not  merely  a 
pastime;  but  a  verf  neoeiiary  part  of  eduealioik, 
'en  account  of  its  iittllty  in  certain  circumstaD&es. 
Tbe  imitkions  of  tbe  gobbling  and  other  sounds 
•f  wild  turkeys,  ollen  brought  tbo^e  Jceen  ejped, 
and  eyer  #atobf#tel^|iit8  oObelorest,  wubin 
the  withiin?(Bach^f  Hierlfte.    TOe  bleating  of  the- 
fa^n^mugbt  its  dam  to  b^r  death  in  the  sama  «ffty^ 
The  hunter  often  CQUecied  a  ooiiipfMiy  of  HQ^j^sh 
owls  to  the  tvees  abM  his  cao^,  nod  amuset^ 
himself  with  their  hoarse  sctearotngv  his^  hovvt 
would  raise  and  obtnin  responses  j^d^  a  pac{^  ot 
vfoites,  BO  as  to  inform  him  £»f  thwr  iieig|kbi|g|||| 
hocid,.as  weU  M  guard  him,  against  their  de^iiF 
datioAs^ 

f  his  imitatira  faouHy«  was  sometimes  requiS'- 
ite  as  a  measura  i>r»recauiion  in  war*,  tha  jO'*' 
diaos,  when  soatteiwd  about  in^  a  iieighboul^HH>d» 
o^en  eolle^d  together,  by  imttatinc;  Instep  V|)f 
day,  and  Wi^res  or  owia^by  night    ^i^imlil  siu 
uati90,our  pe9pU  dU  tbasame.  ^  I  have  <pan  wit- 
nassed  the  c6ta^niatioii<  of  a  whola^  nalgl^fKur- 
hood,  in  consequence  of  #fisw  s<Mrfaf Ips  ol^ls.' 
An  eac)yiVd^orre#iise;blth^  l^ilaii?efae^ 
was  considered  as  an  indication  that  its  posae^ 
would  becomia  ia  dua^  time,,  a  gSMi4  hunter  m 
a  vaUant  wm^ior..  '  * 

V^rowiiigr  tha^  tomahawi^,  waa  another  bomb 
sport,  in  mNui^  many  acquirtd  ciaosiderable  akftl« 
Tbet«m|h)iwkwtlkli  its  handle,  of  a  certain  length 
will  make  ft  pfin  number  of  turns  in  *  given  dif; 
Upce.  Sa|  ill  fife  etapai'lt  will  atril^  wi^  the  edr 


%:w 


159 


»poexR< 


tbe  handle  dbwnwRrde,  at  (he  distance  of  seven  inj' 
a  balf^  it  i%ill  strike  with  the  edge,  ^le  handle  up. 
wtfrds,  and  so  q».  A  Ikt)^  experience  enabled  ! 
the  boy  to  measure  the  distanoe  with  bis  eye, 
when  walking;  through  the  woods,  and  strike  a 
tree  with  his  toiirabaU'k,  in  any  way  he  choose. 
» 'Sk^  Athletic  sports  of  running,  juniping,  and 
wrestlinfi^jtwere  tbe  pastimea  of  boyti,  io  ooflnniioB 
with  the  ikien.  ;  ^  i 

A  well  grown^y,  at  theafeof  t#elve  or  thir. 
teen   years,  w&B^urnished  with  a  sntfalJ  ritle  and 
shot  poueh .    He  then  became  a  foi  t  soldier,  and^ 
had  his  port  hole  ai^sifned  him.  Hooting  squirrels,, 
turkeys  and  racoons  soon- made  hiin.  expert  ia 
the  use  of  his  gon. 

Dancing,  was ^  the  ptikcipal  amuseinent  of  our 
mg  people  of  both  sexes.  Their  dances,  to  be 
Ittfe,  were  of- the  simplesi  forms.  Three  and 
four  handed  reels  and  jigs.  Country,  dances,  co. 
tilliotya  and  minuets,  were  unkni>wn.'  i'temeniber 
to  have  seen  once  or  twice,  a  dance  which  was 
CaWcd^  '^be  Irifth  Trot"  Bui  I  hai^e  long  sines- 
ii>rg0tl^  iti  %ur«. 

.  ^di>ti^g^at  marks,  w^ofr  a  eommoi^  diTiersion  ti* 
iDonif  the  men^  |\  ben  their  stock  of  anoiunitioo 
woii^d  allow  it; thir howevervWa»  fer^m  being' 
«iWaya  the  case.  The  present  mode  of%hooting  of 
fii^d  Ms  n^ttheii  inpraetie«'.'[^ts  mode'  was  not 
Ipiaidered  ;»9  any,  trial  of  the  veliie  of  a  gfin;  nor 
rodeed,  a^  m^xdk  ofa  test  of  the  skill  of  a  marks- 
»ao.  Their  sheoting  was  from  a  #eat^  and  at  as 
greirl  a  di^tabee  er  the  lengtik  and  weight  of  the 
Sarrel  of  the  gun  would  throw  a  ball  on^  a  horizon- 
til  level.^  Such  wae  their  regards  to  accuracy,  io' 
those'  ftp(»'ti?e  trials  of  >their  riSes^  «nd  of  tbeir^ 
»>»iv skiU  in;  thft^^tise  of  theiii>  thgt  thej^cfleo  ptit^ 


t?o&m* 


is» 


^nofs,  or  come  other  joft  substance  on  fhe^'log  or 
or  stump  from  which  they  shot,  for  fear  ofhmfU}ff: 
the  bullet  throwa  from  Ojc  mark)  by  the  spring  of 
the  barrel;  Whe%tbe  TkiA%  was  held  to  the  sids 
of  a;troe  for  ft  re^r,  it  was  pressed  against  it 
as  lightly  as  possible,  for  the  esme  reason. 

Riil«s  of  former  timen^were  different  from  those 
of  modern  date:   f^w  of  them  carried  more  than 
forty  five  bullets  to  ihe  pound'    Bullets- ol*  a  less     < 
size  were  npt  thought  sulffici«fTi]^l>efivy  for  haoi- 
ini?or  war. 

*  Dramatic  narratrenSf^chiefly  -concerning  jack 
and  the  giant,  furnished  our  young  people  with 
another  scource  of  amiisement  during  their  leisarci 
hours/  Many  of  those  tales  were  lengthy,,  and 
.embraced  a  .considerable  ran^e  of  ificident.^ 
Jack,  always  the  hero  of  the  story,  after  eucounteir-^ 
iog  many  dilliculties,  and  performing  mmj  great 
achievments,  came  off  conqueror  of  the  giant-rf 
Many  of  these  stories,  were  tales  of  knight  er- 
rantry, in  which  some  captive  vii^n,  waa  relifas- 
ed  from  captivity,  and'^estored  to  her  lover. 

These  dramatic  narrations,  concerning  jai^k 
and  the  giant,  bore  a  sirOn^  resemblaotce  to  the 
Poems  of  Ossiao,  the  story  of  the  Cyclops  and  Ulys- 
es,io  tkeOdyssy  of  Homer  and  the  tale  of  th^  gienf, 
and  great-heart,  in  the  Pilgrim's  Progress,  they 
were  so  arranged,  as  to  the  diflferent  incidents  of 
the  narration,  that  Ihey  were  easily  committed  tli|^ 
memor^.  They  certainly  have  been  haoded  down 
from  generation  to  generation,  frodl  time  im- 
memorial. '^ 

Civilization,basindeed,bani8hed  tlie  use  of  thoB« 
avcient  tales  of  romantic  heroism;  but  what  thtHf 
it  has  subatitated  In  their  place^  the  novel  and  jro* 
mance. 


♦ 


^^ 


)ffin$!i* 


i''-^j, 


It  is  thuB,  that  Ho  tvery  sitte  of  society,  the 
'inimaginatioli  of  nan  is  eternaUy  at  war  with  ret- 
8t>n  and  truth,.   That  fiction  should  be  acceptable 
to  an  unenlightened  jiBOple,  isttot  to  be  wondered 
at,  as  the  treasures  of  truth  have  never  been  un- 
folded to  their  mind}  but  that  a  civilized  people 
thciBipelves,«houId,  in  so  nofUny  instances,  like  bar- 
bi^^aprefer  the  fairy  regions  of  fiction  to  the  au- 
'    ff Hit  treasures  of  truth,  developed  in  the  sciences  of 
theology,  histor^i|||toral«nd  moral  philosophy,  is 
truly  a  sarcasm  m  human  nature.    It  is  as  mucV  j 
as  to  say,  lh«t  it  is  essential  (o  our  amusement,*] 
that,  for  the  time  being,  we  must  suspend  the  ei- 
eroiso  c^feason,  mnd  submit  to  a  voluntary  de- 
ception. 
Stnging,  was  another,  hut  not  Tery  commoa 
^amosem^jtit  among  our  first  settlers.    Their  tunei, 
were  rudie  enough  to  be  sure.    Bobio  Hood  fur- 
Dished  a  number  of  our  songs,  the  balance  were 
mostly  tragical.  These  last  were  denominated  *4ots 
songi  ibout  murder;"  as  to  cards,  dice,  back-gan- 
moQ  and  other  games  of  chance,  we  knew  nothing 
ibottt  tpm.    Theae  are  amongst  the  blessed  gifli 


#■" 


K»       ,    .'»•' 


* 


Witchcraft. 


t , 


X;HiPT£R;   XX, 


amuseiDent. 


1  SHALL  not  be  lengthy  on  this  subject  The 
teliet  in  witchcraft  Was  pflpllsnt  ftmoAg  the 
^eaHy  settlers  of  the  vvestem  country.  1*o  th6 
witch  was  asOribed  the  ^nendoiis  power  of  io- 
Hicting  strange  aiid  incuirable  diseases,  particular- 
ly oh  children'-^ of  destroying  Gittle  by  shootmg 
tbetn  with  hair  balls,  and  a  gr^at  Variety  of  ether 
means  of  destroction-^f .  inflicting  spells  and 
curses  on  gitns  and  vottier  things^  and  lastly  o#- 
changing  men  ibto  horses,  and  alter  brtdi9»g  and 
saddling  them,  riding  them  in  fall  spe|il.  over 
hill  and  dale  to  their  ffolicks  and  other^p^iiis  of 
rendezvous;  •  More  ample  powers  <^ miscilii$^1%iMa 
these  eannet  well  be  immagined^      ■    ^       r, 

Wiiards,  were  ioeB  supposed  to  possess  the 
Same  mischievous  powers  as  the  witches;  but 
those  were  seldom  exercised  for  bad  purposes.-— 
The  powers  of  the  wizards  were  exercised  al- 
most eiclusively  for  the  purpose  of  counteract- 
ing the  malevplent  infloences  of  the  witches  of 
the  other  sex.  I  have  known  several  of  those  witcli 
i^asters,  as  they  were  called, who  ma%  a  publick 
profession  of  curing  the  diseases  inflWed  by  the 
influence  of  witches,  and  I  have  knotm  respect- 
able physicians,  who  bad  no  greater  portion  of 
business  in  the  line  of  their  nrofession,  than  many 
of  those  witch  masters  baa  in  theirs. 


."i 


-.-J^IS:-'. 


""    V 


I« 


VmUCIULFT. 


Tho  meftii»  by  wtiicb  the  witch  was  tupip«|. 
«4to  infliet  dUeaf««9  comes  simI  spells,  I  iie?« 
439u]d  'lea^n;  The^  were  oooult  scienees,  whii^ 
no  one  ww  sutmosed  to.uDd|nitftn^  e^icepting 
the  \vitcb  beffsel),Aiidoowonalr,a8  BO  sueharti 
ever  existed  in  any  iSQURipy. 

Thf^.diseases  of^cbildreii  stijp|>osed  toJbe  in^cte^ 
4>y  mtcbcraft)  were  4hose  of  the  interoal  dropsy 
of  the  braio,  aiid  the  ficlrets.  Thc|  symptons  and 
4$tif6  of  these  <!^|tticUve^e«0e8  were  utterly 
ithknei^  ill  i^ttir  times  Id  jAi^ttmnt^.  Di|. 
^siBS  Which  ^s^ld  tt^iit^  bd  aciiOuiit^dfornQri 
ctitod,  iNste  usually  s^eHbed  ^0  joiiie  ittpen|. 
kitral  ^E^otoy  cf «  obsiHgiimnt  Idhd. 

Fb^  th^ct^)^th^di^e(i|«iA9iJililid^yvnto|' 
Mft,  thi  t^i^t^  bf  tH#  siiP0^«i^  vHtich  mt$ 
Mwh  :^  a  stump  dr  |tt«ae  i»f  hcift  and  sfaot^^ 

H^itiYik mm t^<nmm$'Mm4m0imkir.  nu 

lif^r  ^mM  l^tmmte^A  piiihfMl  ahd  loifietintiii 
i  Utdcllf  ipell  JOU  ib^  liftrt  W  the  #!tch  corrsl- 
^ndiihrtrii^ffa  ^  |!|ii  (^  the  jKirtl^ir  it^tk  bf 
4he  biltt^.  Another  kj^^iMT  of  ^ms,  jM^tiid 
getting  some^f  thevchirds  Wat^;  i^hicfi  Wlis  dos^^ 
1%'  (io&ef  «U)  ^  ii  "^iil  iiid  htiN%  up  In  a  chUnne^. 
This  isbt^blhnifnted  this  #ii;eb  Mh  rs^an|;o^ 
Whibh  TastM  lis  loD]gp  alF  tha  i/il^  fediaiiied  ifi' 
th^  chiM^ey;  the  vntbh  hltilhut  itthHWi^of  te- 
ll^ vi^^  liers^if  froni  aii^  Sbelf  inifi^tlld  oU  faerla 
.sny  WW^  whicii  waif  that  of  bor#d#iilg  siUnfelthidg^ 
jko  Uiatter  «yj^t,^f  tie  fi^toily  ^  t^ 
bfthe  exdpe  of  £er  witchcraft  !^^ 

I  have  plowii  sl^ral  poivr  (irfd  wonii^,  mut^ 
8urt>risedilt  b^lrtf  refused  ^^uestl  which  bai 
iS{ial1y  bee^D  gi's^ted  Witb&Ut  htisiiaffohi  thdalm^t 
»eart  brok^a  itfhei^li^iQhiid  i»f  1h«  ^lir^  t|fe 


^■■ 


# 


ffitcncBArr. 


m 


il^en  cuttle  or  dogt  were  suppof  ed  to  be  under 
fbe  mduence  of  wHpheraft  they  weriB  burnt  in  the" 
Ibrebetd  by  «  brnttd^Aff^iroo,  or  when  de^d  burn- 
ed wholly  ip  whes;  Tliia  inflicted  n  epell  upov 
the  witcb  which'  co^ld  only  hp  removed  by  bor- 
rowing &8  itbove  stated;- 

Witches  were  olien  eaid  to  milk  the  cot^e  o£ 
their  neitshboMrS.  This  they  did  bj  fixing  a  new 
pin  in  »  hew  toWel  for  each  cow  intended  to  be 
milked.  This  towel  was  huTr»^?erber  own  door^. 
and  by  the  means  of  certanr  incantations  the 
millt  was  isxtracted  from  the  fringes  of  the  towet 
after  the  manner  of  milking^  a  cow.  This  hap- 
pened when  tbo  cows  were  too  poor  to  cpre  mnch^ 

milk.  '  ■•     ■  \-" /^^•'■•^' ' . 

The  first  fwmao  glastffilowertin  thiecpufitry^ 
drove  the  witches  out  of  their  furoacep  by  ^roWr 
ilng  lifiogr  poppies  i|ito  thenii     . 

The  greater  or  leas  emount  of  belief  ki  witehv 
^ft,  ne^omancy  m^  astrology,  serveslto  sho^' 
the  relative  amount  ot  philosophiciil  6ci<»ii#e  if 
'  any  country.  Ignoraficc  is  always  assoeii^iifd  witfr 
superstition,  which,  prbsept^nji^  an  endless  variety; 
0f  source*  ^  bope  ftad  fear,  witiii  rc|^rlP 
to  this  good  or  ba^  K»tunes  of  li^^  IjCeep  0lJ»  bjfir 
nightjsd  iMnii  contin^urtly  berassed.  wHIl  gt^^N'' 
lewi  an^delusnre;  but  sl^ong^^  end  often  d^^lf 
I  distressing'  i^pressione  o^  a  false  fkitfii.  F^r 
this  diseftie  oltbe  mwd  tjiere  isno  cure  but  thj^ 
^of  philosophy.  Thi?  sdience^bewi^  theeiili|b- 
tened  vc»son  d  mftQiibwt  noeiect^^teYieir  <99^ 
be  produced  in  the  physical  worlKwi^otit  W 
ec^te^doding  cau^e.  This  siejencef finnqv^cet 
theiihedeath  beW  is  but  a  jpoinentiry  vm^'* 
motiof  of  the  nern^s  of  the  ear,  and  lhe4" 
IViiiQhlbe  i^n8eQf%  bvf  in  the  w«U^  a|;| 


-IHr '^ 


,^^^*4 


,^/*ts»j»;9S«^ 


si 


m 


y^irtHCtiii^> 


the>iiot?Ung  ofthedog,  and  the  croaking  •£ tU 
raven  are  but  the  naiural  languages  of  the  betil 
and  fowl,  and  no  way  prophetic  of  the  death  of 
the  tick.  Tbe  comet,  which  used  to  shake  pei< 
tilence  and  war  from  its  fiery  train,  is  now  view* 
ed  with  as  little  emoti.^n  as  the  movenicnts  of 
Jupiter  and  Saturn  in  their  respective  orbiti. 

An  eclipse  of  the  s  jn,  and  an  unusual  freshet 
of  the  Tiber,  shortly  after  .the  assassination  of 
Julius  Geasar,  byt-Casius  and  Brutus,  threw  the 
whole  of  the  Roman  empire  into  consternation. 
It  was  suppossed  that  all  the.  gods  of  l^eaven  and 
earth,  were  enraged  and  about  to  take  revenge  foi 
the^  murder  of  the  emperor;  but  since  the  science 
of  astronomy  foretells  in  the  calender  the 
time  and  entcnt  of  the  eclipse,  the  phenomenon  is 
not  viewed  as  a  miraculous  and  portentous;  but 
as  a  comiDon  and  natural  event; 
/JThftt  the  pythoness  and  wizard  of  the  IFIebrews, 
the  monthly  soothsayers,  astrologers  and  prognos- 
ticators  of  th«  Chaldeans,- and  the  sybils  of  the  ^ 
Greeks  and  Romans  wer^mere  mercinary  im- 
postors, there  can  be  no  doubt. 

To  say  that  the  pythoniess,  and  all  others  of 
her  class  were  aided  in  their  operations  by  the 
intervention  of  familiar  spirits  does  not  mend 
the  matter;  for  spiritff,  whether  good  or  bad,  pds- 
0ess  not  tbe  power  of  life  and  death,  health 
and  disease,  with  regard  to  man,  or  beast.  Pres-^ 
cience,  itf  a^Jncommunicable  attribute  of  God; 
and  iher6|||i  spirits  cannot  foretell  future  e- 
rents/  ■%' 
The  afflictions  of  Job,  through  the  intervention 
Satan,  were  miracalous.  The  possesions  men- 
ned  in  the  N|;w  Testament,  in  all*  bumjin  pro- 
abUity  w«r<&!^iMpiacal  dif^a^es;  an4  )^  ^t  theji 


f  **.* 


wtYcBcBirr. 


9 

(^rel  the  luppOMd  evil  spiHti  ipftke  With  ai^  tu* 
«d)ble  Toice.  These  events  w«re  alfD  imrteul^t| 
end  effectecl  for  a  special  purpose.  But  from 
miracles,' no  general  conclufions  eah  be  drawn, 
i^ith  regard  to  the  divine  g<^v9mment  of  the  world. 
The  conclusion  is  that' the  powers  professed' 
to  be  exer^sed  by  the  oecult  science  of  n«orb- 
ihancy  and  othier  arts  of  difioation^  were  neither 
more  nor  less  tlian  imposturef .'  . 

Among  the  Hebrews,  the  ptof^ission'of  arts  of 
divination  wa#    thought  deserving  capital^  pun* 
ishment,  becaiisO  the  profession  was  of  ffigan  pr* 
igin,  and  of  course  iaeompatible' with  the  pro* 
Rssion  of  theism,  and  a  tbeoeraticlbriii  of  gor • 
ernment.    These  jugglers  perpeh>ated  a  debasing  v 
superstitlotf  athong  the  people;    They  were  also 
swindlers^  who  diVeMed  their  neighbpuie  of  large 
sums  of  money,  and  valuable  presents,  without 
an  eqUiTslent.  On  the  ground  tben,^  of  fraud  aloi]ie|  ^ 
a^cordingtO  the  gealous  of  the  ^riiaihal  codes  of  V 
ancient  .governments}  this  offiioe  deserved  cap*' 
ital  punishment.  .  ,      ,.  .* 

But  is  the  present  lime  better  than  the  "past  witli'' 
regard/toasuperBtitiottS  belief  in  occult  iodiien-   ^ 
ces?  D(:rnotraces,ofthe  polt^eism  of  our  fore* 
f^be^B  remain  aiDOjag  their  christian  descendants  f ' 
Wis  enquiry  must  be  answered  in  the  affirma| 
tive.    Should  an  aliUanac  maker  venture  to  giv^ 
*  out  the  christian  calender '  without  the'  column ' 
containing  the  sipiS  of  the  zOdiac^^he  calender 
would  be  condemned  asbeing  toi|||  deficie^^ 
imd  the  whole  impression  would  r^ain  onr  hia^^ 

But  what  are  these  signs?   They  are  constelH 
tiUoQS-  qI  the  zodiac,  Jhat  is  clutters  of  atai^ 


169 


%? 


mjcwmm. 


twelfe  io  number,  within,  and  inclvding  (he  <ro* 

I  licks  of  Ctncer  and  CepricoiD.    Theee  constel-* 
ation9  reseoible  the  aDimals  after   which  they 
are  named.    But  what  influence  do  these  cluMeri 
of  et&ra  exert  on  the  animal  and  the  plant.    Cer- 
tainly none  at  all;  and  yet  we  are  taught  that  the. 
nothern  conetellationa  gorern  the  divisions  of  living 
bodies  alternately  from  the  h^ad  to  the  reins,  and 
in  like  manner  the  southern  from  the  reins  to  the 
feet.    The  sign  then  makes  a  skip  from  the  feet 
to  aries,  who  again  assumes  the  government  of 
the  bead,  &nd  so  on. 

About  half  of  these  constellations,  are  friendly 
divinities  and  exert  a  salutary  influence  on  the 
animal  and  the  plant.  The  others  are  malignant 
in  their  temper,  and  govern  only  for  evil  pur- 
poses. They  blast  during  their  reign  the  seed 
sown  in  the  earth  and  render  medicine  and  oper** 
ations  of  surgery  unsuccessful. 

We  have  read  ef  the  Hebrews  worshiping  the 
host  of  heaven,  whenever  they  relapsed  into  idol- 
atrr  and  these  same  constellations  were  the  hoBts 
of  heaven  which  they  worshiped.  We,  it  is  true 
make  no  offering  to  these  hosts  of.  heaven,  but 
we  give  them  our  faith  and  cemfldence.  We  hope 
lor  physical  benefits  from  thbse  of  them  whose 
dominion  is  friendly  to  our  interests,  while  the 
reign  of  the  mtilignant  onel9  is  ah  object  of 
dread  and  painful  apprehension 

hit  us  nq4  boast  very  much  of  our  science, 
civilizatioi^  Or  even  Christianity  while  this  column 
of  the  relicts  of  paganism  still  disgraces  the  chris* 
tian  calender. 

I  have  madejbese  observations  with  a  view  to 
4i8crcdit  tlggp^anis^  of  superstition  still  existing 


^mong  us* 


diea^p,  the  howUnjg^}  0f  the  do^ 

"ml  -„    '-  W  *  ' 


'^. 


P 


M;^ 


♦' 


• 


MORALik 


nft 


itie  croaking  of  t  raTen  are  prophetio  of  future  €• 
ftofs  we  are  not  good  chrittians.  While  we  are  dis- 
mayed  at  the  signs  of  heaven  we  are  for  the  time 
being  pagans.  Life  has  reaT  evils  enough  to  eoiw 
tend  with,  without  immaginary  ones. 


.  I 


JMorah. 


CHAPTER  XXr. 


In  the  section  of  the  country  where  iny  fatbel 
lived,  there  was,  for  niany  years  attcr  the  set« 
tlement  of  the  country,  "Neither  law  nor  gos- 
pel." Our  want  of  legal  government,  was  owing 
1o  the  uncertainty  whether  we  belonged  to  the 
state  of  Virginia  or  Pennsylvania.  The  line, 
which  at  present  divides  the  two  states,  was  not 
Tun  untlll  some  time  after  the  conclusion  of  the 
revolutionary  war.  Thus  it  happened,  that  during 
a  long  period  of  time  we  knew  nothing  ot  courts, 
lawyers,  magistrates,  sheriffs,  or  constables.  Ev* 
ery  one  was  therefore  at  liberty  **To  do  what- 
ever was  right  Hi  his  own  eyes.  >^ 
As  this  id  a^'dtate  of  society,  whj|^g^w  of  mt 

li  sloiSciOribe  >il 


Readers  have  ever  witn08ift|i  h  slil^ciOribe 


'♦ 


■?   ■- 


■^- 


^ 


;4*- 


i«a 


ttOTRixj; 


minutdy  fis  I'eiir,  fliid  give  ift  delail,  (iTose  tfor^ 
al  maifms  wbicb,  in  t  greit  decree,  tnawered  ^ 
4         important  purposda  municipftl  jurisprudence. 

In  the  &8t  pJMCty  let  it  b'e  ofater^ed  that  in  | 
sparse  population B^re all  the  members  of  tbi 
community  are  welt  known  to  each  other,  inlt 
especially-io  a  time  of  war  where  every  roan  ca* 
pable  of  bearings  arm*  is  considered  highly  tiI. 
uable,  as  a  decoder  of  his' country,  puMic  opiB* 
'^W^  ion  has  its  ftrit  efiect  and  answers^  the  purposci' 
^  of  legal  government  better  than'  it  Would  in  i^j 
dense  population,  and  in  time  of  peace;: 

Such  was  the  situation  of  ouirpeople' along  tU] 
fifontiers  of- our  settlements.'^  They-had  no  cirii, 
military  or  ecclesiastical  lawsf  at  least  none"  thit 
were  enforced*  and  yet  ^'They  were  a  law  unto 
"themselves'^  as  to  the  leading  obligations  of  our' 
nature  in  all  the  relations  ih  which  they  stood 
«I6  each  other.  Hie  turpitude  of  vice  and  thf 
fMJ(tBtj  of  moral  virtue,  were  then  as  apparent 
as^they  are  now,  and  they  were  then'  regardel-i 
with  the  same  sentiments  of  aversion  or  respect'! 
which  th^  inspire  at  the  present  time.  Ihdu9* 
try,  in  working  and  hunting,  bravery  in  war,  can* 
dor,  honestj^  hospitaUty)  ai^f  ttefllness  of  deport- 
ment, received  their  fiAlireward  of  public  honoTf 
and  publie  eonfidence  among^'  our  rude  forefath- 
ers, as  well  as  aniong  their  fc^ttei.^  instructed  and 
more  polished  descendants.  The  punishment 
whieh  they  inflicted  upon  offenders  bythe  inipe* 
riaroourt  of  public  opinion,  were  well  adapted 
feir  the  reformation  of  the  eulprit,or  his  expulsion 
from  the  community. 
M  The  punishment  for  idleness,  lying,  dishonesty, 

^        and  ill  faiie  J^enerally,  was  that  •  of ''Hating  thsj 
offender  out^^  at  they  expressed  it^    This  modi 


-fu..- 


-'■V. 


JWRiLft 


16^ 


Af  ehastisement  was  like  the  aHmea  of  ibe  Greeks, 
ft  was  a  public  expression,  in  various  ways,  of 
a  general  sentiment  of  indignation  against  suclt 
as  transgressed  the  moral  maxims  of  Uie  commu- 
flity  to  which  they  belonged.  This  commonly  re- 
suited  cither  in  the  refarmation  or  bamshmcnt: 
of  the  person  against  whom  it  was  directed. 

At  house  raisingSr  log  rollings    and  harvest 
parties  every  one    was  expected  to  do  his  duty 
faithfully.    A  person      ao  did  not    perform   hw 
share  of  labour  on  these  occasions  was  dfesigoatea 
t»y  the  epithet  of  -^Lawrence"  or  some  other*tilla 
stiU  more  opprcPbiaus  and' when  it  ceme  to  hiy 
turn  to  require  the  like  aid  from  his  neighbo«r3j- 
the  idler  soon^^  felt  his  punishment,  m  their  refusal' 
to  attend  i&  bin  ealls*- 

Although  there  was  no  legal  compulsion  to  th$* 
performance  of  military  duty;  yet  every  man  o^ 
foil  age  and  size  was  expected  to.do  his  full  share- 
of  public  Service.  U  he  did^  not  do^  so  he  waf 
•*Httted  out  83  a  coward."  EVen  the  want  of  any 
article  of  war  equipments,  such'  aa  ammuniti(Mi, 
a  sharp  Hint,  ct  priming  wire,  a  scalping  knife  or 
tomahawk  was  thought  highly  disgraceful.  A 
man,  who  without  a  reasanable  cause  failed  to  go- 
on a  scout  or  campaign  when  it  came  to  \m  turn, 
met  with  -an  expressiom^  of  indignation  in  the 
countenances  of  all  his  neighbours,  and  epithets 
^f  dishonor  were  fastened    upon    him   without 

mercy. 

Dei)t8,  which  maRe  such  an  uproar  in  civilize* 
life  were  but  little  known  among  our  forefather* 
at  the  early  settlement  of  this  couotry".  After  the' 
depreciation  of  the  ci>n<ir»etital  paper  tt)ey  had 
no  money  o€  any  kind;  every  thing  purchased^ 
\!ras  paid  for  in  produce  or  labour.^  ';M  good  ©♦w. 


ii' 


'»• 


"-#^ 


# 


tml  ciftlf  was  oftep  tfie  price  of  a  busbeT  of  af^ 
lum  6$lt.  If  a  com r act  vv as  not  puiictually  fit)* 
filled,  tbr  credit  of  tbe  delinquent  wa^  at  an  e»i). 

Any  petty  thef^  was  punisned  with  all  tbe  in; 
famy  tbateould  be  heaped  on  the  oifeitder.  ji  ^^ 
man  on  a  campaign  sU^h  from  hid  comrade^  i 
cake  out  of  the  asbea,  in  Which  it  ivas  baliiing.— 
^e  was  immidiately  named  '^Tbe  bread  rounds.'* 
This  epithet  of  reproach  was  bandied  ebout  iq 
this  way,  when  he  came  in  sight  of  a  grotip  of  niiei^ 
one  of  them  would  call  **wlio  comes  (here?  ^^^ 
othi«F  would  answer  *^The  bread  rounds.'^  If  any 
one  9>eant  to  be  more  sericus  about  tbe  matter, 
he  would  eait  out  **Who  stvlB  a  cake  out  of  ibe 
ashess"  Another  replied  by  giving  the  name  of 
the  man  in  full,  to  this  a  third  would  give  confiif 
roation^^  by  exclaiming  **That  is  true  and  no  lie/ 
This  kind  of  "Tongue  lashing"  he  was  doomed  t** 
begr,  for  tbe  re$t  of  the  campaign,  as  well  as  fof 
years  after  his  return  honnkj.- 

If  a  theft  was  detected,-  in  any  of  the  frontier 
s,ett]ementff,  8  summary  moi^  of  punishment  wif 
always  resorted  to.  The  f»rst  settlers,  as  far  | 
knew  of  them  had'^a  ki(id  of  inn^ite;,  or  heredita^f 
iletestation  of  the  criwk*  of  tbeft,  in  any  shape  q? 
degree,  and  their  ma$im  vras  that  '^n  thief  qaui^ 
be  whip|>ed.'^  If  the  tbcfi|  was  of  something  of 
some  vulAie,  a  kmd  ^  jurjr  of  ^be  neighbourhood 
after  beant\g  tb^  t^iti^aoay  would"  cond^ma 
the  culprit  to  Moses  Law,  that*  is  to  Forty  stripe^ 
•wre  oo#i  tf  the  theft  was  o^  SOW®  am*!!  article, 
tb*e  oieodier  W9»  doomed  to  ^rry  o^  his  bacH 
the  it)ig  of  the  Ignited  States,  which  then  eonsist" 
ed  of  thirteen  stripe?.  In  either  oasiC,  seme  abis 
hands  were  selected  to  execute  the  sentence,  sf 
fhat  the  stripes  wer^  etire  to  be  w^U  Uidon* 


^lOlMJt 


m 


Tbii:^  ptfiiiBbaient  wad  followed  by  ft  senteace 
ekil#.  H^tt  th«ti  WAfl  ittfbrmed  ibat  be  must 
iepiftiip  In  so  many  (d^»  add  be  seen  tbero  no 
ij^pre^  peaiU(jr  cffbaviDg  tbe  Dumber  of  bis  sinpdM 

For  tuMf  yttfB  after  the  law  was  put  in  oper« 
atioh  iti  tbe  west^i^n  pari  of  ¥ir^nta^  the  magis- 
irat^tftbettseWes,  w^relti  Ibc  habtt  of  |;ii^ing  those 
^ho  were  brought  before  thetn  on  charges  of 
«maii  ih!sf>s,  >tbd  libertjr  of  beiii^  lent  to  jail,  or 
taking  a  whipping.  Tb^  latter  was  comnioiil|^ 
cbosdn  and  was  immedialely  inflicted,  after  which 
the  thiefwaii  ordered  to  clear  out. 

In  some  iiratance{|,  dtripesWereiafliot^ilinot  for 
the  ponishmetit  of  an  fiS^nct;  but  for  the  purpose 
of  extorting  a  eodfbssion  from  suspected  persons. 
This  was  the  torture  of  our  early  times,  and  oo 
d0^ibt  Hdihetimeii  very  unjustly  inflicted. 

If  awdmain  was  4^iven  to  tatlltng  and  slander- 
ing  her  neighbsiursy  the  Wad  furniiHied  by  common 
coQseni^  with  a  kind  of  patent  right  to  aay  what* 
eVer  she  pieaBed,  i^iihout  being  belle^^dL  Her 
toogae  was  then  jsa^  to  be  baridiAesBj  or  to  bB  119 
(Qcaadel. 

With  aii  tbi&ir  rudeness jthesep^pAe  w«re  given  to 
hospitality  and  freely  dividfsd  their  rough  f&M  with 
a  niei|hlKnir,  or  atratiger^  and  wotild  have  been 
bfbndtfd  at  tbe  offbr  of  pay.  In  their  iettlementa 
ild  forts,  they  lived,  they  Worked,  they  fought 
«nd  feasted,  or  suffered  together,  in  cordial  bar* 
mony.  They  were  ,watm  and  constant  in  their 
friendships.  Oa  the  other  hand  they  were  re^ 
i^engeful  in  their  resentuienis.  And  the  point  of 
honour  sometimes  led  to  personal  co'if^bats.  If 
^ne  man  called  another .  a  liar,  be  was  consid* 
i^red  as  having  givett  ft  Qbaltenge  fi^ob  th«  pe»^ 


,^! 


a 


.•<! 


MOBALI* 

'9,  iii;' 


who  received  it  must  accept,  or  be  deeaa^i 
Coward,  a«d  the  charge  was  geijerally  an^weill 
on  the  spot,  with  a  blow.  Jf  the  injured  person  tu 
decidedly  iinG^ble  to  fight  the  aggressor,  he  roiglil 
get  a  friend  to  do  it  for  him.  Tha  same  th«t 
took  place  on  a  charge  of  cowardice,  or  anj  otb^ 
■didbonourable  action,  a  battlf^  njost  follow  ao4 
the  person  who  inade  the  charge  iBUSt  tight,  eitbel 
-the  person  agfcinst  whom  he  made  the  charge  or  anjf 
<^hBfnpion  who  choose  to  ^espouse  his  cauee.--. 
TbU»  circurtistanced,  our  people  in  early  imik 
xvere  much  more  cautious  of  speaking  ^evii  ^ 
their  neighbours  than  th^'y  are  at  pr:esent.' 

Somet«nnt'8  pi  inched  baules  occuitf^  in  wbidi 
time,  place,  and  secotids  were  appointed  before- 
hand.  I  remeniber  having  seen  one  of  those  pitch- 
ed battles  jn  my  tatl^rs  fort,  when  a  boy.  One 
erf  th^  yoiiDg  men  knew  very  Wjcll  beiorehani] 
that  he  should  ^et  tti^  worst  of  the  battle,  and 
no  doubt  repented  the  engagement  to  fight;  but 
there  was  no  getting  over  it.  The  poiiit  of  bon*' 
our  demanded  the  risk  of  battle.  He  got  bis  whip*' 
{>ing;  (heyihen  shook  hands  and  w^re  good  frieudi 
afterwards. 

t  'JRhe  mode  <»f  aingle  combats  in  those  days  mi 
dangerous  in  the  extreme;  altbo'  nov  eapons  were 
lifed,  fista,  teeth  and  feet  were  employed  at  will|  I 
tiutidbovenU,  the  detestable  practice  of  gouging^, 
by  which  eyes  were  sometimes  put  out^  rendert4 
this  mode  of  fighting  frightful  indeed;  it  was  not 
kowever,  so  destructive  as  the  stilettci  of  ar/ltiJLin, 
the  knife  of  a  Spaniard,  the  small  sword  of  the 
Frenchman,  or  the  Pistol  of  the  American  cr 
English  duelist. 

*    Instances  of  eeduclion,  aipid  bastardry,  did  not 
Creqaently  happen  in  eiir  early  t^Ties,  I  r^; member 


*. 


H  >, 


f^ 


^• 


J  |b6  iatttnce  oftbe  lonner,  in  wliicli  tBe  life  of  the 
mtn  vftf  put  in  jeopardy  by  the  resentment  of 


UMLkhS: 


gra*t  personel  d»:  ger  from  the  brothers,  or  other 
relations  of  the  Tictime  of  seduction,  family  hoA* 
our,  being  then  estimated  at  an  high  rate. 

I  do  not  recollect  that  profane  language,  WM 
much  more  prevalent  in  our  early  times  than  at 
Ipresent. 

Among  the  people  with  whom  t  was  most  con* 
versant,  there  was  no  other  vestage  of  the  chris- 
tian religion  than  a  faint  observation  of  Sunday, 
and  that  merely  as  a  day  of  rest  for  the  aged,  and 
a  play  day  for  the  youo^^ 

The  first  christian  service  t  ever  heard  was  ia 
the  Qarrison  Church  in  Baltimore  county,  in  Ma» 
ryland  where  my  father  had  sent  me  to  school. 
1  was  4hen  about  ten  years  old.  The  ap- 
pearance of  the  church,  the  windows  of  which  were 
Gothic,  the  white  suT{>lice  oftbe  minister,  and  the 
responses,  in  the^eervice,  overwhelmed  me  with 
sutprize.  Among  my  school  fellows  in  that  place* 
It  was  a  matter  of  reproach  to  me  that  I  was  not 
baptized,  and  why?  Because,  as  they  said  I  had 
no  name.  Such  was  their  notion  of  the  effiottt 
*ey  of  baptism^ 


* 


i» 


:'■> 


0^^ 


w 


a 


OHAFTER  XXII. 


iispressioQfl,  oiHbe  iDin4  pf  the  author  oq 
iWtaag  the  cruelties  exercised  on  slaves  and  con- 
Tict  serviots,  in  the  state  of  Maryland. 

If  some  of  my  readers  should  com(>laiQ  of  the 
antroduction  of  too  great,  a  portion  of  my  own  his- 
ftoiy,  and  that  of  my  family,  into  this  work,  I  trust 
;! shall  not  hepon^idered  hlaroeable  for  having 
given  the  narrative  of  the  herrid  cruelties  exe^ 
oised  upon  slaves  and  serv^nto,  which  I  was  doom" 
,«d  to  witness  in. my  early  years,  together  with  the 
lasting  impressions  which  the  view  pf  these  tor- 
.torea  ma^a  upon  my  infant  mind. 

On  the  4eath  of  my  mother,  which  liappened 
,9rhen  J  was  about.eight  ^ears  old,  ray  father  seat 
jne  under  the  aare  of  a  relation,  to  Maryland  fqr 
the  purpose  of  being  sent  to  school. 

When  arrived  there,  1  was  in  a  new  world.  1  had 
left  the  backwoods  behindme.  I  bad  exchanged  «j 
its  rough  manners  and  poor  living,  for  the  build* 
ings,  plenty  and  polish  of,  civilized  life.  Every 
thing  l^aw  and  heard  aonlbunded  me.  I  learnti 
•after  some  timcf,  that  there  were  fM^  and'  poor^ 
masters,  alaves  and  convicts,  and  I  diacoverea 
that  the  poor  servants  and  convicts  were  dnder 
entire  subordination  to  their  maslefis.  i  saw  that 
iihe  slaves  and  convicts  lived  in  filthy  hovels  cal* 
jjted  kitchens,  and  that  they  wer^  poor,  ragged  ao4 


/., 


t 


BtlVSHf. 


^Tirty^  and  Irept  at  hard  labor^  while  their  ma8« 
iters  and  faniilies  lived  in  large  houses,  were  well 
clothed  and  fed  and  did  as  they  pleased.  The 
reason  of  this  diffidrence  it  the  condition  of  men 
and  women  of  the  same  race  of  beings,  I  could 
not  comprehend. 

Having  no  idea  of  crime,  I  thought  it  could  he 
liQ  otherwise  than  unjust,  that  some  should  have 
•0  little  and  others  so  much,  and  that  one  should 
work  so  hard  and  others  perform  do  labor. 

My  residence  was  in  a  oeighborhbod  wherA 
Hilaves  <md  convicts  vnere  numerous^  and  where 
tortures  inflicted  upon  tbcm'j  bad  become  the  oc"* 
ciirences  of  almost  everyday,  so  that  they  were 
viewed  with  indiflereoce  by  the  whole  {yopulation 
el>the  neighbourhood,  a»  matters  of  course.  Thus 
it  is  that  cudtom  reconciles  htAnan  nature,  with 
iH  its  native  fiyhipathies  to  the  grossest  barbaritiei^ 
and  hardens  the  heart  against  the  intrusion  oit 
feeling,  at  the  sight  of  the  most  exquisite  suf-* 
fering  of  a  fellow  creature. 

Not  so  with  me,  who  never  had  Witnessed  ^<ie1l 
tortures;  rhad^otI%en  long  it)  my  newhabita« 
don,  be^re  I*  witnessed"  a  scene  which  I  shall 
*  never  forget.  A  convict  servant,  accused  of  some 
trivial  offencey  was  doomed  to  the  whip,  tied  witb 
his  arms  extended  upwards  to  the  limb  of  a 'tree 
»  and  a  bundle  of  hrcrories  were  thrown  down  be* 
fore  himv  be  wibls  ordered  to  look  at  them  and 
told  that  they^* should  all  be  worn  out  on  him  and 
a  great  macf  more,  if  he  did  not  make  I  con- 
fession of  the  crime  alledged  against  him. .  The 
operation  began  by  tucking  up  the  shirt  ovet 
his  head^  so  as  to  leave  his  back  and  shouldert 
Baked.  The  master.theo  tooktwoofthehiecorfei 
1«  hit  handy  and  by  forward  and  backfeandfed' 


'  * 


fpf(^ 


•LAVEJtt 


strokef,  each  of  which  sounded  like  t  wiggcj^ 
whip,  and  applied  with  the  utnoat  rapidity  aii4 
wiih  hia  whole  muscular  strength,  in  a  few  ijb. 
conds  lacerated  the   shoulders  of  the  poor  mil* 
erable  sufferer,  with  not  less  than  fifty  scourgei, 
00  that  in  a  little  time  the  whole  ofhisshouldera 
had  the  appearance  of  a  mass  of  blood,  streams  of 
which  soon  began  to  flow  down  bis  back  and  side»; 
he  then  made  a  confession  of  bit  faul*     A  fsn^i 
not  worth  naming;  but  this  did  not  save  him  froi 
further  torture.    He  had  put  hin  master  ^*To  tl 
trouble  of  whipping  hiu  and  he  must  have  a  liitf 
more."    His  trowsers  were  then  unbuttoned  sd41 
suffered  to  fall  down  about  his  feet,  two  new  hio»> 
ories  were  selected  from  the  bundle,  and  so  ap* 
plied  that  in  a  short  time  his  posteriors  like  bit 
shoulders  exhibited  nothing  but  laceration,  and 
hlood     A  consultation  was  then  held  betwesa 
the  master  and    the  bystanders,  who  had  beea 
€x>oily  looking  on,  in  which  it  was  humanely  wu* 
cluued  **that  he  had  got  enough.*^    A  bason  oi 
brine  and  a  cloth  were  ordered  to  be  broughtij 
with  this  his  stripes  were  washed  or  salted  u] 
they  called  it     During  this  operation  the  suffer* 
iog  wretch  writhed  and  groaned  as  if  in  the 
gooies  of  death.    He  was  then  untied  and  toU 
to  go  home  and  mistress  would  tell  him  whi 
to  do. 

From  this  scene  of  torture  I  went  home,  with  a' 

fiaavy  bearr,  and  wishe  1  myself  in  the  backwoode 

mgainfnofdid  the  frequence,  of  witnessiog  suck 

^ceaes,  lessen  in  any  degre^,  the  horror  which  they 

first  occaaioned  in  my  mind. 

It  frequently  happened,  that  torture  was  inflict* 
ed  upon  slaves  and  convicts,  in  a  more  protracted 
Hiuaner^  thwi  in  tjiat  above  described.    Whea 


tin 


^# 


^ 


KUlftRT; 


(fie  TJCtim  or  cruelty  was  doomed  bt  bis  master 
torecsWe  tbe  lash,  several  of  bis  neigbbouts  were 
ealled  oDy  for  tbeir  assistance.    They  attended 
at  the  time  and  place  appointed.    A  jug  of  rum  and 
water  were  provided  for  the  occasion.    After  tbe 
trembling  wretch  was  brought  forth  and  tied  up,, 
the  number  of  lashes  which  he  wf^jn  to  receive, 
was  determined  on,  and  by  lot,  or  otherwise,  it 
was  decided,  who  should  begin  the  operation,  this 
»d<9oe,  the  torture   commenced;  at  the  conclusion 
|if  the^first  course,  the  operator  pretending  gr^at 
.^liearinesB,  called  for  a  drinfe  of  rum  and  water,. 
||in  which  he  was  joined  by  (he  company.    A  cer* 
tain  time  was  allowed   for  tbe  subject  of  theip 
cruelty  ^^to  cool"  as  they  called  it.    When  the 
allotted  time  had  expired,  the  next  hand'  took  his 
turn,  and  in  like  manner  ended  with  a  drink,  and 
so  on  untiV  the  appointed  number  of  lashes  were 
all  imposed.    This  operation  lasted  several  hours.* 
sometimes-  half   a    day^  *  at  the  conclusion    of 
which  tbe  sutferer,  with  his  hands  swollen  with 
the  cords,  was  unbound  and  suffered  to  put  on 
his    shirt.-  His     executioners j    to     whom     the 
operation,  was  rather  a  frolic  than  otherwise,  re- 
turned home  from  the  seene  of  tneir  labor,  half 
drunk.    Another  method  of  punishment  still  more 
retracted  than  this^  was  that  of  dooming  a  slave 
receive  so  many  lashes,  during  several  days  in 
succession,  each  of  those    whipping,   excepting 
tbe  first,  was  called  ^^Tickling^up  tbe  old  scabs*'^* 
A  couple  of  waggoners  in  tbe  neighbourhood, 
having  caught  a  man,  as  they  said  in  the^ct  of 
stealing    something  from    the   waggon,  stripped 
him  and  fastened  him  to  the  binder  part  of  the* 
y^^ggoD,  got  out  their  jug  of  rum  and  anMi«e4 


■im 


"■^«* 


,    ■'%> 


fii^-- 


*^ 


Chemie1r€i  by  mtkinig^  leorerbn  bit  back  for  wt^ 
gen.  He  ibat  could  make  tbe  deepea^  score  ntf 
10  ba?e  tbe  first  dram.  Sometimes  tbe  cuts  ap. 
pearing  to  be  equal,  no  decisiofo  could  be.  bad  uq. 
til  tbe  second  or  tbird  trial  was  made.  This 
sport  was  continued  for  several  bours,  until  the 
poor  fellow  was  almost  killed,  and  tbe  waggonert 
Dolh  drunk. 

Female  6enrants,botb  wbite&  black  were  subjecli 
ed  to  tbe  wbip  in  common  witb  tbe  male*,  paving 
to  pass  tbrougb  tbe  yard  of  a  neighbour,  on*my  iray 
to  icbool,  it  happened  that  in  going  my  usu^l  rout,^ 
in  a  cold,  snowy  morning,  when  I  came  within 
Yiew  of  tbe  boose  I  was  much  surprised  at  seeint 
%  naked  woman  standing  at  the  whipping  post  and 
her  roaster  witb  a  biccory  in  bis  band,  mien  I  got 
to  the  place,  I  stopped  to  see  what  was  going  oo, 
after  the  woman  bad  received  a  certain  number  of 
lashes,  a  female  black  slave  was  ordered  from  the 
kitchen,  striped  and  fastened  by  the  irons  of  the 
whipping  post,  her  scars  eihibited  the  stripes  and* 
corrugations  of  former  years.  Both  these  women 
bad bandkercbiefs  tied  around  their  eyes,  to  prevent 
them  from  seeing  when  tbe  blow  was  coming. 
Tbe  biccory  used  by  this  man  was  a  forked  one, 
twisted  together  and  tied.  A  biccory  of  this  ind, 
owing  to  tbe  inequalitv  of  its  surface,  gives  the 
greater  pain,  l^itb  this  be  scored  the  backs  of 
these  two  women  alternately;  but  for  what  length 
of  time  I  de  not  know,  being  fboched  at  th^ 
eight,  I  hurried  onto  school,  and  letlt  the  mas* 
ter  ati%is  work. 

I  might  here  relate  many  other  methods  of  tor- 
ture, of  t^bich  I  have  been  eye  witness  among  these 
people,  such  as  the  thumb  screw,  sweating,  the 
birch  &c.  bnt  it  is  eoougb,  the'  heart  sickens  a't 

the  recollectioif  of  such  cruelties, 

J: 


-,.;^^- 


ILAVCRT; 


111 


Somt  time  ago,  I  ntde  enquiry  oft^geDtlemeni 
who  bad  receotlr  remoTcd  from  the  neighbour* 
bood,  Id  which  1  bad  lived  io  Marjland,  to  this 
coQDtry,  concerning  the  present  state  of  the  fami- 
lies, of  my  former  acquaintance  in  Maryland,  be 
informed  me,  thai  of  the  whole  number,  of  those 
families,  only  three  or  four  of  their  descendants 
remain  possessors  of  the  estates  of  their  forefatb- 
crs;  of  the  others,  their  sons  had  become  diseip- 
ated,  sold  their  lands,  and  had  either  oerished  m 
consequence  of  intemperance,  or  left  tne  country,' 
so  that  the  places  which  once  knew  those  fami- 
lies, as  princes  of  the  land,  now  know  them  no 
more.  Thus  it  i8,  that  in  mora  and  physical  rear 
pects  at  least  '^llie  sins  of  the  fathers,  are  visit- 
ed upon  children,  to  the  third  and  fourth  genera- 
tion. 

If  the  verv  sanctuaries  built  by  the  former  hi- 
erarchy of  the  slave  states,  in  which  the  oppres- 
sors used  the  ritual  of  the  christian  service,  with 
hands  recking  with  the  blood  of  slaves,  have  long 
since  ceased  to  be  vocal  with  the  songs  of  2ion, 
have  passed  to  other  hands,  or  even  fallen  to  de- 
cay, it  is  only  saying  that,  Qoo  is  just. 

The  recollection  of  the  tortures,  which  I 
witnessed  so  early  io  life^  is  still  a  source  of  affiic- 
tion  to  my  mind.  Twentyfour  hours  never  pass, 
during  which  my  imroagioation  does  not  present 
me  with  the  ufiSicting  view  of  the  plave  or  servant^ 
writhing  beneath  the  lashes  of  his  master,  and. 
cringing  from  the  brine  with  which  he  salted  his 
stripes.  ;in 

During  n^y  stay,  of  three  years,  io  the  region  of 
slavery,  my  only  consolation  was,  that  (lie  time 
would  come,  in  which  the  masiei'and  Hlave  would 
eicbange  situations:  ^hat  the  fiximer  would  rtccivi» 

k 


%^^, 


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.v^.. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


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1.0 


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18 


U    III  1.6 


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* 


Photographic 

^Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


m 


i\ 


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^ 


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M^ 


•d^neftr. 


«» 


the  puDiabment  d(ji$  to  bis  crveUy;  \!i^bile  tbe  latftr 
sbbuld  find  rest  from  bi^tbits  and  sufferings,  in 
tbe  kingdon  of  Heavsn.  Tbe  masler  I  regarded 
at  Pivee  who  after  **  Being  elotbed  in  purple  and 
fine  linei\'  and  fanng^  suniptuously  every  day*^ 
must  soon  *'L1ft  ua  bis  eyes  in  bell,  being  in  tor- 
ment/' The  slave  was  L^arus,  who  after  closing; 
his  sufferings  in  death,  was  to  b^  **Cairied  by  the 
angels  into  Abraliana's  bosom." 
'  F^omtbia  afflicting^  state  of  society,  I  returned 
10  the  back^woods. «  Republican,  without  know^ 
iftg^themeaniDi^'of  the  terns,  that  i%,  with  an  utter 
^testation  of  an*  arbitrary  po?/er  of  one  man  om 
another; 

Od  readings  this  reoitaY,'tViehisldrian'  wilfnatu^ 
rally  reffect^  that  personal,  real,  or  political  slavery) , 
has,  at  all  times*  been  the'  condition  of  almost  tb^^ 
whole  human  raee^  that  the  history  of  mania 
the  history  of*  opin'Msor^v^aBd  the  vt'e^s  of  op« 
pressiou.  Wars,  bastiles,  prisons,'Cro86es,  gibbits^ 
tortures^  scourges  and  fire,  in  the  hands  of  despots^ 
iMive  been  the  instruments  of  spreading^despla  tion 
andinisery  over  the  e^rth.  The  philosopher)  re* 
gards  those  roeana  of  distruetion,  ard^their  exten- 
sive use^  in  all  ages,  as  indices  of  ihe  depravity  and 
ferocity  of  mam  From  (be  blood-stained  pages  of 
history,  he  turns  with  di.sgpust  and  horror,  and  pro- 
nounces an  involuntary  Anathema  on  the  whole  of 
bis  race. 

But  is  the  condition  of  the  world  still  to  remaia 
the  same?  Are  the  moral  impressionsof'^nr  nature, 
tobewrever  sacraiiced  at  the  shrine  of  lawless  am« 
bition? '^  Is  man,  as  heretofore,. to  be  born  only  to 
dbstroji^br  be  destroyed.  Does  the  good  Samari- 
llm  see  no  rational  ground  of  hope,  of  better  things 
Idtrfiitttreag^s?   Wetrusthe  dibes9>and  that  as^e^* 


♦ 


fti  to  ^na«,  vnW  witHeisthe  fulfillment  of  bis  b#' 
Beroleot  wishes  and  pvedictions^ 
.    The  Aaierioan  Revolution,  was  tlie  c6inmence»> 
inent  of  a  new  era  in  the  history  of  the  world.— > 
Tb«  issue  of  that  eventful  congest,  snatched  the 
sceptre  from  the  hands  of  the  monarch,  and  placed 
It,  where  it  ought  to  he,  tn  the  iaods  of  the  pe<h>. 
pie.  • 

On  the  sacrad  altar  of  liberty,  It  consecrated  the 
rights  of  man,  surrendered  him  tb«  right  and  the 
lK>wer  of  governiog^  himself,  and  placed  in  hit 
nands,  tbo  resources  of  bis  eouotrj,  as*  ■winitioni 
:0f  war,  for  his  defence.^  The  experiment  was  lo-^ 
deed  bold  an  baaeadnus;  bul  success  lies  hitherto^, 
more  than^  justified  the  most  sangiiine  anticipa* 
tioo  of  those  who  made  it.  The  world  has  M*^ 
Eessed,  with  astoViishment^  the  rapid  growth  anf 
eon iirmation,ol  our  noble  fabric  of  freedom.  From 
our«distant  hori^n,  we  hare  relucted  a  string 
end  steady  blazis  of  light, on  ill  fated  Europe,  from 
firoe  immemorial  involved  in  tbefBtters  and  gloom 
of  slaverer.  Our  history  has^excited  a  general  and 
ardent  spirit  of  enquiry  into  the  nature  of  our  civ<> 
il  institutions^  and  a  strong  wish,,  on  the  part  of 
the  people  rndietant  countries,  to  participate  in  ous 
blessings. 

But  will  an>  eiample,.  so  portentous- of  ,evil,  td 
the  chiefs  of  despotic  institutions,  be  viewed  with 
indifference,  by  those  who  now  sway  the  seeptre, 
with  unlimited  power,,  over  the  many  millions 
of  their  vessels  >  Will  they  adopt  no  meas^aes  of 
defence,  against  the  influence  of  that  thirst  fOffree* 
dom,  so  widely  diffused  and  so  rapiply  gaining 
strength  throughout  their  empires  .>  WiM  they 
make' no  effort  to  remove  from  the  world  those  free 
governments,  whose  example  gives  them  so  much 
eoBoyance^    The  measuree  of  defence  will  hm 


♦. 


.m 


189 


•LAVRr* 


adopted,  ihn  effort  will  be  made;  for  power  U  nev* 
er  surrendered  without  a  struggle. 

AkeadjT  nations,  which  from  the  earliest  period 
of  their  history,  b^ve  constantly-  crimsoned  the 
jearth  with  e&ch  others  blood,  have' become  a  baod 
of  brothers,  for  the  distruction  of  every  gern 
of  huwan  liberty.  Every  year  witnesses  an  asso* 
elation  of  the  raonarchs  of  tbore  nations,  in  un* 
hlllov^d  conclave,  for  the  purpose  of  concertiog 
measures  for  effecting  their  dark^designs.  Hith* 
erto  the  execution  of  tbose  measures  have  been, 
alas!    Ibo  fatally  successful. 

It  would  be  impolitic  and  unvi^iso  i^'us,  to  cal* 
.eutate  on  escaping  the  hostile  notice  olf  the  dei* 
pots  of  continental  fiuropt;' already  wa  bear,  like 
distant'  thunder,  their  expiessipos  of  indignation, 
and  threats  of  vengence.-  We  oiifbt  to  antici- 
pate the  gathering  storm^  without  dismay;  but 
Bfet  with  indifference.  In  viewing  the  dark  side 
of  the  prospect  beforo'  uis;  one  souroe  of  conssU 
fitidn,*oriiiuch]magnitude,  presents  itself:  It  is  con 
fidently  expected,  that  the  brave  and  potent  nation, 
with  whom  we  have  a  common  origin,  will  not 
risk  the  loss  of  that  portion  of  liberty,  which  at 
the  expence*  of^sd  much  blood  and  treasure,  tbej 
l4ve  secured  far  tbemaelTes,  by  all  unnattiral  asso- 
eSation^wiltr  despots,  for  the  unholy  purpose  of 
makings  War  on  the  freedom  of  tko  few  nations  of 
^heeartb,i';faiGh  possess  any  considerable  portion  of 
that  inyaluablo  blessing;  on  the  eontrarj  it  is  hoped 
1^  U|J^hat  ihay^witt,  if  neeessityshould  require,  en* 
jHdyliie  bravery^j^- their  pieople;  their  immense 
resources  and  tne  trident  of  the  Ocean,  in  defence 
of  thair  own  libartias  and  by^aoasequeace  tboie 
ofv^tberar- 


f 


ower  IS  Dev* 


\ 


ClYlU^ATlOlfk 


1^< 


•LeglflTitoni,  fathers  of  oiiir  eoimfryl  lofe  no 
time:  spare  to  expeoee,  in  hastening  on  the  re« 
qiiisite  means  of  defence,  for  meeting  with  tafety, 
and  with  ? ictory,  the  impending  8torni>  whic^ 
foooer,  or  later,  avuBtfiidl  u|Mmii9* 


'0- 


Civilization. 


CHAPTER  XXIII. 


Tofi  causes,  which  led  to  the  present  state  of, 
civilization  of  the  western  country  are  subjects 
whic^  deserve  some  consideration. 

The  state  of  society  and  manners  of  the,  ear* 
ly  settlers,  as  presented  in  these  notes,  eh^wa 
very  clearly,  that  their  grade  of  civilization  waS| . 
indeed,  low  enough.  The  descendants  of  the  Bog* 
lish  caviliers  from  Maryland  and  Virginia,  whe 
settled  mostly  along  the  rivers,  and  the  descen* 
dants  of  the  Irish,  who  settled  the  interior  parte 
of  the  country,  were  neither  of  them  remarilblo 
for  science,  or  urbanity  of  manners.  The  fcMrmer 
were  mostly  illiterate,  rough  in  their  ma|»neni| 
and  nddieted  to  the  rude  diversions  of  horse  ra« 
cing»  wrestling,  jom[nng,  shooting,  dancing  ^e^ 
These  diversioas  Were  often  abcgniptfiied  with 


*  ■;;. 


•■♦ 


1S4 


^iviuZATram 


■w^'' 


penontl  eombilis  whicb  coniisted  df  UoWi,  _^ 
ktiog  andgovnof.  This  mode  ef  fighting  wii 
fibat  tbey  called  rmigk  asd  tam6fe  Sometiflovi  ^ 
apreviont  ttipulation  was  made,  to  use  tbt  fiiti 
#n]y;  Yet  tbese  ^eopla  were  industroas,  enter* 
prizing,  generous  in  tbeir  bospitaUty,  and  bran 
in  tbe  defence  *of  tbeir  countrjet 

Tbese  people^  for  tbe  most  part,  formed  the 
#ordon  ak>ng  tbe  Obio  fiver  tin  the  Irontiers  <| 
Pennsylvania,  Virginia  and  Kentucky,  wbieb  de* 
fended  tbe  country  against  the  attacks  of  tbe  In- 
dians, duriof  tbe  ^i;^volutionary  war.  They  were 
Che  Janizaries  of  tbe-coantij,  that  is,  they  were  sol- 
diers,  when  they  choose  to  be  so,  and  when  thty 
choose,  laid  down  tbeir  arms.  Tbeir  military  scr* 
viee  was  voluntary  %hd  of  course  received  no  psy* 

IVitb  tbe  desGCDdants  of  the  Irish,  1  bad  but 
little  acquaintance;  although  1  Hved  near  them. 
Ax  an  early  period,tbey  weie  comprehended  in  the 
Fresbyterian  churcb  and  were  therefore,  more 
reserved  in  there  deportment  than  their  frontier 
Beigbbours,  tmd  from  their  eituation,  being  lees ' 
•iposed  to  the  indian  warfare,  took  less  part  ia 
that  war. 

The  patriot  of  Ibe  western  region,  fitids  bis  To^ 
of  country  and  national  pride,  augmented  to  tbe 
highest  grade  when  be  compares  tbe  political  moral 
end  religious  character  of  bis  people,  With  that 
cf  tbe  inhabitants  of.  many  large  divisions  ti 
the  old  world.  In  Asia  and  Airica,  generation 
after  glneration  passes  without  any  change  in  the 
moral  and  religious  cbaracter,or  physical  condition 
of  the  people* 

On  tne  Wbary  coast,  the  traveller,  if  a  rir« 
m^  lies  in  bis  way,  and  b^)penB  to  be  high)  mi||.t 


cirnizATioiT* 


either  twim  it,  or  wi^U  uotil  it  Ki^sidea,  If  tbii 
traveller  i«  a  chrifitiao,  he  jnutt  bave  a  firnoaD  an4 
a  guard.  Yet  this  was  oacajthe  country  of  i\m 
famous   Carthagenians.  . 

In  upper  E^pt  the  people  grind  mealy 
for  their  dhoura  fore^d,  hy  rubbing  it .  between 
two  flat  stones,  ^liis  is  done  by  women. 

In  Palestine,  the  grinding  of  grtfiu,  is  still  per* 
formed  by  an  iU  constructed  hand  mill,  as  in  the 
days  of  our  Saviour.  The  roads  to  the  famoua 
city  of  Jerusalem,  are  still  almost  in  the  rude  state 
of  nature.  ' 

In  Asiatic  Turkey,  merchandize  is  still  carriei 
on  by  caravans,  which  are  attended  with  a  military 
guard,  and  the  naked  walls  of  the  caravansera  if 
their  fortress  and  place  of  repose  at  night;  instead 
t»f  a  place  of  entertainment.  The  streets  of  Con- 
stanople,  instead  of  being  paved,  are,  in  many 
places  almost  impassable  from  mud,  filth  and  the 
carcases  of  dead  beasts.  Yet  this  is  the  metrop* 
olis  of  a  great  empire. 

Throughout  the  whole  of  the  extensive  regiofi#^ 
•f  Asia  and  Africa,  man  from  bis.  cradle  tO;  bii»( 
grave,  sees  no  change  in  the  aspect  of  any  thing' 
around  him;  unless  from  the  desolations  of  wat. 
His  dress,  his  ordinary  salutationsof  his  neigh- 
bours, his  diet  and  hi$    mode  of  eating  it,  are. 
prescribed  by  his  reiigious  institutions,  and  his 
rank  in  society,^  as  well  as  his  occupation  are 
determined  by  his  birth*    Steady,  and  unvarying 
as  the  lapse  of  time  in  every  department  of  life 
generation  after  jeneralioo  beats  the  dull  mono* 
tonous  round.    The  liindoo,  would  sooner  die  a 
martyr  il, the  stoke  than  sit  on  a  ohair,  or  eat 
ivi»  ftinife  eajibrk. . . 

ft 


•^Sf'^.  \ 


»  -x^ 


..-JS.  ■ 


WB 


crriLizATKJlr. 


The  cleseendant  of  Ishmael  Is  still  <<A  wild 
mtn,*'  hungry,  tbirttj  and  half  naked,  beneath  a 
i)urning  aun,  he  traverses  the  immense  and  in- 
bospitable  desert  of  Zahara,  apparently  without 
ftny  object,  because  his  forefathers  did  so  be- 
fore him.  Throughout  life  he  subsists  on  Camel's 
milk  and  flesh,  while  bis  only  covering  from  tl)e 
inclemency  of  the  weather,  is  a  ilimsey  tent 
of  Camels  hair,  his  single,  solitary  virtue  is  that  of 
hospitality  to  strangers;  in  every  other  respect  be 
Is  a  tbiei  and  a  robber. 

The  Chinese  still  retain  their  alphabet  of  thirty* 
eix  thousand  Hieroglyphics,  They  must  nevier  ex- 
change it  for  one  of  twenty  letters,  which  would 
answer  an  infinitely  better  purpose. 

Had  we  pursued  the  course  of  the  greater  num- 
ber of  the  nations  of  the  earth,  we  should  have 
been  a^  this  day  treading  in  the  footsteps  of  our 
Ibrefatbers  from  whose  example  in  any  respect 
we  should  have  thought  it  criminal  to*  depart,  in 
the  slightest  degree. 

Instead  of  a  blind,  or  superstitious  imitation  of 
the  manners  and  customs  ot  our  forefathers,  we 
have  thought,  and  acted  for  ourselves  and  we  have 
chang<|d  ourselves  and  every  thing  around  us. 

Thelinsey  and  coarse  linen  of  the  first  settlers 
of  the  country,  have  been  exchanged  for  the  sub« 
•tantial  and  fine  fabricks  of  Europe  and  Asia.— ^ 
The  hunting  shirt,  for  the  fashionable  coat  of 
broad  clothe  and  the  mocasson  for  boots  and  shoes 
of  tanned  leather.  The  dresses  of  our  la  dies,  is  e« 
iqual  in  beauty,  fineness  and  fashion,  to  those  of  the 
cities,  and  countries  of  Europe,  and  Atlantic  A* 

erica. 

It  is  not  enough,  that  perseveiing  iodustrr^^lis 
iej»i^}«d»f  to  purchase  the  ^Purpleand  fiae^tt^^ 


;.  I-: j.A.\ 


CIVILIZATION. 


M 


horn  foreigners  and  to  use  their  porcelaio  and  g1as« 
ware  whether  plain,  engraved  or  gilt.  We  ha^ 
nobly  dared  to  labricate  those  elegant,  comfortable 
and  valuable  productions  of  art  tor  ourselves. 

A  well  founded  prospect  of  large  gairta  froM  use* 
ful  arts,  and  honest  labour  has  drawn  to  our 
•ountry,  a  large  number  of  the  best  ertizans  of  o« 
tber  countries.  Their  inachanic  arts,  inamensely 
improved  by  American  genius  have  hitherto  rear 
lized  the  hopeful  prospect  which  induced  their 
emigration  to  our  infant  country. 

The  horse  paths,  along  which  our  forefatliera 
made  their  laborious  journies  over  the  mountaiVf^ 
for  salt  and  iron,  were  soon  succeeded  by  ws^goa 
rosds,  and  those  again  by  substantial  turnpikes^ 
which,  as  if  by  magic  inchantment  have  brought  the 
distant  region,  not  many  years  ago  denoir'sated 
*The  backwoods^  into  a  close  and  lucratire  totUte  ^tioa 
with  our  great  Atlantic  cities.  The  journey  over 
the  mountains,  formerly  considered  no  Im^y  $o 
expensive  and  even  perilous,  is  now  madd  in  e 
▼ery  few  days,  and  with  accomodations,  not  div- 
pleasing  to  the  epicure  himself.  Those  giants  of 
North  America,  the  different  mountains  composing 
the  great  chain  of  theAlegheny,  formerly  so  fright- 
ful in  their  aspect,jind  presenting  so  many  SltR*. 
Culties  in  their  passage  are  now  scarcely  noticed 
by  the  traveller,in  his  journey  along  the  graduated 
bikh^ays,  by  which  tliey  are  crossed. 

The  rude  sports  of  former  times,  have  been  difw 
cotttfbuedi  Athletic  trials  of  muscular  strength 
Und  activity,  in  which  there  certainly  is  not 
>BUAh^ipf merit,  have  given  way  to  the  morei|bbI# 
imbillon  loir  mental  endowments,  and  skill  in  tiseu 
■fvit'pi^  T6  the  rude,  and  often  indecent  songSy 
^Ill^l^lPgbly  and  unskilfully  stingy  have  succeedeii 


180 


ClVlLtZATK^. 


the  psalm,  (hfi  hymn,  and  svifelling  finthein.  % 
the  clemorous  boast,  the  provoking  b&oter,  the  bi. 
ting  uarcasm,  the  horrid  oath  nnd  imprrcation,have 
succeedfid  urba.ify  of  mannerd  aiid  a  course  of 
oonTerB&tion  eidightenrd  by  science,  and  chastea* 
cd  by  mental  attention  and  respect. 

Above  oil  the  direful  »pirit  of  revenge,  the  cier- 

'ciie  of  which  so  nrtuch  approiimated  the  charie* 

ter  of  many  of  the  first  settlert  of  our  country,  to 

that  of  the  vrorsl  of  savagea,  is  now   utiknown. 

The  Indian  might  pats  in  safety  among  those, 
whose  remen;brance  still  bleeds  at  the  recollection 
of  the  loss  of  their  relatives,  who  have  perished 
under  (he  tomahawk  and  scalping* knife  of  the 
aavages. 

The  Moravian  bretberen)  may  dwell  in  safety 
pn  the  cites  of  the  villages  desolated  and  over  the 
bones  of  their  brethren  and  forefathers  murdered, bj 
the  more  tban  savage  ferocity  of  tba  whites.  Nor 
let  it  be  supposed,  that  the  rCfurn  of  peace,  produ" 
ced  this  salutarv  change  of  fueling,  towards  the 
tawney  sons  of  (he  forest,  The  thirst  cif  rerecje, 
Wbs  not  wholly  allayed  by  the  balm  of  peace.  S«- 
veral  Indians  fell  victims  to  the  private  vei^gance,  of 
those  who  had  recently  lest  their  relations  in  the 
i|ar,  for  some  years  after  it  had  ceased. 
V  If  the  state  of  society  and  Ltauners,  from  the 
commencemeiit  of  the  settlemfots  in  this  coyntry, 
cturingthe  lapse  of  many  years,  owing  tothesan- 
gi^inary  character  of  the  l4[idian  mode  of  wai  far<> 
ahd  other  circumstances,  was  in  a  state  of  retro- 
gression, as  was  evidently  the  case.  If  ignorance 
|s  rrhre  easily  induced  than  science.  If  society 
more  speedily  deteriorates,  tban  iuqiproires:  If  it 
be  much  easier  for  the  civilized  man  to  become 
frildj  than  for  the  wild  man  tf  beooi||i«  civilized: 


cmuzATioxr* 


m 


wbatmetBi  have  anreited  the  progreii  of  the  ear* 
Ijr  inbabitantf  of  the  western  region  towards  bar- 
barism?  What  agents,  ha?e  directed  their  influ- 
ence ia  favour  of  science,  morals  and  pielf  ? 

Hie  early  introduction  of  commerce,  was  among 
the  first  means  ofchanging,  in  some  degree  tho 
exterior  aspect  of  the  population  of  the  country, 
and  giving  a  new  current  to  public  feeling  and 
individual  persuit. 

The  huntsman  and  warrior,  when  he  bad  ei« 
obanged  his  hunter's  dress,  lor  that  of  the  civili« 
zed  man,  soon  lost  sight  of  his  former  occupa- 
tions, and  assumed  a  new  character,  and  a  new 
line  of  life;  like  the  soldier,  who  when  he  receivcf 
his  discharge,  and  lays  aside  his  regimentals,  soon 
looses  the  feelinc  of  a  soldier,  and  even  forgets, 
in  some  degree,  his  manual  exercise. 

H&d  not  commerce,  furnished  the  means  of 
changing  the  dresses  of  our  people,  and  the  fur* 
niture  of  their  houses,  had  the  hunting  shirt, 
mocasson  and  leggins,  centinujsd  to  be  the  dress 
of  our  men,  bad  the  three  legged  stool,  the  nog« 
gin,  the  trencher  and  wooden  bowl  continued  to 
be  the  furniture  of  our  houses,  our  progress 
towards  science  and  civilization  would  have  been 
much  slower. 

It  may  seem  strange,  that  so  much  importance 
IS  attached  to  the  influence  of  dress,  in  givipg 
the  moral  and  intellectual  character  of  society. 

In  all  the  institutions  of  despotic  governments, 
we  discover  evident  traces  ot  the  highest  grade 
of  human  sagacity  and  foresight.  It  must  have  beeo 
the  object  of  the  founders  of  those  governments, 
to  repress  the  genius  of  man,  divest  the  mind 
of  every  sentiment  of  ambitioni  and  prerent  the 


'*■. 


110  QmLixinofi  "~~* 

oogninnce  of  any  ruJe  o^  jif«,  tittpiki  itiif  hh 
Mind  obedience  to  the  des|^t,  and  his  established 
Snstitutions  of  religion  and  go?ernment:  hence  the 
canon  laws  of  religion,  in  all  gOTernmepts  despot- 
ic in  principle,  have  prescribed  the  costume  of 
each  class  of  society,  their  diet,  and  their  mtn- 
ner  of  eating  it,  even  their  household  furniture, 
is  in  like  ooanner  prescribed  by  law.  In  all  these 
departments,  no  oeviation  from  the  law,  orcus^ 
torn  is  permited,  or  even  thought  of.  The  whole 
Science  of  human  nature,  under  such  govern- 
ments,  is  that  of  a  knowledge  of  the  duties  of  the 
•tation  of  life,  prescribed  by  parentage  and  the 
whole  duty  or  man  that  of  a  rigid  performance 
•f  them;  while  reason  having  nothing  to 
do  with  either  the  one,  or  the  other,  is  never 
cultivated. 

Even  among  christians,  those  founders  of  re- 
ligious societies  have  succeeded  best,  who  ban 
prescribed  a  professional  costume  for  their  fol- 
lowers, because  every  time  the  disciple  looks  it 
liis  dress,  he  is  put  in  mind  pf  bis  obligation^  to 
the  society  to  which  he  belongs,  aid  he  is  therCf 
fore,  the  less  liable  to  wander  into  strange  pas- 
tures. 

The  English  government  could  never  subdue 
the  Esprit  du  courof  the  north  of  Scotland,  un- 
til, after  the  rebellion  of  45,  the  prohibition  of 
wearing  the  tartan  plaid,  the  kilt  and  the  bon- 
net amongst  Highlanders,  broke  down  the  spirit  of 
the  clans. 

I  have  seen  several  of  the  Moravian  Indians, 
and  wondered  that  they  were  permitted  to  wear 
the  indian  dress;  their  conduct,  when  among  the 
wkite  people,  soon  conTineed  me  thai  liie  Qoar 


ClVlUSATfOlfi 


M 


iertion  6/  ikon  ^hcm  t  bmt  was  far  from  beiaf 
oomplete. 

There  can  be  little  doubt,  but  that  if  pernia  ^ 
eioD  should  6e  given,  by  the  supreme  power  oi 
the  Musselman  faith,  for  a  change,  at  the^  will 
•f  each  individual,  in  dress,  household  furniture, 
and  in  eating  and  drinking  the  whole  Mahomi- 
dan  system  would  be  overthrown  in  a  few  years< 
With  a  a  similar  permission .  the  Hindoo  supersti* 
tion,  would  share  the  same  fate. 

We  have  yet  some  small  districts  of  country,, 
where  the  costume,  cabins,  and  in  some  meas- 
ure, the  household  furniture  of  their  ancestors  are 
still  in  use.  The  people  of  these  districts,  are  far 
behind  their  neighbours,  in  every  valuable  en-^ ' 
dowment  of  human  nature.  Among  them  the 
virtues  of  chastity,  temperance  and  industry,  bear 
no  great  value,  and  schools  and  places  of  wor> 
ship,  are  but  little  regarded.  In  general  every 
one  *^Does  what  is  right  in  his  own  e>es." 

Jn  short,  why  have  we  so  soon  forgotten  ov^ 
forefathers^  and  every  thing  belonging  to  our  fpir* 
mer  state?  The  reason  is,  every  thing  belonging^ 
to  our  former  state  has  vanished  from  our  views; 
we  meet  with  nothing  to  put  us  in  remembrance 
oi  them.  The  recent  date,  of  the  settlement  of  our 
country,  is  no  longer,  a  subject  of  reflection.  Its 
immense  improvements,  present  to  the  imagina- 
tion, the  results  of  the  labours  of  several  cen- 
turies, instead  of  the  work  of  a  few  years;  and 
we  do  not  often  take  the  trouble  to  correct  the 
false  impression. 

The  introduction  of  the  mechanic  arts,  has  eer- 
lainly  contributed,  not  a  little,  to  the  morals  an4 
aeieoiific  improvement  of  the  country* 


101 


ClVIUZi.TIOM^« 


The  carpenter,  the  joiner  aod  mason,  have  dig. 
placed  tne  rude,  unsightly  and  uncomfortsble 
cabin  of  our  forefathers,  by  comfortable,  and  in 
many  instances  elegant  mansiora  of  stone,  brick 
hewn  or  sawed  timbers. 

The  ultimate  objects  of  civilization  are  the  mb* 
ral  and  physical  happiness  of  man.  To  the  latter, 
the  commodious  mansian  bouse,  with  its  furniture 
contributes  essentially.  The  family  mansions  of 
the  nations  of  the  earth,  furnish  the  criteria  of 
t6e  diffierent  grades  of  their  moral  and  mentil 
condition.  The  savages  universally  live  in  tenti, 
wjti|:wams  or  logdes  covered  with  earth.  Ba/bariani 
neit  to  these,  many  indeed  have  habitations  some- 
things better;  but  of  no  value  and  indifferently  fur* 
nlsbjed^  Such  are  the  habitations  of  the  Sussias 
^artar^  and  Turkish  peasantry. 

Such  is'the  effect  of  a  large,  elegant  and  welt 
furnished  house  on  the  feelings  and  deportment  of 
a  family,  that  if  you  were  to  build  one,  for  a  fami- 
ly of  Savages,  by  the  occupancy  of  it  they  would 
lose  their  savage  character}  or  if  they  did  not 
choose  to  make  the  exchange  of  that  character, 
for  that  of  civilization,  they  wonld  forsake  it,  for 
the  wigwam  and  the  woods. 

This  was  dona  by  many  of  the  early  stock  of 
backwoodsmen,  even  after  they  built  comfortable 
houses  for  themselves.  They  no  lon|;er  had  the 
chance  oi  **A  fall  hunt,"  The  woods  pasture  was 
eaten  up.  They  wanted  "  Elbow  room."  They 
therefore  sold  out,  and  fled  tit  the  forest  of  the 
frontier  settlements,  choosing  rather  to  encounter 
tfke  toil  of  turning  the  wilderness,  into  fruitful  field0> 
a  second  time,  and  even  risk  an  Indian  war,  ra< 
ther  than  endure  the  inconveniences  of  a  crouded 
aattlement.   Kentucky,  first  offered  a  resting  place 


efriLiafAtioK. 


'%s 


Ibr  those  pioneers,  then  Indiana  and  now  the  Mie^ 
•ouri&nd  it  cannot  be  lung  before  the  Pacific  o- 
cean,  will  put  a  final  stop  to  the  westward  march  *" 
•f  those  lovers  of  the  wilderness. 

Substantial  buildings,  have  the  effect  of  giving^  ' 
iralue  to  tht  soil  and  creating  an  attachment  to 
the  familj  residence.  Those  who  have  accustomed 
tberoselves  ta  poetry,  ancient,  or  modern  need  not 
be  told  how  finely  and  bow  impressivelj,  the 
household  goda  the  blazing  hearth,  the  plentiful 
board  and  the  social  fire  aide,  figure  in  poetical 
imagery.  And  this  it  not  <^Tying  up  nonsense 
for  a  song,^  They  are  realities  of  life,  in  ita  mo6t 
polished  states.  They  are  among  its  best  and 
most  rational  enjoyments:  They  associate  the  little 
family  community,  ia  parental  and  filial  affection 
and  duty,  in  which  even  tb«  well  clothed  child, 
leels  its  importance,,  claims,  and  dulies.      ^     (f 

The  amount  of  attaebm^nt  (o  the  family  mtnsiofr,^ 
furnish^a  the  criterion  of  tha  relative  amauntof  viir^ 
tue  in  the  members  of  a  family.    If  the  bead  of  a 
family  should  wandaT  from  the  path  of  parental  du  • 
iy,  and  become  addicted  to  vicious  habits,  in  pro- 
portion as  bis  virtue  suffers  a  declension,  his  love 
of  bifi  home  and  family  abates,  until,  at  last,  uO^  » 
pi|ce  however  bMe  and  corrupting    it  may  be ,, 
IS  more  agreeable  to  him  than  the  once  4vkidomum_ 
If  a  similar  decle^nsion  m  virtue  happens  on  the 
part  of  the  maternal  ^hief  of  the  fi^mily  mansion, 
ibe  ^rst  effect  or  her  deviation  fKoni  the  path  of 
t9atfirnal|viriue,  i|  that /^Her  feet  abideth  not  iii 
tie^O|!irn  bouse.''    l^he  same  observations  npply 
to  children.    When  the  young  man,  or  woman 
ioitead  of  manifesting  a  strong  attachment  for 
|}m^  |apij|  ijaiipfion  w  **Gifcn  ta  outgoing"  to 


194 


CIVILIZATION. 


% 


\ 


places  of  licentieus  resort,  their  moral  ruin  maj 
be  86id  to  be  at  no  great  distance. 

Architecture,  is  of  use,  even  in  the  jmportutt 
province  of  religion.  Those  who  build  no  boug- 
es  for  themselves,  build  no  temples  for  iheeer^ 
vice  of  God,  and  of  course  derive  the  len 
benefit  from  the  institutions  of  religion.  While 
our  people  lived  in  cabins,  their  places  of  woi' 
ship  >vere  tento,  as  they  were  called,  rheir  seaii 
logs  their  communion  tables,  rough  slabs  of  bewi 
timber  aHd  the  covering  of  the  worshippers,  tin 
leaves  of  the  forest  trees. 

Churches^  have  succeeded  to  tents,  with  their 1] 
rude  accomodations   for  public    worship.    T)ii| 
very  aspect  of  those  sacred  edifices,  fills  the  mini; 
of  the  beholder,  with  a  religious  awe,  and  as  to 
the  most  believing  and  sincere,  it  serves  to  it. 
orease  the  fervor  of  devotion.    Patriotism,  is  sog* , 
mented  by  the  sight  cf  the  majestic  forum  of  jm*; 
tice,  the  substantiar  public  highway  and  bridge 
with  iti  long  succession  of  ponderous  arches. 

Home  and  Greece,  would  no  doubt,  have  ftl' 
len  much  sooner,  had  it  not  been  for  the  patriot* 
ism  inspired  by  their  magnificient  public  edjficei, 
bad  it  not  been  for  these,  their  histories  would 
have  been  lesg  complete  ismd  lasting  than  thejf 
have  been. 

Etnigration,  has  brought  to  the  western  regiobi 
the  wealth,  science  and  arts,  of  our  eastern  breth- 
trn  and  even  of  Europe.  These  we  biope  baT»| 
puffered  no  deterioration,  in  the  wrestern  country. 
They  have  contributed  much  to  the  chaoge 
which  has  been  effected,  m  the  moral  and  scieDti* 
6c  character  of  our  country, 

The  ministry  of  (he  gospel  hae  contributed  no  I 
d^nbt  iflUBienfiely,  to  the  bappy  abange  wbicV 


■■"■-^'^--'- 


ciVirlzATtON. 


nt 


bas  been  effected  in  the  state  of  out  western 
society.  At  an  early  period  of  our  settlements 
ihrec  Presbyterian  clergymen,  commenced  their 
clerical  labours  in  our  infant  settlements.  The 
Re7.  Joseph  Smith,  the  Rev.  John  McMillan, 
and  the  Bey.  Mr.  Bowers,  the  two  latter  of 
whom,  are  still  living.  They  were  pious/ patient, 
laborious  jjneo,  who  collected  their  people  into 
regular  congregations,  and  did  all  for  them  that 
their  circumstances  would  allow.  It  was  no  dispar* 
agement  to  them,  that  their  first  churches  were 
the  shady  groves,  and  their-  first  pulpits  a 
kind  of  tent,  constructed  of  a  few  rough  slabs 
and  covered  with  clapboards.  *^He  vi|ho  dvirelleth 
not  exclusively,  in  temples  made  with  hands,*',^ 
was  propitious  to  their  devotions. 

From  the  outset,  they  prudently  resolved  to 
create  a  ministry  in  the  country,  and  acccordr 
iogly,  established  little  grammer  schools  at  (heir 
own'houses  or  in  their  immediate  neighbourhoods. 
The  course  of  education  which  they  gave  their 
pupils,  was  indeed,  not  extensive;  but  the  piety  of 
those  who  entered  into  the  ministry,  more  than 
made  up  the  deficiency.  They  formed  societies 
most  of  which  are  now  large  and  respectable, 
andio  point  of  education  their  ministry  has  much 
improved. 

About  the  year  1792,  an  Academy  was  estab^ 
lished  at  Cannonsburgh,  in  Washington  County, 
in  the  Western  part  of  Pennsylvania,  which  was 
afterwards  incorporated  under  the  name  Jeifer* 
son   college. 

(The  means  possessed  by  the  society  for  the  un- 
dertaking, were  indeed  but  small;  but  they  not 
only  erected  a  tolerable  edifice  for  the  academy; 
l^at  created  a  fund,  for  the  eduoation  of  such  piot^ 


J" 


\ ' 


%.^-   * 


m 


€itTIU2ATI01f» 


young  men  as  w«re  desirous  of  entering  into  the 
inimstry;  but  unsble  to  defray  the  eipences  cf 
Ibeir  education. 

Tbis  institution  bas  been  remarkably  succegifal 
In  its  operations.  It  bas  produced  a  large  num^ 
her  of  good  scholars  in  all  the  literary  professioQi 
and  added  immensely  to  tbe  seince  of  tbe  coua* 
try.  '  V 

Next  to  thiSjWasbington  college,  situated  in  the 
county  town,  of  the  county  of  that  name,  has  been 
the  means  of  diifueiog  much  of  tbje  light  of  scieaci 
thro'  tbe  western  country. 

Too  much  praise,  cannot  be  bestowed  on  those 
good  men  who  opened  these  fruitful  sources  of 
instruction  for  our  infant  country,  at  «o  early  a  pe- 
riod of  its  settlement.  They  have  inmienseJy  ioi* 
proved  the  departments  of  theology,  law,  medicine 
and  legislation  in  the^western  regions. 

At  a  later  period,  tbe  Methodist  society  began 
their  labours  in  the  western  parts  Of  Virginia  anci 
Pennsylvania,  their  progress  at  first  was  sloyr;  bat 
their  zeal  and  perseveranoe,  at  length,  overcame 
every  obstacle,  so  tbat  they  are  now  one  of  tbe 
most  nuQierous  and  respectable  societies  in  ih\i 
€o4ntry.  l^be  itinerant  plan  of  tb^ir  ministry,  1^ 
well  calculated  to  convey  the  gospel  throughout  a 
thinly  scattered  population. 

AccordUigly,  th^  ministry  has  kept  pace  with 
tbe  ex|ensioa  of  our  settlements.  The  little 
^in  was  scarcely  built,  and  the 'little  6eI4 
fenced  iu,  before  these  evengelical  teachers  made 
their  vppearance  amongst  t|em,  collected  tbsiB 
into  societies  and  taught  tbem  th^  worship  of 

I|l4itidtf^R  for  the  labours  of  these  inda^tiga- 
"pieman,  (^||oantry,  as  to  a  great  axttnt  of  its  kU 


.  *.i 


OIVIUZATIOV. 


m 


ilements,  would  have  been  at  this  day  a  temi  bar- 
baric region.  How  aany  thousands,  and  lens  of 
fhousandd,  of  the  most  ignorant  and  licentious  of 
our  population  have  they  instructed,  and  reclaime 
from  the  error  of  their  ways?  They  have  restore 
to  SQciety  even  the  most  Worthless,  and  made  them' 
valuable  and  respectable,  as  citizens,  and  useful  in 
all  the  relations  of  life.  Their  numerous,  and  zea* 
lous  ministry  bids  fair  to  carry  on  the  good  work 
to  any  extent  which  our  settlements,  and  popula* 
tion  may  require. 

With  theCatholics,  I  havebutlittle  acquaiutance, 
but  have  every  reason  to  believe,  tWat  in  propor«> 
lion,  to  the  extent  of  their  flocks,  they  have  done 
well.  In  this  country,  they  have  received  the  e* 
piscopalvisitations  of  their  Bishops.  In  Kentuck* 
cy  they  have  a  Cathedral,  a  Coll«tge  and  a  Bishop. 
In  Indiana  thfy  have  a  Monastry  of  the  order  of  St 
Trap,  which  is  also  a  college,  and  a  Bishop. 

Their  clergy,  with  apostolic  zeal,  but  in  an 
unostentatious  manner,  have  sought  out  and  min- 
istered to  their  scattert;d  flocks  throughout  the 
country;  an4  as  far  as  I  ktiow,  with  good  auc«> 
cess. 

The  societies  of  friends,  in  the  western  coun- 
try, are  numerous,  and  their  establishments,  in 
good  order.  Alt  ho'  they  are  not  much  in  favour 
of  a  classical  education,  they  are  nevertheless, 
in  the  habit  of  giving  their  people  a  substantial 
English  education.-  Their  habits  of  industry  and 
attention  to  useful  arts  and  improvements,  are 
highly  honourable  to  themselves,  and  worthy  <^ 
.imitation. 

The  Baptists  in  the  State  of  Kentucky,  took  the 
lead  in  the  ministry,  and  with  great  success*  Their 


198 


ClVILIZATlOK* 


establishmenid,  are,  as  I  have  been  informed,  at 
present,  numerous  and  respectable,  in  that  state. 
Ji  great  and  salutary  revolution  has  taken  place 
Id  this  community  of  people.  Their  ministry 
iras  formerly,  quite  illiterate;  but  they  have  turned 
th^ir  attention  to  science,  and  have  already  erect- 
ed some  very  respectable  literary  establishment!, 
in  different  parts  of  America. 

The  German  Lutheran  and  Reformed  churches 
In  our  country,  as  far  as  I  know  of  them  are  doing 
well.  The  number  of  ihe  Lutheran  congregations 
Is  said  to  be,  at  least,  ote  hundred,  that  of  the 
reformed,  it  is  presutuf  d  is  about  the  same  amount . 

It  is  remarkable,  that  throughout  the  whole 
extent  of  the  United  States,  the  Germans,  in  pro- 
portion to  their  wealth,  have  the  best  churches,  or- 
gans and  grave  yards. 

^  It  is  a  fortunf^te  circumstance,  that  those  of 
our  citizens,  who  labor  under  the  disadvantage 
of  speaking  a  foreign  language,  are  blessed  with  a 
ministry,  so  evangelical  as  that  of  these  very 
numerous  and  respectable  comnr.unities. 

The  fjpiscopalian  church,  which  ought  to  have 
been  foremostjin  gathering  in  their  scattered  flocks, 
have  been  the  last,  and  done  the  least  of  any  chris- 
tian community,  in  the  evangelic  work. 

Taking  the  western  country  in  its  whole  ex- 
tent, ^t  least  one  half  cf  its  population  was  ori- 
ginally of  epiFGopalian  parentage;  but  for  want 
pf  a  ministry  of  their  own,  have  associated  with 
other  communities.  They  bad  no  alternative,  but 
that  of  cbanging  their  profession  or  living 
and  dying  without  the  ordinances  of  religion.—* 
It  can  be  no  subject  of  regret,  that  those  ordin- 
imaes  were  placed  within  their  reach,  by  other 
hliBds^  whjlfit  they  were  withheld  by  (bese^  by 


#*ii 


CITIU2ATI0II. 


199 


vrbom,  as  a  matter  of  ri^^ht  and  duty  tbey  ought 
tobaTe  been  given. 

One  single  chorea  episcopus,  or  suffragan  bish- 
op) of  a  fdithfu)  spirit  who,  twenty  years  ago. 
should  have  "Ordained  th«>.in  elders  in  every  place" 
where  they  were  needed,  would  have  been  the 
iostrument  of  forming  episcopal  congregations  o« 
ver  a  great  extent  of  country,  and  which  by  thia 
time  would  have  become  large,  nuniorous  and 
respectable;  but  the  opportunity  was  neglected, 
and  the  consequent  loss  to  this  church  is  irrepa* 
rable. 

So  total  a  neglect  of  the  spiritual  interests  of  so 
many  valuable  people,  for  sogre^  a  length  of 
time,  by  s  ministry  so  near  at  hand;  is  a  aingular, 
and  unprecedented  fact,  in  ecclesiastical  history, 
the  like  of  which  never  occurred  before. 

It  seems  to  n>e,  that  if  the  twentieth  part  ot 
their  number  of  chri»t)ftn  people,  of  any  other 
community,  bad  been  placed  in  Siberia,  and  de« 
pendent  on  any  pfber  eeclesiafsliea}  authority,  is 
fkis  country,  that  that  authority  would  have  reach- 
ed  them,  many  years  ago  with  the  min- 
istnition  of  the  gospel.  With  the  earliest  and 
most  numerous  episcopacy  -  in  America;  not 
one  of  the  eastern  bishops  has  ever  yet  crossed 
the  Allegheny  mountains,  although  the  dioces* 
ses  of  two  Of  them,  comprehend  large  tracts  of 
country  on  the  western   side  of  the  mountains. 

rt  is  hoped  that  the  future  diligence  of  thia 
community,  will  make  op,  in  some  degree,  for 
the  negiligence  of  the  past. 

There  is  still  an  immense  void  in  this  country 
#hioh  it  is  their  duty  to  fill  up.  Prom  their  res« 
pectability,  on  the  ground  of  antiquity  among  \h» 


if 


HAd 


eilVlUCATION. 


reformed  churches,  the  science  of  thetr*patriarclii^ 
who  have  been  the  lights  of  the  world,  frrm  their 
Dumber  and  ^i^reat  resources,  even  in  America, 
she  ought  to  hasten  to  fulfil  the  just  expectations 
of  her  own  people,  as  well  as  those  of  other 
commuoities,  in  contributing  her  full  share  to 
Ihe  Science,  piety,  and  cTiilization  of  cur  ecus- 

From  the  vrhcle  of  our  eceleeiastical  history, 
it  appears,  that  with  the  exception  of  the  epis< 
•opal  church,  all  our  religious  communities  have 
done  well,  for  their  country. 

The  author  begs,  that  it  may  be  understood^ 
that  with  the  distinguishing  tenets  of  our  religieus 
societies  he  has  nothing  to  do,  nor  yet  with  the 
excellencies  or  defects  of  their  ecclesiastical  in* 
stitutions.  Tbey  are  noticed  on  no  other  ground 
than  that  of  their  respectiye  contributions,  (o 
the  science  and  civilization  of. the  country. 

The  last;  but  not  the  least  of  the  means  of  our 
present  eivilizatioo,  are  our  excellent  forms  of 
government  and  the  administration  of  the  laws. 

In  vain,  as  means  of  general  reformation,  are 
echools,  colleges,  and  a  ministry  of  the  gospel  of 
the  best  order,  a  land  of  liberty  is  a  land  of  crimc^ 
as  welt  as  of  virtue. 

It  is  often  mentioned,  as  a  matter  of  reproacli 
to  England,  that  in  proportion  to  her  populatioa 
they  have  more  convictions,  executions  and  trans* 
portations  than  any  other  country  in  Europe.— 
o^ould  it  be  asked,  whatis  the  reason  of  the  preik 
alence  of  crime  in  England ?  Is  it,  that  human 
nature  is  worse  there  th«in  elsewhere!*  I{o.— 
There  is  more  liberty  there,  than  elsewhere  in 
Europe,  and  that  is  the  true,  and  only  solution 
9f  the  matter  in  queetioa.    Whera  a  p eaple^^are 


OmtlZATION. 


801 


it  liberty,  to  learn  what  thev  cbooff,  to  think 
and  act  as  they  please,  and  adopt  any  profession  j^' 
for  a  living  or  a  fortune,  they  are  much  more  lia  ^ 
ble  to  fall  into  the  commission  of  crimes,  thai 
a   people,  who  from  their  infancy,  have  bee 
accustomed  to  the   dull,   monotonous  march  o 
despotism,  which  chains  each  individual  to  the 
rank  and  profession  of  his  forefathers;  and  does 
not  permit  him  to  wander  into  the  strange  and 
devious  paths  of  hazardous^  experiments.^ 

la  America,  should  a  stranger  read  a  While, 
our  numerous  publications  of  a  religious  nature,, 
the  reports  of  missionary  and  bible  societies,  at 
first  blush  he  would  look  upon  the  Americans  as 
anation- of  Saihts;.let  him  lay  these  aside,  and' 
read  the  daily  newspapers,  be  will  change  his 
opinion^  and;  for  the  time  being^  consider  them' 
as  a  nation,  abounding  in  crimes  of  the  most  at* 
^  trocious  dye.    Both  portraits  are^rue. 

The  greater  the  amount  of  freedom,  the  greater 
the  necessity  of  a  siosdy  and  faithful  administra* 
tion  of  ju|tice;  but  more  especially  of  criminal  jus- 
tice, because  a  general  dimision  of  science,. while 
it  produces  the  most  salutary  effects,  on  a  gene- 
ral scale,  produces  alJBO  the  worst  of  crimes,  by 
creating  tne  greater  capacity  for  their  commis- 
sion. There  is  scarcely  any  art,  or  science,  which< 
is  not  in  some  hand^,  and  certain  ciAsurostanceSy, 
made  an  instrument  of  the  most  atrocious  vices.. 
The  acts  of  navigation  and  gunnery,  so  necces- 
•ary  for  the  wealth  and  defence  of  a  na^oo,. 
have  often  degenerated  into  the  crime  of  pincy. 
The  beautiful  art  of  engraving,  and  the  more 
useful  art  of  wriung  have  been  used  by  tbo 
fraudulent  for  counterfeiting  all  kinds  of  public 
j|pd  private  doouments  of  credit.    Were  it  not 


f 


iiH*  j^  ttflUKAflOlC 

\£pr  scieoee  a6d  freedom,  the  important  profetsioBt 
|f  theology  and   phjaick,  vrould  not  be  so  fre- 

enily    asfumed  by  the  pseudo  priest  and  tha 

ack;  without  previous  acquirements,  without 
fight,  and  for  purposes  wboNy  base  and  unwar* 
rantable. 

The  truth  is^  the  western  country  is  the  re* 
ginn  of  adventure.  If  we  have  derived  some  ad- 
vantage from  the  importation  of  science,  art* 
and  weatlh;  we  have  on  the  other  hand  besn 
much  annoyed  and  endangered,  as  to  our  morale 
and  political  state,  by  an  imme^ae  importation 
cf  vice,  associated  with  a  high  parade  of  science, 
and  the  most  consumate  art,  in  the  pursuit  o^ 
wealth  by  every  description  of  unlawful  meaas. 
The  steady  administration  of  justice,  has  been 
our  only  safety  from  destruction,  by  the  pestilential 
iiifluence  of  so  great  an  amount  of  moral  depraT- 
ity,  in  our  infant  country* 

Still,  it  may  be  asked  whether  faets  warrant 
ti)e  belief,  that  the  scale  is  fairly  turnedJn  farour 
of  science,  pie^y  and  civilization,  whether  in 
regard  to  these  important  endowments  of  puf 
nature,  the  present  time  is  better  than  the  pasf^ 
and  the  future  Hkely  to  be  better  than  the  pres- 
ent. Whether,,  we  may  safely  consider  our  pol- 
itical instit lotions,  80  matured  and  settled  that 
•ur  personaf  HUtT^Ti  property  and  sacred  honor, 
are  not  only  securtd  to  us  for  the  present,  but  like- 
IplH  remain  the  ioberitarice  of  eur  children,  for 
geirilaatioijsyettocome.  Society,  io  its  best  state 
meiiibles  a  ble«*ping  volcsno,  aa  to  the  amount  of 
latent  moral  evil,  which  it  always  contains.  It 
is  enough,  for  public  safety,  and  all  that  can  re» 
jenabl^  be  expected,  that  the  good  prepoudecaie 


\  'I 


CiVILIZATtON. 


toii^ 


0rer  the  evil.  The  moral  entl  political  roeansi 
which  have  been  so  successfuily  employed,  for 
prereatiog  a  revolutionary  exptonion,  have,  aa 
we  trust,  procrastenated  the  danger  of  such  an 
e?ent,  for  a  long  time  to  come.  If  we  bavo 
criminali),  they  are  speedily  pursued  and  brought 
to  justice.  .  ^ 

The  places  of  our  country,  which  still  remain 
io  their  native  state  of  wilderness,  do  not,  as 
iD  many  o(her  countries,  afford  notorious  lodge- 
ments tor  thieves.  Our  hills,  are  not  as  in  the 
wilderness  of  Judea  *^ Hills  of  robbers/'  The 
ministry'  of  the  holy  g08p*^l  is  enlightening  the 
minds  of  our  people  with  the  best  of  all  sciences, 
that  of  God  himself,  his  divine  government  and 
man's  future  state. 

Let  it  not  be  thought  hard,  that  our  forums  of 
justice  are  so  numerous,  the  stile  of  their 
architecture  so  imposing,  and  the  business  which' 
occupies  them  so  multifarious;  they  are  the  price 
which  freedom  must  pay,  for  its  protection.  Com* 
merce,  circAating  tnrough  its  million  channels, 
will  create  an  endless  variety  of  litigated  claims. 
Grimes  of  the  deepest  dye,  springing  from  science 
and  liberty  themselves,  require  constantly  the  vigi« 
lance  and  coertions  of  ctiminal  justice.  Even 
the  poorest  of  our  people  are  solicititious  for  the 
education  of  their  children.  Thus  the  great  sup* 
ports  ofour  moral  and  political  state, resting  on  their 
firmest  bases,  public  opinion  and  attachment  to 
our  governm4%nt  and  laws,  promise  stalvSity  i||^ 
generations  yet  to  come.  f^ 


I' 

'JNi 


i 


# 


THIRD  P.mT. 


4'  ' 


w 


or 


Indian    Warfare. 


CHAPTER  XXIV. 


Preliminary  observations  on  tbo  character  of 
the  Indian  mode  of  waifare  and  its  adoption  by  the 
white  people. 

This  is  a  subject,  which  presents  human  nature 
in  its  roost  fevolting  features,  as  subject  to  a  vin* 
dictive  fipipit  of  revenge,  and  a  thirst  of  human 
b!ood«  leadiiQg  to  an  indiscriminate  slaughter  of  . 
ail  ranks,  ages  and  sexes,  by  the  weapons  of  war, 
or  by  torture. 

The  history  of  man,  is  for  the  roost  part,  one 
continued  detail  of  bloodshed,  battles  and  devas-^r 
tations.  War  has  been,  from  the  earliest  periods 
of  history,  the  almost  constant  employment  of 
individuals,  clans,  tribes  and  nations.  Fame,  one 
of  the  roost  potent  objects  of  human  ambition, 
has  at  all  times,  been  the  delusive;  but  costly  re* 
ward  of  military  achievements.  The  triumph  of 
conquest,  the  epithet  of  greatness,  the  throne  and 
the  sceptre,  have  uniformly  been  purchased:  by 
the  conflict  of  battle,  and  garments  rolled  in 
blood. 

If  the  modern  European  laws  of  warfare, 
have  softened  in  some  degree  the  horrid  features 
of  national  conflicts,  by  respecting  the  rights  of 
private  property,  and  exteodipg  humanity  to  the 
sicV,  wounded  and  prisoners;  we  ought  to  reflect 
.that  this  amelioration  is  the  effect  of  civilization 


'*.. 


208 


INDIAN    WARFARE. 


^^1 


only.  The  natural  state  of  war,  knows  no  such 
mixture  of  mercy  with  cruelty.  In  fais  primitvie 
statesman  knows  no  ohject  in  his  wars,  but  that  of 
the  extermination  of  his  enemies,  either  hy  death 
or  ceptiviiy. 

The  wars  of  the  Jews  were  exterminatory  in  tbeir 

object.    The  destruction   of  a  whole  nation  ^as 

often  the    result  of  a  single  campaign.     Even 

Ihe  beasts  themFclves  were  sometimes  included 

in  the  general  massacre. 

The  present  war  between  the  Greeks  and 
Q'urks,  is  a  war  upon  the  ancient  model:  «  war 
cf  utter  extermination. 

It  is  to  be  sure,  much  to  be  regreted,  that  our 
people  so  often  followed  the  cruel  examples  oT 
the  -Indians,  in  the  slaughter  of  prisoners,  and 
Sometimes  won^en  and  childreir;  yet  let  thrm  re* 
ceive  a  candid  bearing  at  the  liar  of  reason  and 
justice,  before  thiy  are  condemned,  as  barbariaDB, 
equally  wi(h  the  Indians  themselves. 

History,  scarcely  presents  an  example  of  a  civlliw 
zed  nation,  carrying  on  a  wai  with  brarbarians, 
without  adopting  the  mode  of  warfare  ofthehar* 
barous  nation.  The  ferocious  Sriiwarrow,  when 
at  war  with  the  Turks  was  as  much  of  a  savage 
as  the  Turks  themselves.  His  slaaght^rs  were  as 
indiscriminate  as  theirs;  but  during  his  wars  against 
the  French,  in  Italy,  he  faithfully  observed  the 
lawl  of  civilised  warfare. 

Were  the  Greeks  now  at  war  with  a  civilized 
nation,  we  should  hear  nothing  of  the  barbarities 
which  they  have  committed  on  the  Turks;  but 
being  at  war  with  barbarians,  the  princple  of 
'0elf  defence  compels  them  to  retaliate  on  the 
Turks,  the  barbarities  which  they  commit  on 
t|)em. 


% 


'*» 


I5B1AN  WARFARE. 


209 


t^rs  were  as 


In  the  last  rebellion,  in  Ireland,  that  of  united 
Irishmen,  the  government  party,  ivcre  not  much 
behind  the  rebels,  in  acts  of  lawless  cruelty.  It 
was  not  by  the  hands  of  the  executioner  alons 
they  perished.  Sumriiary  justice,  as  it  was  called,"^^"^ 
was  sometimes  indicted.  How  many  perished 
under  the  torturing  scourge  of  the  drummer,  for 
the  purpose  of  extorting  confessions.  These  ex- 
tra-judicial executions  were  attempted  to  be  jus- 
tified, on  the  ground  of  the  neccessily  of  the  case.  | 

Our  revolutionary  war  has  a  double  aspect;  on 
the  one  hand  we  carried  on  a  war  with  the  English, 
io  which  we  observed  the  maxims  of  civilized 
warfare,  with  the  utmost  strictncsti;  but  the  brave, 
the  potent,  the  magnanimous  nation  of  our  fore* 
fathers  had  associated  with  themselves,  as  auxila- 
ries,  the  murderous  tomahawk  and  scalping  knife 
of  the  indian  nations  around  &ur  defenceless  froB- 
tlers,  leaving  those  barbarous  sons  of  the  forest 
t»  their  own  savage  mode  of  warftu'e,  to  the  full 
indulgence  of  all  their  native  thrist  (or  humaa 
blood. 

On  thsm  then,  he  the  blame  of  all  the  horrid 
features  of  this  war  between  civilized  and  savage 
men,  in  which  the  'former  were  compelled,  by 
every  ^riocijple  of  self  defence,  to  adopt  the  In- 
dian mode  oi  warfare,  in  all  its  revolting  and  dea*^. 
tructive  features 

Ware  those  who  were  engaged  in  the  war  t* 
gainst  the  Indians,  less  humane  than  those  who  car* 
riedoo  the  war  c gainst  their  Eaglish  allies?  No* 
Thf y  were  not.  Both  parlies  carried  on  the  war 
on  the  same  principle  of  reciprocity  of  advantages 
and  disadvantages.  For  example,  the  English  and 
AanericaBs  take  each  one  thousand  prisoners.-— 

S. 


■i-a^* 


flO 


I2r»IAN  Warpars. 


They  are  exchanged:  Neither  army  is  weftl;ened 
by  this  arraitgement.  A  lacrafice  is  indeed  made 
to  humanity,  in  the  expense  of  taking  care  of  the 
.,sick,  wounded  and  prisoners;  but  this  expense  is 
mutubl.  No  disadv&Htages  result  from  all  the  clem- 
cijcy  of  modern  warfare,  excepting  an  augmen- 
tation of  the  expenses  of  war.  In  this  mode  of 
«7arfare,  those  of  the  nation,  not  in  arms,  are  safe 
front  death  by  the  hands  of  soldiers.  I^ilo  civivi. 
zed  warrior  dishonors  his  sword  with  the  blood  of 
l)elp]e8fl  infancy,  old  age,  or  that  of  the  fair  sex. 
He  aims  his  blows  only  at  those  whom  be  finds 
in  arms  against  him.  Theindian  kills  indiscrim- 
inately. His  object  id  the  total  extermination  of 
his  enemies.  Children  are  victims  of  his  ven« 
geance,  because,  if  males,  they  may  hereafter  be- 
come warriors,  or  if  females,  they  may  become 
mothers.  Even  the  foetal  state  is  criminal  in 
bis  yiew.  It  is  not  enough  that  the  foetus  should 
perish  with  tbe  murdered  motber,  it  is  torn  from 
her  pregnant  womb  and  elevated  on  a  stick  or 
pole,  as  a  trophy  of  victory  and  an  object  of  hor- 
or,  to  the  survivors  of  the  slain. 

If  the  iodian  takes  prisoners,  mercy  has  but 
little  concern  in  the  transaction;  he  spares  the 
lives  of  those  who  fall  into  his  hands,  for  the  pur- 
pose oi  feasting  the  feelings  of  ferccious  vengeance 
of  himself  and  his  comrades,  by  the  torture  of 
hi»  captive,  or  to  increase  the  streng^th  of  his  na- 
tion by  his  adoption  into  an  Indian  lamilj,  or  for 
the  purpot?e  of  gain,  by  selling  him  for  an  higher 
price,! hau  nis  scalp  would  fetch,  to  his  christian  aN 
lies  of  Canada;ror  be  it  known  that  those  allies  were 
in  the  consiant  practice  of  making  presents  for 
8C|lp^,  aud  prisoners,  as  well  as  furnishing  the 
meftui  for  carrying  on  the  iadian  war,  which  for 


INSniN  WARfARir. 


Ill 


00  oiajDy  years  desolated  our  defenceless  frontiers. 
No  lustration  can  ever  tvash  out  (hit  national 
stain.  The  foul  blot  must  remain,  as  long  as  the 
page  of  history  shall  convey  the  record  of  the 
foul  transaction,  to  future  generations. 

The  author  would  not  open  wounds  whicb 
bare,  alasl  already  bled  so  long;  but  for  the 
purpose  of  doing  j^is  ice  to  the  memory  of  bis  fore« 
latb'^rs  and  relatives,  many  uf  whom  perished  in 
the  defence  of  their  country,  by  the  hands  of  the 
merciless  iodians« 

How  is  a  war  of  extermination,  andf  acconnpan* 
ied  with  sucb  acts  of  attrocious  cruelty  tu  be 
met  by  those  on  whom  it  is  inflicted?  Must  it  be 
met  by  the  lenient  maxiois  of  civilized  warfare? 
I^itst  the  Indian  captive  be  spared  his  llte?^— 
What  advantage  would  be  gained  by  this  ccmrse  ? 
The  young  white  prisoners,  adopted  into  india» 
families  often  become  complete  indians,  but  in  hovr  • 
few  iostances  did  ever  tn  rndian  become  civi!i« 
Sted.  Send  a  cartel  fo^  on  exchange  of  prisoners;, 
the  Indiana  knew  nothing  of  tbia  measure  of 
clemency  in  war;  the  bearer  of  the  while  (lag  for 
the  purpose  of  ciTecling  the  exchange,  would 
have  exerted  hi  humanity,  at  the  forfeit  of  hi* 
life. 

Should  mj  cocmtrymen  be  stilt  charged  witb 
barbarism,  in  the  prosecution  of  the  iodian  war, 
let  him  who  harbours  this  unfavourable  impression 
concerning  them,  portray  in  imm agination  the 
horrid  scenes  of  slaughter,  which  frequently^  mnt 
their  view  in  the  courae'of  the  Indian  war  '**  J»i«i% 
if  he  can  bear  th*  r*»fl©**i-«,  looK  at  helple^ti  ii\U^  - 
uy,  vrrgiii  beauty,  and  hoary  age,  dishonoured  by 
the  ghastly  wounds  of  the  tomahawk  and  scalp* 
tog  knife  of  the  Mvagt*    Let  him  heap  the  shrieks 


m 


t\s 


INDIAN   WARrA'RBv  * 


of  the  victims  of  the  indian  torfnre  by  fire,  and 
smell  (he  surrounding  air,  rendered  sickening  by 
the  efSuvia  of  their  burning  flesh  And  blocd.— 
Let  him  hear  the  yells,  and  view  the  hellish  fea- 
♦tures  of  the  surrounding  circle  of  savage  warrior.% 
rioting  in  all  the  luxuriance  of  vengeance,  while 
applying  tht>  ilaoiing  (orchee  to  the  parched  limbs 
oi  ihe  sutfererF,  and  then  suppose  those  nnurdercd 
iniants,  matrons,  virgins  and  victims  of  torture, 
were  his  fjiends  and  relations,  the  wife,  8i<itep> 
^  child,  or  hrother;  what  would  be  bis  feelings!.. 

After  a  short  season  of  grief,  he  would  say  '*!  will 
DOW  think  only  of  revenge,*' 

Philosophy  shudders  at  the  destructive  aspec^t 
of  war  inany  shspe,  Christianity,  by  teaching  th« 
religion  of  tbo  good  Samaritan  altogether  forbids 
it;  bui  'he  original  settlers  of  the  western  regiops, 
like  the  greater  part  of  ihe  worM,  were  neither 
'  philosophers,  ncr  saints.  They  were  '*Men  o( 
like  passions  with  others.^'  And  therefore  adopt- 
>  od  the  iodian  node  of  warfare  from  necessity,  and 
a  motive  of  revesge;  with  the  exception  of  burniog 
their  captives  alive,  which  they  never  did;  if  this 
liodies  of  si^vage  enemies  were  sometimes  burn* 
ed,  it  was  not  until  after  they  were  dead. 

Lot  the  voice  of  nature,  and  the  law  of  nations 
plead  in  favour  oi  the  vetPian  pioneers^ 
•f  the  deseri  regions  of  the  west.  War  has  hith- 
•ito  been  prominent  trait  in  the  moral  systiem  of  hu- 
man nature,  and  will  continue  such,  until  a  rax^icol 
'-v^Q  shall  be  effected  in  favour  oi  science,, 
'^**^m-  '        —  «*  '^^oeral  scat^. 

moral t  antf  p*»«y» »»»  •  »—  *    .*  «f 

In  the  conflicts  el  nations,  ftS  WcM  «»  ino»«  v* 
individuals,  no  advantages  are  to  be  eonoeded: 
2f  meroy  may  be  associated  with  the  carnage  and 
df^yastatioDS  ef  war^that  merqif  must  be  reciprocal 


— ^^- 


iNMAlf  WAHTkHW: 


flS 


fire,  and 

blood 

lellish  fea. 
wrarrior5^ 
Incc,  while 
|ched  limbs 
nfiurcJercd 
[of  torture, 
'ife,  sister^ 
Ifeclingsf^ 
say  *'l  will 

tive  appeot 

aching  th« 

her  foibi^ 

;rn  regions, 

ere  neither 

8  "Men  of 
jfore  adopt- 
cessily,  and 
1  of  burning 
[  did;  if  the 
imes  burn* 
ad. 

V  of  nations 
pioneers 
ir  has  hitb- 
'stemofhu- 
(i)  a  radical 

•*    --.  «^ 

9  tno««  iM» 

eenoeded: 
image  and 
recifrocftl 


but*  B  war  of  utter  exteronination,  must  be  nnet' 
br  a  war  of  the  same  character;  or  by  an  overwhelm 
ming    force  which  may  pot  an  end  to  it,  without' 
a  sacrafiee  of  the  belpUrsa  and  unoffeDding  part 
of  boitite  nation;  auobB  forco  was    not  at  the 
eomroand  of  the  first  inhabitants  of  this  country.. 
The  sequel  of  tbe  indian  war  goes  to  show  that 
in  a  war  with  savages,  tbe  choice  lies  between  ex- 
termination and  subjugation.   Our  government  has  * 
wisely  and  humanely  pursued  the  latter  course. 

The  author  begs  to  be  understood,  that  the  fore* 
going  observaiirns,  are  Bot  intended  as  a  justifi- 
cation, of  the  whole  of  f  be  transactions  of  our  peo- 
ple with  regard  to  the  indians  during  the  coursa 
of  the  war.  Some  instances  of  acts  of  wan- 
ton barbarity  occurred  on  our  side,  which  havft 
received,  sind  must  continue  to  recive  tbeunf'quiv- 
ocal  reprobation  o(  all  the  civilized  world.  In  tbe  ^ 
course  of  this  history,  it  will  appear  that  more 
diads  of  wanton  barbarity  took  place  on  our  sid^; 
than  the  world  is  no^  acquainted  with* 


trty  ^^1 


•  -1 


,, 


ft 


War  o/^irea 


CHAPTER  XXV. 


The  tresitj.of  peace  between  bis  Britiih  Mt* 
jet^^,  aod  the  kings  of  Fraoee,  Speia  and  Pon 
tugal,  concluded  at  Pbris,  on  the  1 0th  of  Febru* 
try  1763,  did  not  put  an  end  to  the  indian  v^ari* 
fairiPt  the  frontier  parte  and  back  eettlemcnti, 
#f  the  colonies  of  Great  Britain. 

The  spring  and  summer  ef  1763,  as  well  u 
tho^e  of  1764,  de&erve  to  be  nstnicrable'in  fciitorj, 
for  the  great  extent  and  destructive  results,  of  i 
Kar  of  titerimination,  carried  on  by  the  united  force 
of  all  Ibe  indian  nations  of  of  the  western  goub* 
try,  along  the  shore  of  the  northern  Irkes  aad 
throughout  the  ivbole  eitent  of  the  frontier  let- 
tlements  of  PennHylvania,  Virginia  and  North 
Carolina. 

The  events  ef  this  war,  as  they  relate  to  the 
frontier  of  P«  nnsylvania^and  the  shores  of  the  lakes 
are  matters  of  history  already,  and  therefore  shall 
be  no  farther  related  here  than  is  necessary  to 
five  a  coouected  view  of  the  military  events  of 
those  disasterous  seasons.  The  massacre  by  the 
indiatia  in  the  south  western  part  of  Vitgiitia,  so 
far  as  they  have  come  to  the  knowledge  of  the  au- 
thor, shall  be  related  mora  in  dt  tail. 

The  Etiglisb  histrrians,  atfribute  this  terrible 
fiar  to  tii<  inflveDce  of  the  French  Je&Qltea  over 


^▲R  OP  1763. 


jS:r& 


ilift  indiani*;  but  whether  with  much  troth  aoA 
ctndor,  is,  la  say  the  least  of  it,^  extremely  doubt- 
ful. 

The  peace  of  1763,  by  whic!i  the  provinces  of 
Canada,  were  ceded  to  Britain,  was  otfensivo 
to  the  iadlansy  especially,  as  Ihey  very  well  knew 
that  the  English  govern  meat,  on  the  ground  of 
this  treaty,  claimed  the  jurisdiction  of  the  wes- 
tern Gountiy  generally;  and  as  anindian  sees  no 
difl^rence,  between  the  right  of  jurisdiction  and 
that  of  possession,  they  considered  themselves 
as  about  to  be  dispossessed  of  the  whole  of  their 
country,  as  rapidly  as  the  English  might  find  it 
convenient  to  lake  possession  of  it.  In  this  o* 
pinion,  they  were  confirmed  by  the  building  of. 
forts,  on  the  Susquehanna,  on  lands  to  which  the 
the  Indians  laid  cUitn.  The  forta  and  posts  of 
Pittsburgh,  Bedford,  Ligonier,  Niagara,  Dtroit, 
Presque  Isle,  St.  Joiteph  and  Machilimakinac, 
were  either  built,  or  improved  and  atrengthed, 
with  additions  to  their  garrisoot.  Thus  the  In- 
dians saw  themselves  surrounded  on  the  north 
and  cast,  by  a  strong  line  efforts,  while  those  of 
Bedford,  Ligoniec  and  Pittsburgh,  threatened  an 
extension  of  them  into  the  heart  of  their  country. 
Thus  circumstanced,  the  aborigines  of  the  coun'* 
try,  had  to  choose  lietween  the  prospect  of  being 
driven  to  the  inhospitable  regions  of  the  north  and 
west;  of  oegociatiog  with  the  Britiib  government, 
forcontinuancc  of  tbe  possession  of  their  own  land; 
or  of  taking  up  arms  for  its  defence.  They  choose 
the  latter  course,  in  whiah  a  view  of  the  smallnessof 
their  numbers  and  the  scantiuets  of  their  re- 
surce,  ought  to  have  taugfit  them,  that  alt^ugb 

^IfistQry  (^  England,  Vol  lo,  page  399, 


m 


^AROF  nM 


they  night  ^o  much  miscbief;  they  could  not  ll^ 
tirottely  sticcted;  but  the  indiaos,  as  well  as  their 
brelhern  of  the  white  (kin,  are  often  driven  by 
their  impetuous  paesiont,  to  rash  and  c^estructive 
enterprises,  which  reason,  wece  it  (:|ejr!nitled  ta 
give  its  counsels,  would  disapprove. . 

The  plan  resolved  on  by  the  indiai^,  for  the 
prosecution  of  the  war,  was-  that  of  a  general; 
massacre  of  all  the  inbabitftnts  of  the  English  set* 
tiemeots,.  in  the  western  country,  as  well  as  of 
those  on  the  )and&oii.tbeSndq^ehanna,,to  which 
they  laid  claim.. 

N^vef'  did  military  oommanders  ofany^  nation^, 
display-  more  skill,  or  their  troops  more  steady 
and'  determined  bra^ery^  than  did  tfiose  red  men 
of  the  wildernese,  in  the  prosecution  of  their 
gigantie  plan  fdr  the-  recovery  of  their  country, 
irem  the  posfessioik>of  the  Baglish..  It  was  in* 
deed  a  war  of  utter  extermination  on  an  extensive 
scale.  A  oonllict  whieb.  exhibited  hvnian  ni* 
ture  in  its  native  state,  in  which  the  cunning  if 
the  fox,  is  asaociated  with  the  crnelty  of  the  tiger. 
"We  read  the  history  of  this  war  with  feelingi 
of  the  deepest  horror;  but  why?*  Qn  the  part  of 
the  savages,  theirs  was  the  ancient  mode  of  war- 
fare, in  which  there  was  notbiBg.of  mercy;.  If 
science,  associated  with  the  benign,  influence  of 
the  christian  system,  have  limited  the  carasg^ 
of  war,  to  these  in  arms;  so  as  to  give  the  right  of 
life,  and  hospitality  to  women,. infancy,. old  age, 
the  sick,  wounded  and  prisoners,  may  not  a  far- 
ther extention  of  the  influence  of  those  powert^ 
fdL;  but  salutary  agents,  put  an  end  to  war  alto* 
gllher?  May  not  future  generations  read  the 
liistory  of  our  civilized  warfare,  with  equal  hop* 


t^ 


.J., 


..!» 


ill**'-'.  >*...»,.., 


r^.-K 


^i^ 


WAR  OP  no' J. 


«11 


)uM  notQ^ 

fell  as  their 

driven  hj 

t^eitructiTc 
he/mitted  t« 

laiw,  for  the 
pf  •  general) 
[Eoglish  set* 
woJl  as  0^ 
la,, to  which 

OBjr  nation f, 

lore  steady 

loee  red  men 

ion  of  their 

►ir  country, 

It  was  in- 

an  extensire 

I  hvttan  1)1- 

e  cunning  ff 

r  of  the  tiger, 

Wtb  feeliagf 

n  the  part  of 

Dodt  of  war- 

■ ;  mercy; .  If 

influence  of 

Iht  ceritge 

>  the  right  of 
cy,  old  age, 
&y  not  a  far- 
lose  powers 
lo  war  alto- 
s   read  tb^ 

>  equal  bcio 


Tor,  and  won«3tr,  that  willi  our  science  and  piety, 
^e.  hid  warflat  fcli!! 

The  Fiiiglislt  ti  adhrt^,  anjong  the  the  indians  were 
(be  Bri^t  victiiiift  in  this  cuntest  Out  of  ono 
hundred  and  twenty  of  therUfninon^  the  different 
nation!*,  onlv  two  or  three  escaped  being  murder« 
fd.  The  forts  of  Presque  Isle,  St.  Jsscpli  anii 
Machilimnkinac  were  t&l:c.«,with  a  general  slaugLt^ 
tcr  of  their  geni^ons. 

The  fortresses  of  Bedford,  Ligonier,  Niagara, 
petroit  and  Pitt  were  with  dilficulty  preserved 
frum  being  taken. 

It  was  a  princpal  object  wiih  the  indians  to  grt 
possession  of  Detroit  and  fort  Put,  either  by  as» 
sauU  or  famine.  The  former  was  attempted  witli^ 
regard  to  Detroit.  Fort  Pitt,  being  at  a  consider-^ 
able  distance  from  the  settlements,  where  atono 
supplies  could  be  obtained,  determined  the  lara- 
ges  to  attempt  its  reduction  by  fiamine. 

In  their  first  attempt  on  Fort  Detroit,  the  In- 
dians calculated  on  taking  possessien  of  if,  by 
stratagem.  A  large  number  of  the  indians  ap- 
peared before  the  place  under  pretence  of  hold- 
ing a  congrets^  with  major  Gladwin  the  comman-' 
dant.  He  was  on  his  guard  and  refused  them  ad-, 
mittaoce.  On  the.  next  day,  about  five  hundred 
more  of  the  indians  arrived  in  arms  and  demand- 
ed leave  to  go  into  the  fort,  to  hold  a  treaty.  The 
eoromandaot  refu'^vd  to  admit  a  greater  number 
than  forty.  The  Indians  undertsood  his  design  o€ 
detaining  them  as  hoitagts,  for  the  good  conduct 
ef  their  comrades,  on  the  outside  of  the  fort,  and 
therefore  did  not  send  them  into  the  place,  the 
whole  number  of  men  in  the  fort  enc^  on  bv^il' 
twd  vessemuj  «;:  j?  tbe^rircr,  did  not  exceed 
QW  hundred  and  l^i^  or  twclvei^tut  fey  the  itie,|ii« 


'^i^L^t^  id 


S18 


win  cp  K'tff 


oflhft  cftnnor»9  Ibfy  poesesscd,  tbey  mo^c  iil,if| 
to  keep  tbc  indiuns  at  a  distance  and  convinee 
them  that  they  could  i.ot  i^kn  ll;c  platu.-, 
Wlien  ihe  indions  wire  nlout  to  rcliie,  Cap. 
tain  Dalycl  airived  at  tite  fort,  wi  h  u  consider* 
able  reinforcement  for  the  relief  cf  the  jilace.-^ 
He  made  a  sortie  against  the  bi  raBt  wcr)i»  which 
the  indiaiishad  thrown  up,  with  two  hundred  md 
forty  fife  men.  This  detachment  was  driven 
back  with  tho  bs9  of  seventy  men,  killed  and 
forty  two  wounded.  Captain  Dalyel  itaa  atnottg 
the  BJatn. 

Of  o«e  hundred  men  who  were  escorting! 
large  quantify  of  pruvitiiuua  to  Detroit,  siit'y  sevsft 
were  massacred. 

Fort  Pitt  had  been  invested  for  some  time,  be* 
fore  captain  Ecryer  had  (he  least  prospect  of  relief. 
In  this  situation  he,  and  his  garrion  nad  resolved 
to  stand  it  out  to  the  last  extremity  and  even  perish 
of  lamliie;  rather  than  fall  into  the  hands  of  the 
Bavages;  DAtwithstanding  the  fort  was  a  bad  one, 
the  garrison  weak,  and  the  country  between  the 
fort,  and  Ligooier  was  in  possession  of  the  savages, 
and    his    inessengers    lulled,   or  compelled    to 
return  back.    \n  this  situation,  0ol;  Bouquet  wbi 
eent  by  General  Amburet  to  the  relief  ef  the  place, 
with  a  large  quantity  of  previsions  under  a  strong 
escort.    This  escort  was  aUacked  by  a  large  bo- 
dy of  Indians,  in  a  narrow  deSie,  onTurUe  Greek, 
and  would  have  been  entirely  defeated,  had  it  not 
been  for  a  successful  stratagem  employed  by  the 
commander,  fov  extricating  themselves  from  the 
savage  army..    After  susiaifiifig  a  furious  contest, 
from  one  o'clock  'till  night,  and  for  several  hours 
the  next  morning,  a  retreat  was  pretendo^i*  ^*^^  ^ 
vi&w  to  draw  the  loditns  into  &  clofle  engageqaeatii. 


VAR  OP  17G3. 


21!) 


•e  cgcortinga 
It,  Bix'y  seveft 

ome  time,  be. 
•»P«Gt  of  relief, 
^ad  resolved 
Iferen  perish 
nands  of  the 
'«?  a  bad  one, 
^  beliveen  the 
>fthesavagej. 
'^mpelled  to 
Bouquet  wai 
r«i  the  place, 
'o-^r  a  atronz 
;*'«rg:e  bo. 
wMt?  Creeir, 
^'i  had  it  not 
oyedby  the 
f«  from  the 
ouB  contest, 
iy^r$l  hours 


previously  to  this  movement,  four  companies  of  in« 
fantry  and  graiiadiurs  were  placed  in  atubuscade. 
Thf  plan  puiiceeded.  When  the  retreat  conuni  ne- 
ed, the  Indians  thought  themselves  secure  of  victo- 
ry, end  pressing  forward  with  great  vigour,  fell  into 
(he  ambuscade,  and  were  dispersed  with  gruat 
eiaughter.  The  lo^s  on  the  side  of  the  English 
WIS  abave  one  hundred  killed  and  wounded,  that 
cf  the  indians,  could  not  bave  been  less.  This  loss 
fvti  severely  felt  by  the  indians,  as  in  addition  to 
ihe  number  of  warriors  who  fell  in  the  engagemfnt) 
trveral  of  the  most  dietinguished  chiefs)  were  uonoD* 
gst  the  slQiri.  Fort  Pitt,  the  reduction  of  v  hich 
they  had  niucb  at  heart,  was  now  placed  cut  of 
their  reach,  by  being  effectually  relieved  and  sup- 
plied with  the  munitions  of  war. 

The  historian  of  the  western  region  of  our  coun- 
try, cannot  help  regarding  Pittsburgh  the  present 
flourishing  emporium  of  the  northern  part  of  that 
region  and  its  immediate  neighbourhood  as  classic 
ground,  on  account  of  the  memorable  battles  which 
hi^re  taken  place  for  its  possession,  in  the  infancy 
of  our    settlements.      Braddocics   defeat,  Major. 
Grants  defeat,  its  conquest  by  Gen.  Forhis,  the  vic- 
tory over  the  indians  above  related,  by  Major.  Bou- 
qtiet,  serve  to  shew  the  importance  in  which  tbi8 
post  was  held  in  early  times,  and  that  it  was  ob* 
tained  and  supported  by  the  English  government, 
at  the  price  of  no  small  amount  of  blood  and  trea- 
sure,   li)  the  neighbDurhood  of  this  place,  as  ivell 
as  in  the  war- worn  regions  of  the  old  world,  the 
plough  share  of  the  farmer  turns  np,from  beneath 
the  surface  of  the  earth,  the  broken  and  ruBty  imple- 
ments of  war,  and  the  bones  of  the  slain  in  battle. 
It  was  in  the  course  of  this  war  that  the  dread- 
ful massacre  at  VV^oniiag^  took  place>  aad  deaola* 


WAR  OP  1763 


ted  the  fine  settlements  of  the  New  England  pgQ, 
pie  along  the  Susquehanna. 

The  extensive  and  iodiscriminate  slaughter  of 
toth  sexes  and.  all  eges  by  the  Indifins,  at  Wyg. 
ming  and  other  .places,  so  exasperated  a  Urgi 
nutuber  of  men,  denominated  the  '^Faiton  fooTi*> 
that  they  rivalled  the  most  ferocious  of  the  indiaDi 
themselves,  in  deeds  ef  cruelly  which  have  dig. 
lioncured  the  bisiory  of  our  country,  by  the  record 
of  the  sheding  of  iunooent  blood,  without  the 
slightest  provocation.  Deeds  of  the  most  atlro* 
€ious  barbarity. 

^  The  Caaestoga  Indians  had  lived  in  peace  for 
"more  than  a  century,  in  the  neighbourhood  o{ 
Lancaster.  Their  number  did  not  exceed  forty, 
Against  these  unoffending  descendants  of  the 
first  friends  of  the  famous  William  Penn,  the  Pax- 
ton  Boys  first  directed  their  moro  than  savage 
vengeance.  Fifty  seven  of  them,  in  military 
array,  poured  into  their  httle  village  and  instaRt* 
iy  murdered  all  whom  they  found  at  home,  to  the 
number  of  fourteen  men,  women  and  childres. 
These  Of  them  who  did  not  happen  to  he  at  home 
at  the  mnssaore,  were  lodgtd  in  the  jail  of  Lan- 
caster, for  safety.  But  alas  J  This  precaution 
was  unftvailiflg.  The  Paxton  boys  broke  open  the 
jail  door  «nd  mur^lerod  the  whol«  of  them,  ii 
lumber  from  fiUeen  to  tw«nty.  It  was  in  ¥aii  (bat 
U\W6  poor,  defenceless  people  protested  their  io* 
fiocenco  and  begged  for  morcy  on  their  kntei. 
Blood  was  the  the  order  of  the  day,  with  those 
ferocious  Paztoo  boys.  The  death  of  the  vio- 
tims  of  their  cruelties,  did  not  satisfy  their  rage 
fyr  slaughter;  they  mangled  the  dead  bodies  of  the 
Indiana,  with  their  scalpiag  ki.  ives  and  tomahaivks, 
in  the  most  shocking  ejid  bcutalmaBncijgcalp* 


WAR  or  1765. 


2n 


tog  tren  the  children  and  chopping  off  the  hands 
lod  feet  of  most  of  them. 

The  next  ohject  of  those  Pazton  Boys,  was  the 
murder  of  the  christian  Indians  oi  the  villages  of 
Wfquetank  and  Nain.  From  the  exectition  of 
ibis  infernal  design,  they  were  prevented  by  the 
humane  interference  of  the  government  of  Penn< 
fylrania,  which  removed  the  inhabitants  of  both 
places  under  a  strong  ^uard  to  Philadelphia,  for 
protection.  They  remained  under  guard  from 
ffovenber  1763  until  (he  close  of  the  war  in  Da- 
eember  1764,  the  greater  part  of  this  time  they 
occupied  the  barracks  of  the  city.  The  Paxtoti 
Soys  twice  assembled  in  great  force,  at  no  great 
distance  from  the  otty,with  a  view  to  assault  the  bar* 
rack  and  murder  the iodiansrbutowing  to  themili- 
liry  preparations  made  for  their  reception,  they  at. , 
itit,  reluctantly  desiisted  from  the  enterprize. 

While  we  read,  with  feeling8*l>f  the  deepest  hor«^ 
for^  the  record  of  the  murders  which  have,  at  dif- 
ferent periods,  been  inflicted  on  the  unoffending 
christian  Indians,  of  the  Moravian  profession,  it  is 
lome  consola^on,  to  reflect,  that  our  government 
have  had  no  participation  in  those  murders;  but  oft 
the  contrary,  have  at  all  times  afforded  them  ali 
theprotectioo  which  circumstances  aHowed, 

The  principle  settlements  in  "Qreeobriar,  were 
Ihose  of  Muddy  creek  and  the  big  levels,  distait 
about  fifteen  or  twenty  miles  from  each  other.— 
iBefore  these  settlers  Were  aware  of  the  existence 
of  the  wais  ani  supposing  that  ths  peace  made 
with  the  French,  comprehended  their  Indian  alliei 
also,  about  sixty  indians  visited  the  settlement  oft 
Mufddy  creek.  They  made  the  visit  un,der  the 
ftiasb of  friendship.    They  were  cordially  received 

T 


m 


WAii  Or  tics. 


and  treated  with  all  the  hospitality  which  it  wag  in 
the  power  of  these  new  Dettlers  to  bestow  upon 
fbem;  hot  on  a  siidden,  and  without  any  previous 
Intimaiion  of  any  thii»g  like  an  hofitiie  inteution, 
theiitdiioe  murdered,  in  cold  blood,  all  the  men 
^longing  to  the  settlement  and  made  piieoneiscf 
the  women  and  children. 
'  Leaving  a  guard  with  their  prisoners,  they  then 
marohed  to  the  settlement  in  the  Levels,  before  the 
late  of  the  Muddy  creek  settlemeot  was  known. 
,  Here,  as  at  Muddy  creek,  they  were  treated  witk 
jtb«  most  kind   and  attentive  hospitality,  at  tb« 
house  of  Mr.  Archibald  Glendennin,  who  gave  the 
Indians  a  sumptuous  feast  cf  three  fat  elks,  which 
he  had  recently  killed.    Here,  a  scene  of  slaughter 
iimilar  to  that  wh'  ;h  had   recently  taken   plact 
at  Muddy  creek,  occured  at  the  concluFion  of 
the  feast.    It  commence      vith  an  old  woman^ 
who  having  a  v^  sore  leg,  shewed  it  to  an  in* 
di^n,  desiring  his  advice  how  she  might  cure  it; 
This    request  he  answered  with  a  blow   of  tlis 
tomahawe,  which  iostantly  killed  her.'   In  .a  few 
minutes  all  the  men  belonging  to  the  place  shared 
tlie  same  fate.    The  wcmen  and  children,  were 
made  prisoners. 

In  the  time  of  the  slaughter,  a  negro  woaoaa 
at  the  spring  near  the  house  where  it  happened, 
killed  her  own  child  for  fear  it  should  fail  into 
the  hands  of  the  Indians,  or  hinder  her  from  ma* 
king  her  escape. 

Mr«t.  Glendennin,  whose  husband  was  among  the 
ilein  and  herself,  with  her  children  prisoneii, 
boldly  charged  the  indians  with  perfidy  and  cow* 
$rdi^.  in  taking  advantage  of  the  masic  cf  lrienfJi« 
thip  to  con  mit  murder.  One  of  the  indians,  exas* 
peraied  at  her  boldnesS)  and  stung,  no  doubt  at  tha 


WAR  OF  176^ 


;^stte6  of  her  charge  ag&inst  them,  brandished  hia 
tomahawk  over  her  head,  and  dashed  her 
husband^^  soalp  in  her  face.  In  defiance  of  all 
his  (hraats,  the  heroine  still  reiterated  the  charged 
orper6dy  and  cowardice  against  the  iodiana. 

0(1  the  next  day,after  marching  about  ten  milea^ 
vrhiie  passing  througVi  a  thicket,  the  Indians  fovni« 
ioga/ront  and  rear  guard,  Mrs.  Olendennin  gave 
her  ioriQt  to  a  neighbour  woman,  stepped  into  the 
Itusbes  without  leing  perceived  by  the  in.diapfy 
|nd  made  lier  escape.  The  crVea  of  the.  child 
pade  the  indlans  enquire  for  the  mother.  She 
»|«npt  to  be  found.  **WeU"»8y9  one  of  thero^ 
•^[jvilt  aoon  bring  the  cow  ta  her  calf,"  and  talc* 
ing  the  child  by  the  feet,  beat  its  brains  out  a* 
M^DSt-a  tre^.  Mrs.  r>!endennin  returned  home, m. 
pfe  course  of  the  succeeding  night,  and  cohered 
thacorpsc  of  her  husband  with  te nee  rails.  Havr 
i^g  perfdrmed  this  piouAo£^lfur  her  murder- 
ed bl^band,  she  cihoose  its  a  placS  of  8afd\y,  a  corn-^ 
^0  where,  as  she  related,  her  heroic  resplutioii 
l|l^  S'tcceeded  by  a  paroxism  of  grief  and  dea- 
pendency,  during  which  she  immagined  she  saw^ 
Hl^  with  the  aspect  of  a  murderer,  standing  with^' 
idla  few  steps  of  her^  The  reader  of  this  narra^ 
tip,  instead  of  regarding  this  fit  of  despondency^ 
asafeminiae  weekn86s,on  the  part  of  this  dau|ph- 
terof  aMiotion,  will  commiserate  her  situation 
of  unparalled  dcsttlution  an(*  distress.  Alone,, 
in  the  dead  of  night,  the  survivor  of  all  (le  in* 
Ifot  settlements  of  that  district,  while  all  her  re- 
Utives  and  neighbours  cf  both  settlements,  were 
either  prisoners  or  lying  daad,  dishonoured  by 
l](h&stty»  wounds  of  the  tomahawk  and  scaljiing, 
koife  of  the  savages,  her  husband  and  her  Itfiil^ 
4ren  amongst  the  slaiii^ 


«S4 


War  or  17^3. 


It  wu  some  days,  before  a  force  could  be  coHect* 
«d  in  the  eastern  part  of  Bottttouit  and  the  a4« 
joining  couuiry>  for  the  purpo&e  of  burjii]^  the 
dead. 

Of  the  eveatsof  this  war^m  the  south  westent 
frontier  of  Tirgirie,  and  in  the  eountry  of  Holt* 
tein,  the  then  western  part  c£  North  Carolina, 
the  author  has  not  been  itiformed,  farther  than 
that,  on  the  part  cf  the  Indians  it  was  earned  oa 
with  t-he  greatest  ectivifyt  and  its  course  inaik* 
ed  with  many  deeds  ci'  the  most  attrocious  cru* 
tlty,  until  late  in  the  yaar  lt94,whtna  prrio4 
Wi$  pul  to  this  sanguinary  contest,  by  a  treaty  made 
triuli  the  iodi&ti  nations;  by  Sir  Williani  Joba* 
'  ton  ai  the  Qerman  Flats. 

ffa*  per  ^dy  and  cruelties  praetised  by  the  h* 
iianp^  during  the  war  of  ilBS  and  17^^,  ocei. 
sfoned  the  revoMpg  and  sanguinary  ch&recter of 
CHe  itvdian  waiHwnicli.  took  place  afterwards, 
^he  iitdians  baa  resolved  on  <he  total  exter- 
ninalion  cf  all  the  settlers  tf  our  north  and 
sonlh  Wf  stern  frontiers,  and  being  no  lorger  us* 
dter  the  contrpul  o>f  their  former  alliesVt)}^  Frencb; 
lliel  were  at  full^  liberty  to  exercire  all  their  oi- 
tiife  ferooity  and  riot  in  the  indulgecce  cf  thet» 
iiiiiato  mir&t  for  blood. 


'?■■)>■ 


*f 


mmore  s 


I 


'^1 

1  :■ '- , ; « 


■fk 


'  I  K\ 


CflAPTER  XXYI.: 


#v. 


i   >v 


'f      After   the  couclusioii  of  the  indito  wtiy » 
1^^   the   tf «?4ty,y»n«^^  3'  with    the  chief«j ^  hjr    w  ' 
l|fpiartt  Johnson   at  the   Ijfermaa  flMav  '<^  ijbe 
*^ilftfr  port  of  IT^^i'^tho  wclteni  $|tt€mei3ii»:  e^    • 
^"  MjieaceuntiUbo'j^^^^^^  V 

Pifriq^  .  ihw  period  of  -^^  i  ime,  tho  settte^eiits  • 
;r9ase4  viith  grcai  MJMdHialciog;  the  wijpJe■^|- 
^^  ^f  %o  western  Ironlier.    j^eR  (he  jmor^  of 
|e  JpiuiP^  on^the  Yo'gioU  sid^lj^^  a  conaid^hle  - 
^JlilioJi  a«  eai^  M  thcyfflH^^^  a^ 

titt  eatwes  >whici  'l«l  to  4he  dbsteuci«»ife  *eir 

pti^i iut  it  ianow^ too^  j^e  to cffcice  ir^  the  -■ 
llMsfc-l^tterM  list^^  m^si  remaio^  a  di^onbiurfl||e  *■ 
Wift  our  neiHifetl-fhiitory ;  goM^^  however  iii#  / 

gtriBf  out  of  evil.  .The  injuiries  inHiotecl  upon  ^ 
a  iadiauit,  In  early -timea  l^y  our  forefathera;  , 
||i»y  induee  theii^  descendanis  to  shew  juffrce  and  < 
«l#r<^cto^e  dioiished  poaterify  of  those  children  > 
of  4be^il4Ur»es9,  whose  anoesU»^s  .perishedt  in  * 
eold  i^ibdy  ,uii4®|^  the  tomahaw^k  and  scalpiiiir ; 
JKQi|»^  ofthotwliile  w  >   : 

In  t^e.  noni^  of  Mp^  17^311,  a  rwDOur«^»w.' 
culated  thai  the  indiauB  hadstolen^^^fw^Olf- 
Ji  from  some  land  Jobbers,  ix'the  WhioaftdH 


m 


XkUKMOkE's  WJkB* 


Kenhawa  rivcM.  No  evidences  of  the  fact 
having  been  adduced,  leads  to  the  concluHon  thit 
the  report  was  false.  This  report  however,  in- 
dueed  a  pretty  general  belief  that  the  indians 
were  about  to  make  war  upon  the  frontier  settle- 
ments; but  for  this  apprehension  there  does  not 
appear  to  have  been  ther  slightest  foundation. 

In  consequence  of  this  apprehension  ot  being 
tttacked  by  the  Indians,  the  land  Jobbers  asscen- 
dcd  the  river,  and  collected  at  Wheeling.    On  the 
2tih  of  April,  it  liras  reported  in  Wheeling  that  a 
oiQoe  contidning  two  Indians  and  some  traders^ 
was  coming  down  the  river  and  then  not  far  frem 
4he  place.    Chi  heariog  this  the  commandant  of 
iheitatioB,  Capt.  Cresap,  proposed  taking  a  party 
to  go  ip  tbe  riveir  and  kill  the  Indians.   Jbispre- 
te^  was  vehemM|ly  opposed  by  Col:  ?ane,  iU 
tropnetcj  of  tk  Jfcc^.  ^  He  stated  tonhe  cspt^ 
that  the  kilUftg  oTOose  !adian«,  Wpnld  inevitabk 
irrin^  o»  a  wir,  in  which  much   mnocent  blood 
vtiH^dbe  shed,  and  that  the  act  in  itself  would 
be  ail  atifocious  murder,  and  a  disgrac0   to  his 
B&me  forever.    Ilia  good  counsel  was  losti    Tl^ 
Hftrty  went  lip  %ht  riVir.    On  being  asked,  at^it 
Kturn,  vrhat  bad  become  of  the  Indians  ?  •  They 
coolly  answered  that  ''They  had  fallen  overbeafd 
into  the  river  !*»    Their  canoe,  dn  being  examined 
waa  feiiba  bloody,  and  pierce^thb^ 
m^Bfitii  Wood  whlefe  w#  she^in  this  war, 
aod  Irnble  H»  ^  vengeance  which  followed. 
In  the  e^enShl  6f  the  same  day,tho  party  he ar- 
ior  *hat  there  was  an  e|icampment  of  in4»sns  at 
-    th^  mWth  of  Captii  a,  went  down  the  fiver  lo 
the  pfece,  trftackedihe  iodiaei  and  killed  several 
pf  ^illil.  ;Irt  i**^8   affair;  oR«  of  Cresap's>»rty 
ivas  leveWly  wounded. 


bVNMORE^S  WAK. 


w 


k1«hd  massacre  at  Captina  and  that  which  (oak 

daett ^^ I^A^^f'^)  B^^u'  ^o^^y  i^i'^s  above  Whce)> 
Inf^tk  Uwi  days  af^er  that  at  Captina  wete  on- 
Atieflionably  the  sole  causes  of  the  war  1774.-«> 
;lV  last  was  perpetrated  Uj  tbirty-two  roeo,  un- 
der the  comcnand  of  Darnel  (Ireathouse.  The 
frtiole  number  killed.at  this  place,  and  on  the  riv- 
||i  opposite  to  it  was  twelve,  besidea  several 
touoded.  Thr»  horrid  massacre  W|s  effect- 
,«d^y  an  hypocritical  strattgem,  which  reflects 
t|ie^  deepest  dishonour  on  the  inetiaory  of  those 
i^»  were  ft^nts  in  it 

The*  report  of  the  miMrders  commfilted  on  th6 

Isidians  near  Wheeling,    induced  a  helief  thr.t 

j^ity     would     immediately*     commence     hos«^ 

iliiies/and  this  apprehension  furnished  the  pre* 

t^t  Cor .  the  muriler  above  related.    The  o^teost- 

|l4  object  for  r^tsingthe  part|jj||dev  Gre«thouse, 

wif  that  of  defi^ndiog  the  fanrH^of  Baker^  whdse 

h^ttS^  was  opposite  i<i  »lar^e  encaaipment  of 

Titian?,  at  the  mouth  of  big  Yellow  Creek.-^ 

i!he  party  were  coccealed  in  aitfhuiicade,  khf^ 

ibeir  oomfaander  went  over  the  Hver,  und^r  th^ 

jfBSsk  of  friendship  to  the  Indian  caOD^^  to  aiser^ 

titn  their  number,  while  tbere>  an  inman  wbmaii 

^s^vised  him  to  return  home  speedily,  sijriiif  that 

the.  tadiahs  were  drinking  and  aogryt  on  accdfiAt 

*of*the  murder  of  thew  people   down  thevjir- 

er,  and  might  do  him  tome  mischief.    Oil  h^'rCt- 

lurn  to  his  party  he  reported  that  the  insane 

iiref e  too  strong  for  an  open  attack.    He  returiied 

.:  to  Baker's  and  requested  hjm  to  give  any  iodian* 

whaibigbt  come  over,  in  the  course  of  the  da^^ 

[as^buchrum  as.they  mi|ht  c»iUfor,  and  geia» 

;  many  of  them  drunk  as  he  possibly  could*,  The 

plan  succeeded.     6ev^ralliidiaii  moa  wiib  tw<;r 


m 


dunmore's  wab[. 


women  came  over  the  river  to  Boker^s,  viho 
previoMsly  been  in  the  habit  of  peiling  rum  to  tie 
indianff.  The  n»en  drank  freely  and  became  ]o> 
toxl0#ted.  In  this  8tate  they  were  all  killed  by 
Greathquse,  and  a  few'bf  his  party ^  I  say  a  few 
of  bia  (^acty;  for  it  is  but  justice ^  to  &rate^thit 
not .  more    than  tiye  or  six  of  the  whole  numbec 

.^ad  any  participation  in  <he  sldughterat  the  house. 
The  rest  protected  against  it^  as  an^atlrociousmv^ 
der.  £*rom4heir  Qumber,  t>eiog  l)y  far  the  majority, 
they  niight  have    prevented  the  deed;. , but  altur 

j^They  did  hot;  A  little  icdian  girl  alone  was  si^* 
id  from. lh!|  slaughter,  by  the  Kumanity  of  6&i|e 
one  of  the  part;p,  whose  name  is- not  now  know^.. 

"^  The  Indians  in  the  caanpa,  hearing  the  ^fiQ{{ 
at  the  housej  sent  a  oanoe  with  twoinen  in  if tb 

len^uire  what  ha4  happened.    The$e  two  ird^|s 

twere  botli  bbot^yn,  aa  80oii<  as  they  ]ar;ded^ 
the  beacli.  A  IHI^d  an d  larger  caiaoe  vr as  tb|p 
manned  f^ith  a  niimber  of  Indians/  in  arms;  biit 
jjA  Attempting  to  reach  ttie  ahore,  some  distance > 
lelpw  the  bousp^  were  received  by  a  well  direoK 
ed  .fire  from  tfie  party,  whii^, killed  the  jjreat|p 
iMipvb^r  of  them  an^ .  compeil^d  the  survivors  |p 
xeturQ.  A. great  number  of  shots  were  exchan|« 
ed  acrosa  the  rivei^  ^t  without  damage  to  m 
while  pariy,  not  one  of  whom  was  even  wQufidel. 
li^e^j^dian,  mep  who  were  murdered  were  all 

T]ie  woman  who  gave  thefiriendly  advice  to  the 
coipmander  of  the  party,  when  in  thi^  iodian 
camp  was  amonget  thfj  the  flarri  at  fieker*s  houjse. 
,  The  maesacres  of  the  indians  at  Captil^a  and 
i^elfow  cre^fe,  jcomprrhended  the  w^ole  of  the 
family  of  the  famous,  but  uhfqrtunate  Logan,  who 
H^m^e^e  events  ha^  beeAa  lover  of  the  whites 


DUrVMORE'S   WlIU 


d29 


undl  a  strenuous  ajvocate  for  peace;  but  in  the  coq- 
flict  which  fullowH  them,  by  way  of  revenge  for 
(he  death  of  hi^  people,  he  became  a  brave  and 
aanKuiiiary  chief,  among  the  warriors. 

The  settlers  along  the  frontieri*,  knowing  that 
the  Indians  would  make  war  upon  them  for  the 
murder  of  their  people,  either  moved,  oif  to  the 
iotertoF,  or  took  up. their  residence  in  forts.  The 
apprehension  of  war  was  soon,  reallized.  In  %■ 
tiiort  time  the  iodians  Commenced  bostiUties  a* 
long  tUe  whole  extent  of  pur  frontiers. 

bxptess  was  speedily  sent  to  Williamsburgb, 
Ihd  then  seat  of  government:  of  the  Colony  d 
Virginia,,  communicating  intelligence  of  the  cer- 
tainty of  the  commencement  of  <  an  Indian  war^ 
Tbe  a  temblji  was  then  in'session. 
'  A  plan  for  a  campaign,  for,. the  purpose  of  put* 
^ng  a  speedy  conclusion,  to  the  indian  hostihtiee 
was  adopted  between  the  ^j||of  Dunmore,  the. 
Ooreroor  of  the  Colony,  an  oWn.  Lewis  ef  Bot« 
letourt  Coupty^    Qeo.  Lewis  was  appointed  to  the 
eomimand  of  tho  southern  ^division  of  tbe  forcea 
to  be  employed  on  this  occasien,  with  orders  to 
laise  a  large  body  of  volunteers  and  drafts,  from 
the  southeastern,  Counties  of  the  Colony,  with  all. 
'dispatch.    These  Purees  were  to  rendezvous  ai' 
Ipamp  Union  in.  the  Greenbriar  eountr/.  .  The- 
Eail  of  Dunmoce  was  to  raise  aeother  armv  in  tbe 
northern  coufrties  of  the  Colony,  and  in  the  set? 
.tiements  west  of  the  mountains  and   asteinble 
them  at  fort  l^tr,  and  from  thence  descend  theri* 
ver  to  Pointpieasant  at  the  mouth  of  the  great  Ken- 
hawa,  the  place  appointed  tor  thejufietion  of  the 
%wo  bipmiesyfor  the  purpose  of  invading  the  indiaiV 
country  and  destroy ing  as  many  of.  their  ri*?* 


S80 


vvvKomri  war; 


)a^c%  ss  thej  could  reach,  in  the  course  oftht 
Beason. 

On  the  eleventh  of  September  the  farces  orider 
Opn.  Lcivi.^,  rmounting  to  eleven  hnrdr^d  men^ 
eommeitced  their  rnftrch  from  Camp  Union  to 
Pointpleasaot,  e  distance  of  cne  hundred  and  nxtj 
miles.  The  tract  of  country  between  these  two 
points,  was  at  that  time,  a  trackless  deeert.  Gapt. 
Matthew  Arbuckle,  the  pilot,  conducted  the  army 
by  the  nearest  and  best  rout  tQ  their  place  ef  dig. 
tinalion.  The  flour  and  ammuoiiion  were  nbol* 
)y  transported  on  pack  horses,  as  the  rout  ^ai 
ioipassible  for  wheel  carriag^es.  After  a  painfi^ 
inarch  of  nineteen  days  the  army  ariived,  on  (ha 
ihst  of  October,  at  Ppintpleasaot,  where  an  en* 
caroproent Was  madel  v* 

Gen.Ijewis  w&s  exeet  dirigly  dietppoioted^at  hearfng 
no  tidingi*  of  the  Earlof  Duriroore,wbo,aGeordir.g 
to  previous  &rraD||U|eDts  wa%  to  form  a  junction 
with  hin  at  this  pHil.  He  iHimeditteiy  dispatch^ 
ed  some  scouts,  to  go  ly  land  in  the  direction  of 
Fort  Pitt  to  obtain  intelJig^ence  of  the  rout  whic& 
the  Earl  had  taken,  and  then  vetoro  with  the  ut< 
mo^t  dfspnl^b^  On  the  ninth,  three  naeo  who  had 
formerly  been  indian  Iradera,  arrived  in  the  can^tp, 
t>n  express  from  the  Earl ^  to  iiiform  Lewis  that  he 
had  changed,  his  pYan  of  operations,  and  intended 
to  march  to  the  Indian  towns  by  the  way  of  Hock- 
hooking  and  directing  Geo.  Lewis  to  commeoca 
hia  march  immediatery,  for  the  old  Cbilicoth^ 
town.    '     -''^'''-ry::.¥t-fi-'^--yy';:  ^'-^^'' 

Very  early  in  the  mornii\gof  the  tenth"  two 
young  men  set  out  from  the  canap  to  hunt,  up  the 
river.  Havfiig*fonc  bbout  three  miles  they  felf 
upoaa  camp  of  the  Indians,  who  were  then  in  the 
act  of  preparing  to  inarch  to  ttUck  the  camjp  of 


DUNMCHE^S   WAR; 


231 


Ggh.  L'^iris*  Ti<e  indians  fired  upon  them  and 
liiiied  one  u(  them,  the  oihrr  ran  ht.ck  to  the 
catnp  with  ihieligefice  that  he  indiaiis,  in  ^reat 
force,  vroM  iniuiiidiaiply  give  battle. 

Gen.  LewU  iostantly  ordered  out  a  detach- 
meDt  of  the  Botteto^urt  troop>$  under  Col.  Flem- 
ing and  another  of  the  Aiiguhta  truop^,  under  Go). 
Cbarlea  Lewi^,  remainiog  himself  vi^iih  the  reserfe 
for  the  dufence  of  the  camp.  The  detacimieiit 
marched  out  in  two  lines,  and  otet  the  iodiana 
it  the  same  order  about  four  hundred  yards  from 
the  camp.  The  battle  commenced  a  little  aftec 
eunrise,  by  a  heavy  firing  from  the  indiaos.  Ai  the 
ons^t  our  troops  gave  back  some  distance,  until 
net  by  i  reinforcement,  on  the  arrival  of  which 
the  Indians  retreated  a  little  way  and  formed 
•  line  behind  logs  and  trees,  reachiag  from  the. 
bank  of  the  Ohio,  to  that  of  the  Kenhawa.— 
By  this  manoeuvre,'  our  arimjINnd  camp,  were 
(^mpletcly  invested,  being  inclosed  between  the 
two  rivers,  with  the  iodian  line  of  battle  in  front;, 
10  that  no  chance  of  retreat  was  lelft.  An  inoes- 
lant  fire  was  kept  up  on  both  sides,  with  but  lit- 
tle change  of  position  until  sundown,  when  the 
iadians  retreated,  and  in  the  night  recrossed  the 
Ohio,  and  the  next  day  commenced  their  n^arch 
to  their  towns  on  the  Scioto. 

Our  loss  in  this  destructive  battle,  was  seven-p 
ty* five  killed,  and  one  hundred  and  Ibrty  wound- 
td.  Among  the  killed  were  Col •  Charles  Lewis, 
Col.  Fields,  Captains  Buford,  Murrey,  Ward« 
Wilson  And  M^CIenachan;^  Lieutenants,  Allen,. 
^Idsby  and  Dillon  and  several  subaltern  officers^ 

Col.  Len'iS)  a  distinguished  and  meretoripua 
fiiiScer,  was  aoitally  wounded  by  the  first  lire  ef 


93^ 


fAJVK^JLKrB  WAR 


(he  indiani,  but  walked  roto  tbe  camp  abd  expirtd 
in  his  own  tent. 

The  number  of  indiana  engaged  In  the  battle 
of  the  Point  was  never  ascertafned,  nor  yet  ihi 
amount  of^  their  loss.  On  th*e  morning  aiter  (bt 
engagement)  twenty  oi^e  wer^  found  on  the  battie 
ground,  twelve  more  were  afterwards  found  ia 
SitTerent  placea  where  they  had  been  concealed. 
A  great  number  of  their  dead  were  said  to  bare 
been  thrown  into  tlie  river  during  the  enjp;agement. 
Considering  tliat  (he  Whole  number  of  our  men 
engaged  in  this  conflict,  were  riflemen  and  from 
habit  sharp  shooters  of  the  first  order,  it  is  pre* 
•umeable,  that  the  loss  oti  the  aide  of  the  indiaoi 
was  at  least  equal  to  ours. 

The  Indians,  during  theliattle  were  ecmmand*' 
od  by  the  Cornstalk  warrior,  thelcingof  the  Shaw 
anees.  This  eon  glthe  forest,  in  Lis  plans  cf  at* 
tack  and  retreat,  awin  all  his  inanbeuvresthrough«> 
out  the  engagement,. displayed  the  ebill  and  brSf 
▼ery  of  the  most  consummate 'General.  During 
the  whole  of  the  day,  he  wart  beard  from  our  linesi 
vociferating,  with  the,  voice  of  Stentor  **Be  strong 
be  strong.''  It  is  even  said,  that  he  killed  one 
vihw  men  Widi  his  own  hand  for  cowardice. 

The  dey  after  tbe1)attte,d'ter  bu  rying  the  dead,en  • 
frencbments  were  thrown. up  round  the  camp,  and' 
a  competent*!; uerd  was  appointed  for  the  care  and 
protection  oi  the  aick  and  wounded.  On  the  day 
following  'Oen.  XeWis  commenced  his  march  for 
the  Sbawanec a  towns  on  the  Scioto.  This  march 
was  made  through  a  tractless  desert  and  attend- 
ed with  Inmost  in#uperftb)e  difficulties  8::d  privt* 
tiwis. 

In  the  mean  time  the  Earl  of  Dunmore,  having 
collected  a  force  and  provided  boats  at  iPoriTiti^ 


irNMORfi^S  WAR. 


83d 


deMendcd  the  river  to  VVheeliog,  wliere  the  ^rmy 
halted  for  a  few  days,  and  then  proceeded  down 
the  river  in  about  one  hundred  canoes,  a  few  keel 
boats,  and  perouges  to  the  mouth  of  Hochoclc  • 
ing,  and  from  thence  over  land  until  the  array  had 

?ot  within  eight  miles  of  the.Shawanee  town 
!bilicotbe,  on  the  Scioto.  Here  the  army  halt* 
cd  and  made  a  breast  work  of  fallen  trees  and 
entrenchments  of  such  extent  as  to  include  about 
twelve  acres  of  ground,  with  ao  inclosure  in  the 
centre  containing  about  one  acre^  surrounded  by  en- 
trenchments. This  was  the  citadel  which  con- 
tained the  markves  of  the  Earl  and  his  superior  of- 
fieers. 

Before  the  army  bad  reached  that  place,  the  i»- 
dian  chiefs  had  sent  several  messengers  to  the 
Earl,  asking  peace.  With  this  request  hesooa 
determined  to  comply,  and  tj^refare  sent  mi  ex- 
press to  Gen.  Lewis  with  an  Oiier  for  his  imme- 
diate retreat.  This  order  Gen.  Lewis  disre|^ard« 
ed  and  continued  his  march  until  hie  lordship  in 
person  visited  his  camf),  Was  formally  introduced 
to  his  officers  and  gave  tbjB  order  in  person. ^« 
The  army  of  Gen.  Lewis  then  oMomenced  their 

retreat. 

It  was  with  the  greatest  reluctance  and  chagriSi 
that  the  troopa  of  Gen.  Lewis  returned  from  the 
the  enterprise  in  which  they  were  engaged*  The 
massacres  of  their  relatives  and  friends  at  the 
big  Levels  and  muddy  Creek,  and  above  all,  their 
recent  loss  at  the  battle  of  tiM  Point  had  inspired 
these  big  knives,  as  the  uMliana  called  the  Vir- 
ginians, wHh  an  invei^w^  thirst  for  revenge, 
the  gratification  of  whioK  ihey  supposed  was  shoNrt<h 
)j  to  iaice  place,  in  ite  total  deatructioa  of  the  in^ 


*-A»/ 


iu 


liVKlfORE^S  WAR. 


<6Uni  and  their  towns,  along  the  Scioto  and  San- 
dusky rivers  ^Tlie  order  of  Dunmore  was  obeved] 
i>ut  with  every  expression  of  regret  and  disap- 
oiotmeDt. 

The  £ai?l  and  his  officers  having  returned  to 
Itis  xarop,  alreatgr  with  tbeindians  was  opened 
the  foliowing  day. 

In  this  treaty,  every  precaution  was  used  on  llie 
part  ofour  people  to  prevent  the  indians  from  lend- 
ing a  treaty,  in  the  tragedy  of  a  massacre.  Only 
eighteen  indians,  with  their  chiefs  were  permit-, 
ted  to  pass  tho  outer  gate  of  their  fbrtitied  en- 
xamp«i>«t,  after  having  deposited  their  arms  witli 
the  guard  at  the  gate. 

1*he  treaty  was  opened  by  Cornstalk,  thfe  war 
4Jhief  of  the  Shitwances  in  a  lengthy  spe/ch,  in 
which  he  boldly  charged  the  white  peo- 
ple with  having  k§»n  the  authors  of  the  com- 
mencement of,th#war,  in  the  massacres  of  the 
Indians  at  Captina  and  yellow  Creek.  Thii 
apeech  he  delivered  in  so  loud  a  tone  of  voiced 
that  he  was  heard  all  over  the  camp.  The  terms 
cf  the  treaty  were  soon  settled  and  the  prisoners 
delivered  up. 

Logan  the  Cayuga  ehief  assented  to  the  treaty; 
hnt  Btiil  indignant  at  the  murder  of  his  family, 
refused  to  attend  with  the  other,  chiefs  at  the 
camp  of  Dunmore.  According  to  the  indian  mode 
IH  sueh  cases,  he  sent  his  speech  in  a  belt  of  wam- 
pum by  an  interpreter,  to  be  read  at  the  treaty. 

^Supposing,  that  this  work  may  fall  into  the 
btxnds  of  some  readers,  whe  have  not  seen 
the  speeeb  of  Logan;  the  author  thinks  it  not 
amiss  to  insert  this  celebrated  morsel  of  indiaa 
eio^uence,  la  this  plate,  with  (he  observation 


f- 


SliJNMORB  ft  WAR. 


n4; 


ibftt  the  authenticity  of  the  speech,  is  no  longer 
a  subject  of  doubt.    The  speech  is  as  follows. 

H  appeal  to  any  white  man  to  say,  if  ever  he  en- 
tered Logan's  cabin  hucgry,  and  he  gave  him  not 
irieat:  if  ever  he  came  cold  and  naked,  and  he 
elothed  him  not.'  During  the  course  of  the  last 
long  and  bloody  war,  Logan  remained  idle  in  his 
cabin,  an  advocate  for  ptace.  Such  was  my  love 
£ar  the,  whites,  that  my  country-men  pointed  as 
they  passed,  and  said  *Logan  is  tie  friend  of  the 
white  men.'  f  had-  even  thought  to  have  liv<%d 
with  you,  but  for  the  injuries  of  one  man.  Col. 
Cresap,  ihe  last  spring,  in  cold  blood,  aod  unpro- 
voked, muidered  ail  the  relations  of  Logan,  not  even 
sparing  my  women  and  children.  There  runs  not 
a  drop  of  my  blood  in  the  veins  of  any  living  crea- 
ture. Tliis  called  on  me  for  revenge.  I  have' 
sought  it:  L  have  killed  man)  :^I  bave  fully  glut- 
ted my  vengeance:  for  luy  c%ntry  I  njoice  af 
the  beams  of  peace.  But  do  not  harbour  a  thought 
ihat  mine  is  the  joy  of  fear.  Logan  nevf  r  felt  fear. 
He  will  not  turn  on  hisheel  to  save  his  life.  Who. 
is  there  to  mourn  for  Logan?— Not  one." 

Thus  ended,  at  the  treaty  of  Camp  ^.harloKe  in; 
the  month  of  November  1174,  the  disastfious 
war  of  Dunmore.  It  began  in  the  wanton  and 
unprovoked  murders  cf  the  indians  at  Captina 
and  yellow  Creek,  and' ended  with  an  awfuLisa- 
craficeoflife  and  property  to  the  Demon  of  re- 
venge. On  our  part  we  obtained  at  the  tieatyv 
a  cessation  of  hostilities  and  a  surrender  of  pris« 
oners,  and  nothing  more. 

The  plan  of  operations  adopted  by  the  indians 
in  the  war  of  Dunmore,  shews  very  clearly  ihat 
their,  chiefs  were   by  no  Diears  deficient  \n  the  ■ 
foiesifht  and  siill,  necessary  for  making   the^ 


*i. 


IS6 


vvnunfa  mat. 


# 


moit  prad^t  tniniiar^  8n'anf€men<8  Ibr  obtaining 
success  atid  TictoTf,  in  their  roode  of  warefate. 
▲t  alp  eitrlj  p^rlorii#>tjr  obtained  intelligence  of 
the  piao  of  the  cadipaigt)  against  then),  concerted 
fietween  il)'#v^arj  of  Dunmore.  and  Gen.  Lewis. 
With  a  view,  tfieflllire,  to  attack  the  forces  of  these 
commanders  eepers^tel^  they  speedily  collected 
their  waniorf,  a^$1)y  dfbrced  marches  reached 
the  Point,  bc%ri&4hf  e^jptccted  arrival  of  the  troops 
under   Durtttiore.    Sueh    was   the  privrcy  wiih 
Vihich  they  conducted  their  inarch  to  Poinf  pleas* 
ant,  that  Wn.  Lewis  knew  nothing  of  (he  ap- 
pioae^'cfjthe  indian  army,  until  a  few  minutes 
wfyt^  th#e(^inmencement  of  the  battle,  and  it  ig 
•tely  way  probable,  tl^at  if  Cornatalk,  the  iodian 
«omimander,  had  had  alfttlj^|g|p^#force  at  the  bat- 
He  ofibe  foit|^  the  #hoJ#lriany  of  Gen.  Lewia 
wotfld  havf»  hee^j|ut  off*,  as  the  wary  savage  had 
'left  tbeni  no  chlfnce  of  retreat.    Had  the  army 
of  Lewia  hcen  defeated,  the  arnriy  of  Dunmore, 
consistii^g  of  hut  little  more  than  one  thousand 
fneh»  n^ould  have  shared  tke  fate  of  those  armies, 
whieh  at  different  periods,  have  suilfered  defeats, 
Sn  consequence  of  venturing  too  far  into  the  ia- 
^ti>oiintry,  in  ouaabcrs  too  small,  and  with  muni- 
'M^e-of  war  inadequate  to  sustain  a  contest,  with 
tlie  iiiiited  forces  or  a  niimber  of  indian  natioos. 
It  wat  the  general  belief  among  thev/Hcers  of 
>ur  army,  at  the  time,  that  the  £arl  of  Dunmore, 
While  at  l^heeUiig,  rroeft^  advice  from  his  Got- 
ernmetit  of  th<^  probability  of  the  approaching  viar, 
between  England  and  the  Colonies,  and  that  af- 
terwards, all  his  mea^Ofes  with  regard  to  the  in- 
diaps,  had  for  their  ultimate  object,  an  alliance 
with  those  ferocious  warriors,  for  aid  of  the  mofh- 
.1^  c^Uiitry  in  their  contest  with  us.    This  sup- 


i-S'- 


hP% 


DtKMORS^S  WllU 


237 


jffeiice  of 

(oncerled 

■  Lenrig. 

of  these 
diected 

reached 
le  (roopa 
ey  with 
in'pleas- 
the  ap- 
minutes 
and  it  ig 
[he  iodian  ' 
>|^  the  bat. 
**.  Lewia 
vfige  had 
the  army 
Dun  more, 
thousand 
e  artn^ef) 
1  defealp, 
Jo  thein> 
ith  muni- 
teat,  wiih 
nadoDs. 
iliicers  of 
)urjinore> 
his  Got- 
"fig  w  ar, 
]  that  at- 
»  the  in> 
alliance 
le  itiofh- 
bia  0up< 


position  jtccounta  for  bis  not  formioi;  a  juoetion  ' 
with  tbipurmy  of  Lewis  at  Pointpleaaant.    Tlia  ^ 
deviatiojii  from  the  original  plan  of  tbe  campaign 
jeopardized  tbe  army  of  Lewis  and  well  nigh  cc* 
casioned  its  total  destruetion/   The  conduct  cf 
the  Earl  at  tbe  treaty,  shews  a  gocdunderataodiog 
betwen  him  and  the  Indian  chiefs*    He  did  not 
suffer  tbe  army  of  Lewis  to  form  a  junction  with 
bis  own,  but  sent  them^  bacb,  before  <  the.  treaty^ 
was  concluded,  thus  risking  tbe  safety  of  nia  owa  • 

rcc^s,  for  at  tbe  time  of  tbe  treaty,  the*  iodian  war- 
^'    i  were  about  bis  camp,  in  force  sufficient  ta  * 
">   intercepted  bis  retreat  and   destroyed  bia^s 

Holearmy.  .  " 


The  death  of  VornstdIM 


V 


W'.-J 


CHAPTER  XXTIL 


Titia  was  t>ne  of  tbe  most  attrocious  murdeit''^ 
eommitted  by  tbe  whites  duiing.  tbe  whole  course  ' 
of  tbe  war. 

In  the  summer  of  1777,  when  (bef  confederacyt'v 
of  the  indian  nations,  under  tbe  influence  ol  tbe 
British   government,  was   formed  and  began  to  » 
commit  hoatiles  along  our  faontier  settlements,  . 
Cornstalk  ande  youn^  chief  of  tbe  name  of  Red  hi 

U  «  : 


•''iWK' 


49B 


THE  PEATB  OV  CORRSTAUC 


hawk  and  another  Indian  njadea  visit  to  the  garth 
Bon  at  the  Pdfnt,cdmmanded  at  that  time  hy  captain 
Arhuckle.  Gbrnstalk  stated  to  the  Gapiainf  that, 
with  the  exception  of  himselfand  the  tribe  to  which 
he  belonged,  all  the  nations  had  joined  the  £ng«. 
Yishy  and  that  unless  protected  by  the  .whites. 
'^They  would  have  to  run  with  the  stream." 

€apt.  Arbuekle  thought  proper  to  detain  tha 
Constalk  "chief  and  his  two  coirpanins  as  hos- 
tagefi,  for  the  gocd  conduct  of  the  tribe  to  which 
they ; belonged.  They  bad  opt  been  lorg^  in  this 
situation  before  a  son  of  Cornstalk'?,  concerned 
for  the  safety  of  his  father,  cane  to  the  opposite 
side  ofthe  river  and  hallooed,  his  father,  know- 
ing his  voice,  answered  him.  He  was  brought 
over  th^  river,  The  father  and  son  mutually  em< 
braced  each  other  with  the  greatest  tenderness. 

On  the  day  following,  two  Indians  who  had 
eoDeealed  themselves  in  the  weeds  on  the  bank  of 
the  ICenbawa,  opposite  the  fort,  killed  a  man  cf 
ofthe  name  of  6iImore,,as  he  was  returning  from 
hunting.  As  soon  as  the  dead  body  was  brought 
over  th«i  river,  there  was  a  general  cry  amongst 
Ihe  men  who  were  present,  ^' Let  us  kill  the  Indiacs 
in  the  fort."  They  immedisiiely  ascended  the 
bank  ofthe  river  with  Capt.  Hall  at  their  head, 
to  execute  their  hasty  resdidtidn.  On  their  way 
tliey  were  met  by  Capt.  Stuart  and-Cbpt.  Arbtic- 
IHe,  who  endeavoured  fo  dissuade  them  from  kil- 
lings the  Indian  hostages,  say ihg  that  they  cer- 
^tainly  had  no  concern  in  the  murder  of  Gilmore ; 
but  i'emonstrance  wss  in  vaii^*.  Pale  as  death 
with  rage,  they  cocked  their  guns  and  threateiied 
the  Captains  with  instant  death,  if  ihey  should, 
attempt  to  hindec  them  from  exectuing  their  ptir- 
pose,  ^ 


*^ 


THS  DCATH  OF  CORNSTLK«. 


239 


When  tlie  murderers  arrived  Eft  the  house  where 
tiie  hostages  were  confiaed,  Cornstalk  rose  up  to 
meet  tMn  at  the  doori  but  iostanily  received 
sevea  bullets  ^through  his  body,  his  son  and  his 
other  two  lellow  hostages  were  instantly  dis** 
pitched  with  buUets  andtnmahawks. 

Thus  fell  the  Shawanee  war  chief,  Cornstalk, , 
who  like  Logan  his  companion  in  arms,  Was  con- 
spicuous   for.,  intellectual,  talent,   l^ravery  and^ 
BHsfortune^ 

The  biography  of  Cornstalk,  as  far  it  is  now 
Jeoown,  goes  to  shew  that  he  was  no  way  deH*- 
cient  in  those  mental  endowments,  which  consti- 
tute human  greatness. 

On  the  evening  preceding  the  battle  of  Point- ^ 
^ea^ent,  he  proposed  going  over  tVie  river  to  the  - 
caaip  of -Gen.  Lewis,  for  the  purpose  of  making 
peacer    Tiie  raajorityJn  the  council  of  warriors 
voted' against  the  measure.    *' Well,"  said  Corn - 
gtalk,"  since  you  have  resolved  on  (lighting,  you 
ihall  fight,  alibough  it  is  likely  we  shall  havu 
hard  work,  tomorrow;  but  if  any  nian  shall  at^ 
tempt  to  run  away  from  the  battle,   I  will  kill  ? 
bim  with,  my  own  hand,!'  and  accordly  fulfilled, 
bis  threat,  with  regard  -  to  one  cowardly  fellow. 

After  the  indians  had  returned  froL..  the  bat- 
tle, Cornstalk  called  a  council  at  the.  Cbilicothe 
tcwn,  to  consult  what  was  to  be  done  next.— 
In  this  council  he  reminded  .the  war  chiefs  of 
their  folly  in  preventing  him  from  making  peace, 
before  the  fatal  battle  of  Pomtpleasant,  and  asked 
*^What  shall  we.  do  now,  the  long*  knives  ar% 
eoming  upon  us  by  two  routs.  Shall  weturnoqii^^x 
tad  light  them !"  All  were  silent.  Hethenask- 
•d  ''Shall  we  kill  all  our  sqaws  and  children^  and 
then  fight  until  we  shall  ail  be  killed  oursebresi^ 


''Wf 


THE   BEATH  OF  COBNSTILR 


To  this  DO  reply  was  made.  Hv  then  rose  up 
and  Btruck  his  (ooiabawk  iiii  the  war  post  in  the 
middle  of  the  couociJ  house,  sayiog  ^*Sia<ce  you 
are  riot  inclined  to  fi^ht,  I  will  ^o  and  m^b 
peace."  Ard.BCCordly  did  «o.     . 

Oflithe  morniog  of  the  day  ofhis  dejitb,a  coon* 
cil  was  held, in  the foriat  the  point, in  which,  he 
was  present.  During  the  sitting .  of  ihe  council, 
it  is  said  that  he  seenifd.  ;o  have  a  presentinept 
ol  hi^  appipachiDgfatek,  la  one.  of  .his  9peecheii, 
he  remarked  to  the  council  ^*  When  I  was  youn|^ 
every  time  I  went  to  war,  I  thought  it  likely  thit 
i  might  return  more;,  but  I  still  lived,  I  f^m  dqW' 
in  your  hands^  and  yc^u  may  kill , me  if  you  chooie. 
I  can  die  but  once,  and  it  is  alike  to  m^,  i\hetl^r 
I  die  now,  or  at  another  timo."  When  the  mev^ 
presented , themselves  before  .the  dqor,  for  pur* 
pose  of  killing  theindians,  Cornstalk's  son  maiii. 
fested  sijrns  of  fear,  on  observing  which,  his  faili'i 
er  said,  JLlont  be  afraid  my  son,  the  great  spirit: 
seniyou  here  to  die  .with  me,  and  we  must  sub* 
mil  to  his  will.    It  4s  all /or  the  beet/' 


evi 

am 
th< 


* 


.>KS 


^ 


rose  up 
>08t  in  (he 
^Siace  you 

>b,a  coun* 
which,  he 
e  coujicil, 
esf^oUmept 
speecheji, 
[was  youn^^ 
!t  likely  (bit 
,1  am  now^ 
you  choow. 
^,  whetliiEr 
f:n  the  nevj 
»r,  for  pur. 
*a  sonmaRi* 
ch,  his  fath', 
^eat  spirit 
•e  must  sub- 


Jfcippcttomica    Cam 


GHAPTEH  xxvnr. 


UicDER  the  eonniiaand  of  Col.  Angui  M^DonaYd 
{tnir  huo<^rDd  mpii  wer6  collected  from  the  uestern 
pwt  pi  T\t^\}d%  by  |ju^#4^rof  th«  Eailof  Duft* 
^t,  the  then  Govertill^  Vi^iftria.  The  place 
ofrende:(you$  waA  Wb^elin^  idme  trme  inihe 
tnonlh  of  June  1774  Tbey  went  down  the  riv- 
er in  boats  and  canoes  to  the  mouth  of  Capjtina, 
frc^  thence  by  the  shortest  vout  teethe  Wappato- 
mica  town ^irbbut  sixteen  miles  belo^  the  present 
€o8boctoR.  The.  pilots  were  Jonath&n  Zane^ 
Thomas  Nicholson  and  Tady  Kelly.  About  six 
miles  from  the  tovvn>  the  army  r^ere  met  by  a 
party  of  indians  to  the  number  of  ^  or  50,  who 
gave  a  skirmish  by  the  way  of  ambuscade  in 
which  two  of  our  men  were  killed  and  eight  or 
■nine  wounded;  One  indian  was  killed  and  sev- 
eral wounded.  It  was  supposed  that  seterat  moF| 
of  them  were  killed,  but  they  were  carried  off.-V 
When  the  amry  came  to  the  town,  it  was  found 
evueuated,  the  indians  bad  retreated  to  the  op- 
posite shore  of  the  river,,  where  they  had^med 
an  ambuBcadev  supposing  Che  party  wouliMHIft9 
the  river  from  the  town.  This  was  in»*i1^ 
ly  discovered^    The  commaDding  ofiQlccyifaeD  aetft' 


^ 


''}A^' 


wA 


VTAPPATQMICA   CAMI>AIGeT;. 


sentinelB  up  and  dowo  the  river^  to  give  notice,  ii^ 
case  the  i(Nliao8  shouM  attempt  to  cross  above  or 
below  the  town.  A  privnte  in  conopany  of  Capt. 
Cressap,  of  the  naoie  of  John  Hargus  t'Le  cfihe 
scntioeU  below  the  toVn  displaced  tie  ekill  of 
backwoods  sharpshooter,  seeing  an  indie p  btrhiiij 
a  blind  across  the  river,  raising  up  bis  head,  air 
(imep,  to  I00I&  over  the  river.  Hcrgia  charged' 
bis  riile  with  a  s^^eond  ball  and  taking  deliberato 
aim,.pafifed  both  balls  through  the  neck  of  ihe  inr 
dian./  The  indians  dragged  oflf  the  body  and  bu* 
ried  it  with  the  honours  of  war.  It^was  found  the 
next  morning  and  scalped  by  HarguF.. 

Soon  after  the  town  w&s  taicen,.  tbe  icdians 
from  the  opposite  shore  sutd  fcr.  peace.  Ibe 
commander  otfered  them  peace,  en  condition  cf 
their  sending  over  their  chiefs  as  host&ges.  Fivs 
ofihem  came  over  tbe  river  and  wtre  put  urider 
guaid  as  hostages,  l^  the  rooming  thejr  wers 
ixiarlhed  in  front  of  the  aiooy  t>ver  the  river,-* 
M-'heo  the  party  had  reached  the  western  bank  of 
the  Muskingum  the  indiars-  represented  that  they 
Could  not  make  p,eacevwitbcut  the  presence  of  the 
chiefs  oft  bye  other  towns.  On  which  one  of  the 
chiefs  was  releasM  to  bring,  m  the  others.  He 
did  not.  return  in  the  appointed  time.  Another 
chief  was  permitted  to  go  on  the  same  eirand, 
who  in  Ukei  manner  did  not  return.  The  party 
'ea  moved  up  the  river  to  the  next  town,.which 
as  about  a  mile  above  the  (i)8t  and  on  the 
opposite  shore.  Here  we  had  a  slight  skirmish 
with  the  ibd^ane,in  which  oiie  cf  them  wa^  killed 
and  one  of  our  men  ii^ounded.  It  was  then  dis- 
d,  that  during  mthe  tiine  spent  in  the  ne- 
lpU|  the  ii)dian^^re  employed  in  removing 
vscim  atd  chUdrep)  old  people  and  tStcifi 


bavini 
the  CQ 
the  Wi 
ft^art 
9hio^ 
ihai^ 

■T-M 


^^ 


GEIY.  M^lNTOSH^tf  CAmfAICX^ 


911 


l^om  the  upper  towns.  The  towns  were  boro- 
ed  and  the  corn  cut  Mp.  The  party  then  returned 
te  the  place  from  which  they  set  out,  bringing 
ivitli  them  the  three  remaining  chief  who  was  feent 
(0  WiMiamsburgh.  They  ^wcre  released  at  the 
peice  the  succeeding  falL 

The  amry  were  out  of  provisions  before  they  left 
the  towns  and  had  to  subsi-^t  on  weeds,  one  ear 
of  com  each  day^  with  a  very  scanty  supply  of 
game.  The  corn  was  obtained  at  one  of  the  indiaa 
towns. 


Gen.  M^Iotosh^s 
Campaigu. 


.% 


CHAPTER  XXIX« 


In  the  spring  of  tibe  year  ]'if78,  Clovei^ment^ 
having  sent  a  small  force  of  regular 't^ops  unde^ 
the  bommaod  of  Gen.  M*IntQ|^,  for  the  defenicfjii, 
the  western  frontier.  ThejSfieneral  with 
fttlarsand  militia  from  folP^Pitt  4j(8cen||[d 
Ohio^bput  thirty  Dulles  and  built  fdrt  M^Bib  o|t 
ftdfUi  W-  the  preaent  Beave^  towoi  ^e  %l 


944 


esv.  Mcintosh's  campaign 


was  mude  of  fitrdng  itockftdes  furnished  bftstions 
find  mouuted  with  one  n\x  pounder.  This  sta* 
tion  was  well  selected  as  a  point  from  a  small  mili* 
tary  force,  always  io  readiness  to  pursue,  or  io- 
tercept  the  War  parlie's  of  Indians,  who  frequent- 
ly made  incursion,  into  the  settleiiventa,  onlhe  op« 
posite  side  ofihe  river,  in  its  immediate  neighboar- 
liood.  The  fort  was  well  garrisoned  and  supplied 
with  proTisions  during  the  summer. 

Some  time  in  the  fall  of  the  same  year,  Generi] 
M'lotosh  received  an  order  fiom  Government  lo 
make  a  campaiffo  against  the  Sandusky  townsk-. 
This  order,  ne  attempted  to  obey  with  one  thouiv 
and  men;  but  owing  to  the  delay  in  making  necei- 
sary  outfits  for  the  expedition,  theo^cerf^on  reacL* 
iugTuscarawa,  thought  it  best  to  halt  at  that  place, 
1)uildan<^  garrison  a  fort,  and  delay  the  farther 
iinMecutioD  of  the  campaign  until  the  next  spring^ 
Affiordingly  they  erected  fort  Laurens  on  the 
Bank  of  the  Tuscarawa.  Some  time  afier  the 
completion  of  thjs  fort,  thf  Gen.  rieturned  with 
the  army  to  fort  Fitt,  leaving  Col;  John  Qibson, 
with  a  command  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  men  to 
protect  the  fort  until  spring.  The  Indians  were 
Boon  acquaintexl  with  th  eexistence  of  the  fort,  and 
soon  «onvinced  our  peopJCi  by  sad  exjperience  of 
the  b|d  policy  of  building  and  attempting  to  hold 
a  fort,  so  far  in  advance  of  our  sett\ements  and 

er  forts.  \^; 

T)ie  first  pnQoyance  the'faiTisoD  received  from 
the  iOidiima|i!as  some  tifnie  in  the  month  of  la&uat 
17.  in  tha  night  XW^  they  caugfii  mo^tr  of  the 
l||pl)HMi  belonging  ta«  fort,  and-  takiiig  ihtm  ^ff 
mke  <Ha<NkQ^(iM»p%0(ods,  they  tooli  off  their 
Wla  «M(|ra||  Winnhtiiiide  by  tha  ape  of  a 
f^M^^^m^^^wm  of  It  i^liiP  «t  ft 


■«'r^ii 


"Hfm. 


tmlA  i^ftmet  fromJlia  fort.    In  the  norniog  (hi 

^  $&  J»«»*4!«ro.  wifU  t»l»n  irfiwow^ 
)i|i|.iiw.  gif»i  UR  •t,the«awofwtr| 
Ylif  i^ver,  M(IPrt*»#  hetrd  fiC    v     . 

•I^TjiXiS  trintt  ciffl!i|iii|rtwicef  do  llfo  Md  death 
;  ig^Hifll.depend  r^^-  >  ^  ^    , '  ^       ^^, 

^i^ae4odii|ii;ewiim  ill  M^f  ^^^JglHT;, 

m4  d^M^iee  firam  t^ft«rt^4in  .the  oppewte  elde 
mm  nw.  floJt,#  <?»PF^«y  fpequeotiy  Md 
Plistioiii  iii|g  tS^iWI^e <<  our  jwr«J«f;J-;. 
igse  ©<;«i!efrtfiiw>«»  Wl^efeeyed  to  d«p^  th^ 
^i^^ootbee  of  the  wk  wjd  hpp«d  fw  P«*««i  r^^. 
lf(^  «w0h  exi»Pf^»ted  w  *k«  AmenfSMii  M#^  \ 


^s^". 


146 


015.  M^1MT06H^8    CAMPAlOZf. 


Ij  went  out  among  the  Indians  during  tbeiritay  at 
their  eneampment,  with  the  mutoal  content  of 
both  parties.  A*  abprt  time  before  the  indiani  left 
the  place*  they  feot  word  to  Col.  Gibson  by  the 
eld  Indiaoi  that  they  were  desirous  of  peace,  ind 
that  if  he  would  send  them  a  barrel  of  flour  tbsy 
would  send  in  their  proposals  the  neat  day; 
but  although  theOolond  eomplied  with  their 
request,  they  marched  off  without  fulfilling  their^ 
eoMement. 

T|e  cofnmandef,  suppQaiog  the  whole  number 
of  the  Indians  had  gone  onT,  gave  pernniesion  to 
Col.  Clark,  of  the  rennsylvania  line,  to  escort 
the  invalids,  to  the  number  of  eloTen  or  twelve  to 
fort  Mcintosh.  The  w|6le  number  of  this  detach- 
ment was  fifteen.  The  warylndiaiit  had  leftaparty 
behind,for  the  purpose  of  doing  mischief.  Tbeee 
attacked  this  part|  of  invalid?,  and  their  escort 
-'^~  ttwo  miles  fro^  the  fort,  and  killed  the  whole 
h^  with  the  ejcception  of  four,  amongst  whom 
wfTthe  captain^  who  fran  back  to  the  fort.  On 
the  same  day  a  detachment  went  out  from  the  fort, 
broi^bt  in  the  dead,  and  buried  tb'em  with  the 
honours  of  war,  in  front  of  the  foit  gaf(».  , 

In  three  or  four  days^fler  this  disaster,  a 
relief  of  seven  hundred  men^  under  Qen.  Mcin- 
tosh arrived  at  the  fort  with  a  supply  of  ptovi- 
ston;  a  great  part  of  vrhich  wil  lost  by  an  unto- 
ward accident.  When  the  relief  had  reaehed 
itbin  about  one  hundred  yards  of  the  lort,  the 
l^rison  gav^  them  a  salute  of  #  general  discharge 
of  musketry,  at  the  report  of  which  the  pack 
bprses  took  firight,brokeloo^  and  scatter^  the 


provisions  m  every 
fo  that  the  greaC^r' 
tovfred  again.  "^'^'^ 


through  the  woods» 
oouliney^rbe  re^ 


:*»^ 


■;«: 


1 


,v  -, 


OIN.    M^IKTOBU^S   CAMPAIOIK. 


til 


Amdnf  other  trannactioM  which  ^.ook.jt»fe 
tMttt  thii  lime,  WM  ihtt  of  githerinR  »»f^  lb«:  •*' 
fitiiit  of  the  fourteen  men  who  h«d  felUo  in  t!>e 
^buscftde.  during  the  winter,  far  interment,  '/i»4 
Ihich  eould  QOt  be  done  dujring  the  inveMrri^n); 
of  the  place  by  the  Indaos.    They  were  Ccwnd 
tf^sUy  devdurtd  1:^  the  iiroltrea.    '^he  Uu^w^  p^r- 
ir  dug  •  pit  large  enough  to  oontaiu  the  rsv%Aii.<^ 
of.aU  of  them,  and  after  depositing  them  in  t!?^. 
lit,  merely  covering  them  with  a  little  earth,  m'Jk 
«tiew  i9  htfte  revenge  on  the  wolves  for  (devour* 
ipg  their  companions,  they  covered  tfee  pit  with 
tinder  sticks,  rotten  wood  and  bits  of  hark,  not 
^sufficient  strength  to  bear  the  weight  of  a  wj?/, 
On  the  top  of  this  covering  they  placed  a  pt^ 
df  meat,  as  bait  fo?   the  wolves^     The    next 
idroing  seven  of  them  were  foynd  in  the   pj 
l*l^y  were  shot  ond  the  pit^fitled  up. 
if\)r  about  two  weeks  teforO  the  reli(sJt  arr 
the  garrison  had  bceft  put  o|i  the  ihor    aJ'ow 
ance  of  halfa  pound  or  sour  flour  anci  ».n  e^ut^l 
.weight  of  stinking  meat  for  every  tt70  3/*y8.    Tho 
-greater  part  of  last  week,  they  had  nothing  to  sub- 
.  fflitOQ  but  such  roots  as  thej  •iould  tind  in  the 
woods  and  priariesj^nc^  rftw  hides.    Two  men  lost 
lieir  lives  i>y  eating  wild  parsnip  roots,  by  mis- 
take.   FourmOre  nearly  shared  the  same  fate;  but 
were  saved  by  medical  aid.  '  .    ^       .  ^. 

On  thetcvening  of  the  atrival  of  the  relief,  tW(| 
dayf  rations  were  issued  to  each  man  in  the  fort. 
T^se  rations  were  intended  as  their  allowance  du* 
rin||their  march  to  fart  Mcintosh;  but  many  of  ^hr 
in4^%  supposing  them  to  hive  been  back  rations 
ea  upthe  whole  of  their  iglowance  before  the 
next  morning.  In  consequence,  of  this  impm- 
*     j^l^  eating  i^oderatei,  ftfter   such  ^x* 


■*>  'i.. 


* 


iA 


.;««*' 


TMB  MMUyUn  Cii»A£i|f 


OrtiBja;  stariratiQB  irom  the  wtnt  of  provid))| 
about  ^fori^  <)fiW/in|ii  became  faint  and  IneL 
during  the  first  (^|'/i  march.  Oh  the  secohd  idft|, 
however  the  i^iSei'^rs  were  mei  by  a  |r(eat  numbii 
.  eftl^eir  friends  frotn  the  settlemeDts  to  which  ibev 
belonged,  by  whom  they  were  a^pTy  supplied  mlh 

1      ft'^j.^VerBon,'  who  ^  succeeded  Cpl^  Cibson^^ 

the,  command  of  ,lort  l^uretis,  continued  its  gos. 

ecssioQ  until  tto  sext  fau,  wbeii  the  garrisoB,  an«i 

lieiog,  Uke  tbeir  predecessors  redtiicd  almost  te 

,  atarvatioii,*  evacufited^the  place. 

I     Thus  jeoded  ,  tbe^disasterous  bOsidess  of  fort 

^  lAurcDS,  in  which  muclfl   fatigue  and  suffering 

'were  endured  and  manv  lives  lost;  bat,with% 

.  any  beneficial  resiUr  to  fpi  oountVy, 


The    Moravian 


CHAPTER  XXX. 


j,lt'i»- 


M 


1H 


This  «?er  meinmo»^bte«ampfttgpi  took  place  lb 
the  month  of  l^f^^Mt^*  '^^^  weather,  during 
the  greiater  ^MpTtlra  mon^t  February  Vad  been 
ua<kunmotii|  inCefsdJhtt  tibe  war  ;|»art«e#  ^em 


ft  *. 


■:"* 


^x 


H^*;*    % ■-,'« 


raft   M«lUlVIAir  CAUPAIGN. 


2i9r 


BAodusky  Visited  the  Bettlementff,  and  committed 
depredatioDB  earlier  than  usual.  The  family  o£ 
a  mlliam  Wallace,  conpisting  of  his  wife  and  five 
or  six  ehildreo,  were  killed,  and  John  Carpen« 
ter  taken  prisoner.  These  events  took  place  iot 
the  latter  partt>f  February.  The  early  period  at 
which  those  fatal  visitations  of  the  Indians,  took 
place,  ted  to  the  conclusion  that  the  murderers- 
were  either  Moravians;  or  that  the  warriors  had' 
had  their  winter  quarters  at  their  towns,  ott 
the  Muskingum,  in  either  case/  the  Moravians^ 
being  in  fault,^the  safety  of  the'frontier  settlements: 
required  the  tLestruction.  o£  their  eBtabIishment» 
at  that  place.  ^ 

Accordingly,  between  eighty  and  ninety  mea 
were  hastily  collected  together  for  the  fatel  en* 
terprize.    They  rendezvoused  and  encamped  t^ 
first  night  on  the  Mingo  bottom,  on  the  thctjMHp' 
side  of  the  Ohio  river.    Each  man  furnisheciii|||^« 
self  with  his  own  arms,,  ammunition  and  provi* 
sion.    Many  of  them  bad  horses.    Tha  second 
day's   march  brought  them  within  one  mile  of 
the  middle  Moravian  town^  where  they  encamp* 
ed  for  the  night.    In  the  morning  the  men  were 
Avided  into    two  e|ual  parties,  one  o£  which.   ' 
was  to  cross  the  rnner  about  a  mile  above  the  towo^,   • 
their  videttes  having  reported  that  there  were  i^»  ^ 
dians  on  both  sides  of  the  river.    The  other  part 
was  divided  into  three  divisions,  one  of  whi 
was  to  take  a  circuit  in  the  woods,  and  reach  tl^ft 
yiver^  a  little  distance  below  the  town,  on  the  east 
side.    Another  division  was  to  fall  into  the  middle 
pi  the  (own,  and  the  third  «t  its  upper  en^* 


fe. 


S     .-•-, 


m 


rat  MoiATiAM  cAiiPAi<»r 


WbQittbiB  party  designed  to  nake  the  attack 
on  the  west  side,  bad  reached  the  river,  they  foiinl 
no  craft  to  take  them  over;  but  something  like 
t  canoe  was  seen  on  the  opposite  bank.  The 
river  was  high  with  some  floating  ice.  A  young 
man  of  the  name  of  SlOoghter  swam  the  river  and 
brought  over,  notacanoe^  but  a  trough  design, 
ed  lot  liolding  sugar  water.  This  trough  couI4 
carry  but  two  men  at  a  time,  In  order  to  expedite 
their  passage,  f^  number  of  men  stripped  off  their 
clothes,  pat  them  into  the  trough,  together  with 
ihtir  guna,  and  swam  by  its  sides,  holding  its  edges 
with  their  hands.  When  about  sixteen  had  croi- 
aed  the  river,  their  two  centinels,  who  had  beea 
posted  in  advance,  discdvered  an  Indian  wboee 
name  was  Shabosh.  One  of  them  broke  one  of 
ia^arms,  by  a  shot.  A  shot  from  the  other  cea- 
^killed  him.  These  heroes  then  scalped  and 
Sihawked  him. 

By  this  time,  about  sixteen  men  had  got  over 
the  river,  and  supposing  that  the  firing  of  the 
guns  which  killed  Shabosh,  would  lead  to  an  in- 
jtant  discovery,  they  sent  word  to  the  party  de- 
signed to  attack  the  town  on  the  east  side  of  the  ri* 
rer,  to  move  on  instantly;  which  they  did. 

In  the  m^an  time,  the  small  party  which  bad 
'erpssed  the  river,  marched  with  all  speed,  to  the 
ain  town  on  the  west  side  of  the  river.  Here  they 
und  8  large  company  of  indians  gathering  the 
GQm,  which  they  had  left  in  their  fields  the  pre* 
ceeding  fall,  when  they  removed  to  Sandusky.—' 
On  ^e  arrival  of  the  men  at  the  town,  they  pro- 
fessed peace  and  good  will  to  the  Moravians,  and 
informed  them  that  tbej  had  come  to  take  tbem 
to  fot'i  Pitt,  for  their  safetjr.  .^  The  Indians  sur- 
;,^gll§0df  daUf^d  hd«.|Mp  *«na  and  appeared 


THE  M O&iTrAN  CAMP AKGIf ' 


%Sfi 


bigbly  delighted   with  tbe  prospect  of  thetr  re» 
mava),  aod  began,  with  all  speed  to  prepare  vie* 
tualsfortbe  white  men^  and  for  themselre^  on. 
their  journey. 

A  party  of  white  men  and  Indians  waa  imme* 
diately  despatched  to  Salem,  a  short  distance  from 
Gnadenhutten,  where  the  indians  were  gathering:, 
in  tbeir  corn,  to  bring  tnem  into  Qnadenhutteo. 
Tbe  party  soon  arrived  with  the  whole  number  of 
tbe  indians  from  Salem. 

lo  the  mean  time  the  Indians  at  Ghiadenhutten 
were  confiaed  in  two  houses  some  distance  apart, 
and  placed  under  guards,  and  when  those  from 
ISalem  arrived  they  were  divided,  and  placed  in 
the  same  houses,  with  their  brethren  of  Qnaden- 
butten. 

Tbe  prisoners  being  thus  secured,  a  cou 
war  was  held  to  decide  on  their  fate.  Th 
cers,  unwilling  to  take  on  themselves  the  'Wile 
responsibility  of  the  awful  decision,  agreed  to  re- 
ler  the  question  to  the  whole  number  of  the  men.. 
The  men  were  accordingly  drawn  up  in  a  line.— • 
The  commandant  of  the  party,  Col.  David  Will* 
tamson  then  put  the  cj^uestion  to  them  in  forai> 
'^Whether  the  Moravian  Indiana  should. be  takeft^ 
prisoners  to  Fittsburgh,  or  put  to  death,  and  re* 
quested  that  all  those  who  were  in  favour  of  sav* 
iog  their  lives  should  step  out  of  the  line,  and  f< 
a  second  rank.r  On  this  sixteen,  some  say  ei^ 
teen,  stepped  out  of  the  rank,  and  formed  them* 
•elves  into  a  second  line;^  but  alas!  This  line  of 
nercy  was  far  too- short,  for  that  of  vengeance. 

The  fate  of  the  Moraviaiis  was  then  decided  ony 
and  they  were  told  to  prepl^e  for  death. 

The  pri8onee8,.from  l\x%  tim%they  were  placed 
iH  the  guaird  bo«i0|  iiireiBpirrl^ 


i^i 


m 


'1^ 


h-"s*y 


"W 


rx,-*-  ■ 


■  w;,  ,.v. 


m 


THE  HURAIAV  CAIIPAIO!r,v 


^v 


tbeir  defolions  of  singing  bymQS,  praying,  tnj' 
•ihorting  each  other  to  place  r  Irm  reliance  in  the 
mercy  of  the  Saviour  of  men.  Wbeo  tbeir  fkte  wm 
aanOunced  to  them,  these  devoted  people  embrac* 
ed,  kissed,  and  bedewing  each  other  faces  and 
bosoms  with  tbeir  mutual  tears^  asked  pardon  of 
the  brothers,  and  sisters  for  any  offence  tney  might 
have  given  them  through  life.  Thus,  at  peace  with 
tbeir  Sod,  and  each  other,  on  being  asked  hv  those 
who  were  impatient  for  the  slaughter,  "^Whether 
they  were  ready  to  die.**  They  answered  '^That 
Ibey  bad  commended  tbeir  souls  to  God,  and  wese: 
resdy  to  die."^ 

The  partieu?ars  of  this  dreadfuF  catastropfiejare 
too  horrid  to  relate..  Suffice  it  to  say,  that  in  a  feir 
minutes  these  two  slaughter-houses,  as  they  were 
i^^n  calied,  exhibited  in  tbeir  ghastly  interior,. 
Ilnfamangled^  bleeding  remains,  of  these  poor  ud* 
iafcunate  people^  of  alV  ages  and  seies,  from  the 
aged  grey  beaded  parents,  down  to  the  helpless 
tnfnnt  ttC  it9  mother^s  breast,  dishonoured  by  the 
fatal  woundspf  the  tomahawk,  mallet,  wardub,, 
spear  and  scaljptng  knife. 

Thas  Of  Brainard  and  Zeisbergerf  Faithfttf 
missionaries,  who  devoted  your  whole  lives  to 
incenanttoil  and  sufferings,  in  your  endeavours 
t6  make  the  wilderness  of  Pagamsn»  *^rejoice  and 
'^ossom  astberose'^  in  feitb  and  piety  to  God  f 
"  us  perished  your  faitbf«l  followers,  by  the  fflur- 
derous  bands  of  the  more  than  savage  white  meD» 
Faithful  pastors!  Tour  spirits  are  again  associat- 
ed with  those  of  ;f our.  flocks,  '^^^fare  the  wicked 
cease  from  tronbling  tnd  the  WiMmie  at  rest'*' 
^  The  number  of  the  slain,  as^Mted  by  the 
onjMir  return  fr^m  the  %flmtgn  wm  eigb* 
Ifl  ei|^  Bine;  but  tfat  Itoravian  tceoui^ 


,aL    ^i.v-'A»*'-  ,■.  «, 


"f*' 


m 


f^.Co/fe^^^^^^^^    His  wife  wjBkri. 

1^«^:i^tbt  t#n,  oniha  easi  side  of  Ae 

P*  a*ii^iM?  at  the,  same  time  wi^.|ho|  m  nMr 

I.  iffiTatiamptiog  to,  ina^«  bK*«!!f«^l!^;  ^S*^ 

fflliLT(St»rde  of  th«  river,;  :%o  oth^a 

dSXrw.  men,  who  w^w  Mppw^d  to  •>«J«J«^. 

f"9h.ei,  jb  be  tomihwMf    fi^J  "italiS 
9.  to  hmmjiido  li»e»c«pe  »»«>8.fW«y» 


iftlt  into  »lSf8«rwhS%oold  h||e  Ae  w»to^ 


T^ZW^^L^.^^^^^ 


^1k«I  from  ajc^abbatd  auapef *4|fl««        ^. . - 

±H^;  l£rXJl  vlftA  Aimed  at  •toBting  ione  of  tM 

"«S«*- Tbut  the  i^KM  the  rop«,o«e(M«>»e^  *f  »jr 
tofoSk  "Und.^^^i.4dH5e«  ««ai^^^^ 

^W  f'O'SiiiB^^fi^'^itl.rin,  oat  of  w«ijm 

,4r»rm.    After  a  few  i^ow  tho 


i^'; 
/'i 


Ite  iBf 5^ 


Hieii 


nu 


fHE  MflRAVIAN  CJIMPAION. 


and  pursued  the  Indian,wbo  when  overtaken  struck 
ibe  horse  6n  the  head  with  a  iDlub.  1  he  rider 
Sfirang  from  the  horse,  on  which  thelndifiD  seized, 
threw  him  down  find  drew  bis  tomahawk  to  kiii 
him.  At  that  instantf  one  of  the  party  i^ot  rear 
enpugh  to  ehoot  the  Indian,  which  he  did 'merely 
in  time  to  save  the  life  of  his  companion. 

Of  the  whole  nunber  of  the,  Indians  at  Goaden- 
huterand  Salem,  only  two  made  their  escape.*. 
These  wer<B  two  la^s  of  f^jdrkcn  or  fifteen  years  cf 
age.  One,  of  them  after  being  knocked  down  and 
scalped;  but  not  killed,  had  the  presence  of  mind 
to ;}te  fitiU'enipng  the  dead,  until  the  dusk  of  the  e*- 
v^irii^g,  Wh^n  he  silently  crept  out  of  the  door  aad 
nade  his  escape.  T^e\pther  lad  slipped  through 
a  trap  door  into  the  cellar  of  one  of  the  slaughter- 
bouses,  from  whieb  he  made  \a&  escape  thfough 
,  i»  1^1  cellar  w  in  do  w. 

9P^^^^^^-^  wei:e;£oi'tunate  in  getting  t<>getber 
ii^l^e  wdoilk  the  samf^  night.     Another  lad^  some- 
what la^^er,*in  attempting  (o  pass  thro'  the  same 
window^  it  is  supposed  stuck  fast  and  was  burnt 
'alive.  ■..;    ■  ^     V^'V'' 

The  In^ian^f  the  upper  towDy  were  appriz- 
ed of  thelir  danger  la  due  tliDe;to  malce  their  es-^ 
e^p|^^  two  of  them  .having  found  the  mangled  <^ 
body  o^  ShaMlb.  Frovidentklly  they  all  made 
their  eseape,  although  they  mmlf  '  have  been  easi-i 
^iyowrlidt(^ttbJ^;thfrparty^ifithejrhad  undertaken 
^ibi^iir  pursuit:  A  division  of  the  men  were  order- 
ed to  ^o  to  Sbonb|Un;;but  finding  t|0  place  desert* 
edf  Jlhey  took  what  pltihder  ^t^cy^P|^^find,  and 

returpcd  to^^  their  com paniouK^jMMfc^^Pgfaf'' 
ther  miliar  the  Indians.  ,,  ^^^.«««»«=— .  ^._ . 

^ev  ther^ork'bf  dtaKi 
v  ?  gbinderip^ed^^all  thel>t " 


m' 


and  the 
thatowawere 


% 


•.•."'■*■ 


setott 
^t. 
i^heB> 
edthe 
Sucl 

fair. 
pje,di8 
annatt 
Bei 
which 
sidaratj 
0«rin 
farnlsh 
vians^ 
tli^Q)  tv 

In  a 

pain  w 
maxina 
rioa,  tt 
DUKliti 


^yci 
iiifficiei 
^te  nu 
mencec 
cairyol 

lisifttine 


truth  1 
oQght  t 
after  il 
eding 
lideof 


■  '  ■■  ^&L^ 


Tfi£  I^ORAVtAN  tABIPAIGir. 


S53 


sftl  on  fire  «nd  tbe  slaughter  houses  among  the 
^t.    The  dead  bodies  were  thus  consumed  to 
ilHiBA'    A  rapid  retreat  to  the  settlemeots  finish- . 
Qdihe  campaign. 

3uch  were  the  principal  events  of  rhis  horrid  af« 
fair.  A  massacre  of  innocent,  unofTendiog  peo* 
pie,  dishonorable  not  only  to  our  country,  but  num 
tn  nature  itself. 

Before  making  any  remarks,  on  the  causes 
which  led  to  these  diegraceful  ef%nts,  under  con* 
sideratioh.  It  may  be  proper  to  notice  the  man^* 
0er  in  which  the  enterprize  was  conducted,  as. 
fttrnlsfatog  evidence  that  the  murder  of  the  Mora* 
Tians  Was  intended,  and  that  no  resistance  t>om 
tlj^in  was  anticipated. 

In  a  millitary  point  of  view,  the  Moravian  caai« 
pain  was  conducted  in  the  very  worst  manner  im« 
miginable.  It  was  undertaken  at  so  flatly  a  pe-* 
nod,  that  a  deep  fall  of  snow,  a  thing  very  cqa^ 
miNi  in  the  early  part  of  March,  in  former  tiaal^ 
would  have  de/eeted  the  enterprise.  WheQ  the 
ICDny  came  to  the!  river,  Instead  of  oltDstructing  a 
liifficient  number  of  tafts,  to  transport  the  requi- 
site number  over  the  river  at  oncl|  they  coin« 
menced  orofBsing  in  a  sugar  trough,  which  cotild 
Citry  Oiilv  two  men  ata  time,  thus  jedpifrdizing  (be 
j|tfety  -6f  those  who  first  went  over.  The  two 
ieifttineli  who  ahot  Jbubosb^  according  to  military 
%w>#tiglft  to  hftve  be^h  executed  on  the  flpbt|fot 
hit^g^red  without  orderi^  thereby  gNring  premit^ 
im  ttdtice  of  tbe  epproaeh  o(  6w  men.  ;  Th6 
truth  id,  neitrly  the  whole  ibfumber  of  the  $tfaf 
odght  tO'hlivkfa||»  transported  t>ver  the  river,  fb^ 
aAerHl  iheStf^Ki  ei^loyed,  ahd  precautbn  uv^ 
ed  in  Mitinj;  |nb«ffibii^o%^bel^^  the  eiiilf 
licleof  the  rirS^i|j|#  vin^re  but  one  nftn  f^i)^  ofi« 


M 


4*. 


•i^' 


m 


t&E  MORAtVAN  CAUFAlCltt. 


tqu&w  fouod  in  it,  all  the  others  being  on  the  olhu 
side..  This  circumstance  they  ought  to  have 
known  before  band,  and  acted  accordingly.  The 
Indiana  on  the  west  side  of  the  river  amounted  to 
about  eigty,  and  among  them  above  thirty.men,  be- 
sides a  number  of  young  lads,  all  possessed  of  guns 
and  well  accustomed  to  the  use  of  them;  yet  this 
large  number  was  attacked  by  about  siiteen  men. 
If,  they  bad  really  annticipated  resistance,  they 
deserved  to  lose  tbeir  lives  for  their  rashness.  It  is 
presumeable,  however,  that  having  full  confi- 
dence in  the  pacific  principles  of  the  Moraviang, 
they  did  not  expect  resistance;  but  calculated  on 
Mood  and  plunder  without  having  a  shot  fired  at 
them.  If  this  was  really  the  case,  the  author 
leaves  it  to  justice  to  find,  if  it  can^  a  name  for  the 
transaction. 

^',  One  can  hardly  help  reflecting  with  regret,  that 
ihMe  Moravians,  did  not  for  the  moment^laya*    , 
sMI  their  pacific  principles  and  do  themselves  jus- 
tile.    With  a  mere  show  of  defence;  or  at  most  a 
few  shots,  they  might  have  captured,  and  dis- 
armed these  few  men ,  and  held  them  as  hostages 
for  the  safetyil^  their  people  and  property,  until 
thejf  could  hc^ve  removed  them  out  of  their  way. 
Th^M  they  mijfht  have  done  on  the  easiest  terms, 
as  the  remaiirder  of  the  army  could  not  have  cross-  ^ 
ed  the  river,  without  their  permission^  as  there  | 
was  but  one  canoe  at  the  place,  and  the  rivee  too  ^ 
•high  to ,be  forded.    But  alas t  These  truly  cfaf is- 
tian  people  f^uffered  themselves  to  be  betrayed  by 
liypjOcritica)  professions  of  friendship,  until  '^They 
fr<ire  led  as  sheep  to  the  slaughter*"    Over  this 
horrid  deed,  humanity  muH  shtiiitears  of  com* 
miseratioO|  as  long^as  (^a  ^reei^ri  el  it  ^%\l  re^ 
naiih    .    '':■:': 


»4 


«Sf 


s: 


Let  not  the  reader  8upp09<^,  that  I  have* present- 
•d  him  with  a  mere  immaginary  possibility  of  de« 
fence,  on  the  pat't  of  the  Moravians.  This  de- 
fence would  have  been  an  easy  task.  Our  peo- 
p\e  did  not  go  oil  that  campaign  with  a  view  of 
fighting.  There  may  have  boen  some  brave  men 
among  them;  but  they  were  far  from  being  all 
such.  For  my  part,  I  cannot  suppoise  for  a  mo- 
ment^ that  any  white  man  who  can  harbor  i 
thoaght  of  using  his  arrtis  fur  the  killing. of  wo- 

en  and  children,  in  any  case,  dan  be  A  brave man«< 

o!   He  is  a  murderer. 

The  history  of  the  Moravian  settlements,  on  thi^ 
Muskingunl,  and  the  peculiar  circumstances  of 
their  inhabitants  during  the  revolutionary  ccm- 
test  between  Great  Britain  and  America  deserfd 
a  place  here. 

In  the  year  \Tl2y  the  Mora vi^d^n  villages  W4ire  com 
fenced  by  emigration^  from  B^riedensbtitten  on^ 
6ig  leaver  and  from  Wyalusing  and  Sheisheqflm 
on  the  Susquehanna.  In  a  short  time  thdy  roseid 
considerable  extent  and  prosperity,  bontaining  up- 
tva(:ds  of  four  hundred  people.  Duriqg  tbeeunindiei^ 
iDf  Dunniore's  war,  they  were  much  alnoyed  by  wai^ 
parties  of  the  indians,  and  disturbed  by  perpetual 
i'Umours  of  the  ill  intentions  of  the  white  people 
of  the  frontier  settlements  towards  them;  yet 
their  labors,  schools  and  rbligio\is  exiercise  wen( 
im  without  interruption. 

in  the  revolutionary  wari  which  began  in  1775^ 
the  situation  of  the  Moravian  settlements  was  tm- 
Iv  deplorable.  The  English  had  associated  wttb 
their  own  means  of  warfare  against  the  American^ 
the  ^^Scalping'kntfo  and  tomahawk*'  of  the  mer- 
i^less  ladianl^v  ltict«  alMes  of  Bngland  isofiimit* 


-«h4  .^ 


f50 


im  MOBATIAN  CAMPAIGN* 


<ed  the  moBt  horrid  depredations  along  the  vvhole 
eiteni  of  our  defenceleBs  fronlier.  From  early  in 
the  apring,  until  late  in  the  fall,  the  early  setUeri 
of  the  western  parte  of  Virginia  and  PennBylvania, 
iad  to  aubonit  to  the  Qeverest  hardships  and  priva- 
tions. Cooped  up  in  little  stockacle  forts,  they 
wrorked  their  little  fields    in  parties  under  armf, 

Suarded  bycentinels  and  werf  doomed  from  day  to 
ay  to  witnef  s,  or  hear  reports  of  the  murders  or 
captivity  of  their  people,  the  burning  of  their  houi« 
es  and  the  plunder  of  their  property. 

The  war  with  the  English  fleets  and  armies,  on 
the  other  side  of  the  mountains,  was  of  such  i 
character  as  ^o  engage  the  whole  attention  and  rs* 
sources  of  our  government,  so  that,  poor  as  the  fint 
•eittlers  of  this  couutry  were,  they  had  to  bear  alinoit 
the  whole  burden  of  the  war  during  the  revoiu* 
tlonary  contest.  They  choose  their  own  officers, 
furoished  their  own  means  and  conducted  the  war 
illpeir  own  way.  Thus  circumstanced,  *^They  be- 
clme  a  law  unto  thrm6«lves"  and,  on  certain  oc« 
casions,  perpetrated  acts  which  government  were 
compelled  to  disapprove.  This  lawless  temper  of 
«ur  people  ¥^  never  fully  dissipated  until:  the 
conclusion  of  the  whiskey  rebellion  in  1704.  ^ 

The  Moravian  villages,  were  situated  between 
the  settlements  of  the  whites  and  the  towns  of  the 
warriors,  about  sixty  miles  from  the  foimer,  and 
not  much  farther  from  the  latter.  On  this  ac« 
qonnt  they  were  denominated  ^*The  half  way 
bouses  of  the  warriors."  Thus  placed  between 
two  rival  powers,  engsged  in  furious  warfare,  the 
preservation  of  their  neutralitjy  was  no  easy  task, 

Serhspe  impossible.    If  it  re(|uires  the  same  phys- 
:al  force  to  preaerve  a  neutral  station,  among 
bfligerent  aationsi  that  it  di«»  ((i^osecttte  a  war, 


^ 


%..# 


THE  MORAVIAN  CA5IPAIG!V. 


€59 


IS  18  unquestionably  the  case,  this  pacific  peo« 

51e  had  no  chance  for  the  preservation  oi  theirs.—^ 
'be  very  goodness  of  their  hearts,  their  aversion  i9 
the  sheading  of  human  blood,  Irought  them  |q« 
to  difliculties  with  both  parties^  When  they  sent 
their  runners  to  fort  Pitty  to  inform  us  of  the  ap- 
proach of  the  war  parties,  or  received^  fed,  secret 
ted  and  sent  home  prisoners,  who  had  made  their 
fscspe  from  the  savages,,  they  made  breaches  of 
(heir  neutrality,  as  to  the  belligerent  Indiais.— < 
Their  furnishing  the  warriors  with  a  resting  placew 
and  provisions  wna  contrary  to  their  neutral 
engagements  to  us;>  but  their  focri  ekuation  ren^ 
dsfed  those  acoomodationt  to  (ht  warriors  una- 
voidable on  their  part^  as  the  warriors  possessed 
both  the  will  and  the  means  to  compel  them  ta 
|i?e  thenv  whatever  they  wanted  from  (hem. 

Tiie  peaceable  Indiane,  first  fell  under  aus^i- 
cion  with  the  Indian  warriors,  and  the  Engli^ 
commandant  at  Detroit,  to  whom  it  was  reported 
(hat  their  teachers  were  in  close  confederacy  with 
the  American  Congress,  for  preventing,  not  only 
their  own  people,  but  also  the  Delawares  and  some 
Other  nations  from  associating  tlieir  arms  mth 
those  of  the  British,  for  carryieg  on  the  war  a- 
gainst  the  American  colonies. 

The  frequent  failures  of  the  war  expeditions  of 
(he  Indians  was  attributed  to  the  Moravians,  wh^ 
often  sent  runners  to  fort  Pitt  to  give  notice 
of  their  approach.  This  charge  against  them 
was  certainly  not  without  foundation.  In  the 
spring  of  the  year  1731  the  war  chief  of  the  Del- 
awares fully  apprized  the  Missionaries  and  their- 
fdllowers  of  their  danger  both  from  the  whiter 
and  Indians,  and  reauested  them  to  remove  to  i^ 
It]||kce  of  safety  fitQQimpth.    This  request  wasnoi^ 


:* 


'ii-^r 


R^ 


«M 


*Vi^  MOBAITAN   CAMPAIGN. 


Bonplied  ivith.    The  ahnost  prophetic  prediction 
•f  Ibis  chief  were  literally  nilnleil. 

In  the  fall  of  the  >esi;  Hdl,  the  eetth meDti' 
of  the  Movtviane  were  brcken  up  by  upwardi 
cf  three  hundred  waniora,  the  mifsioti^ries  ta< 
ken  prisoficr^)  after  being  rtbbrd  cf  almost 
•▼ery  things  Tbe.kdiQoa  uere  left  to  f>bift  for 
themselvea  is  the  barrf  plains  of  Sandusky, 
where  mott  of  their  horsc!^  and  cattle  perished 
from  faming,  during  the  w'^tUa.  The  mlsaicDa. 
lies  were  taken'  prisoners  to  Detroit;  but  after  an 

eiamiuatlon  by  the  governor,  peroiiaed  to  i«tu]^ 
to  their  beloved  people  again.. 

In  the  letter  p^rt  of  February,  a  party  of  &bo\i(i 
eoe  hundred  and  fifty  dfthe  Moravian  Indians^ 
leturoed  to  their  dererted  villages  on  the  Mua? 
kingum,  to  procure  corn.tD  keep  their  familie* 
%t)A  cattle  from  starving.  These,  to  the  aniount. 
ot  niSety-siXy  fel),  iotp  the  hands  of  Williamsoa 
and' his  party  and  were  murdered. 

The  causes  which  If  d  (o  the  murder  of  the 
Mc^iivians  are  now  to  be  detailed. 

The  pressure  of  the  Indian  war  ^long  the  whole 
ef  the  western  frontier,  for  several  years  preceed- 
xng  the  event  under  consideration,  bed  bee& 
dreadfully  severe.  From  early  in  the  spring,  un« 
til  the  commencement  of  winter,  from  day  to  day 
nturders  were  committed  in  everj^  dirrction,  by 
the  Indians.  The  people  lived  in  forts  which 
were  in  the  highest  degree  uncomfortable.  The 
tfien  were  harrassed  continually  with  the  duties  of 
going  on  scouts  and  campaigns.  There  was 
scarcely  a  family  of  the  first  eettlerp,  who  did  not 
at  some  time  or  other,,  loose  more  orJcss  of  their 
number  by  the  merciless  Ipdians.  Their  cattle 
IB^ere  killed^  their  ciabins  btune4  nn4  their  horsei.^ 


THB  M0RAVIA2Y  CAMPAI«K* 


«fttl 


otrried  oft     These  losses  were  severely  felt  by  a 
people  so  poor  as  we  were,  at  that  time.    Thus 
circumstaoced  our  people  were  extsperated  to* 
madness,  by  the  extent  end  seTerity  of  the  war. 
The  uoavaiiingf  endeavours  of  the  American  con- 
gress to  prevent  the  Indians  from  taking  up  the  hatch  < 
et against  cither  side  in  the  revolutionary  contest, 
contributed  much  to  increase  the  general  indigna- 
tion against  them,  at  the  same  time  those  pacific 
er.deavours  of  our  government,  divided  the  Indiana 
amongst  themselves,  on  the  question  of  war  or 
peace  with  the  whites^    The  Moravians,  part  of ' 
the  D^lawires,  and  some  others,  faithfully  endea- 
voured to  preserve  peace;  but  in  vain^    The  In^* 
dian  maxim  was  *^He  that  is  not  for  us,  is  against 
UB."    Hence  the  Moravian  missionaries  and  their 
f6Uovvers,.were  several  times  on  the  point  of  be- 
*'tng  murdered  by  the  warriors*    This  would  have- 
been  d^ne,. had  it  not  been  for  the  prudent  con- 
dact  of  some  of  the  war  chiefs.. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  local  situation  of  the- 
Moravian  villages    excited:  the  jealousy    of  Ihe^ 
white  people.  If  they  took  no  direct  agency  in  the 
war^  yet  they  were,  as  they^  were  then  called  "Half  * 
way  houses"  Between  us  and  the  warriors,  at  which 
the  latter  could  stop,  .rest,  refresh  themselves  and! 
trafiiQ  off  their  plunder. .   Whether  these  aids,  thus 
given  to  our  enemies,  were  contrary  to  the  laws  of^' 
neutrality   between    beligerents,   is   a   questioQM 
which  I  willingly  leave  to  the  decision  of^ivifians. . 
On  the  part  of  the  Moravians  they  were  unavoid- 
able.   It  they  did  not  give  or  sell  provisions- to^) 
the  warriors,  they  would  take  th^m  by  foi  cp.    Tbe^- 
fault  wasin  their  situation,  not  in  tbamsalvea^. 

W2L 


M 


THE    BIORATIAK  CAMPAfflH. 


The  longer  tbc  war  continued,  tbe  more  ^ 
people  complained  of  the  situation  of  these  Mor«i 
•▼ian  Tillagee.  It  was  said,  that  it  was  owing ii^ 
their  being  so  near  us,  that  tbe  warriors  com- 
menced (heir  depredations  so  early  in  the  spring, 
and  crntinued  them  until  so  late  in  the  fall. 

In  the  latter  end  of  the  year  1781,  the  militia  of 
tbe  frontier  came  to  a  determination  to  break  up  the 
Moravian  villages  on  the  Muskingum.  For  thig 
f)urpose  a  detachment  of  our  men  went  out  under 
the  cominand '  of  Co!  David  Williamson,*  for  the 
purpose  of  i!} Slicing  the  Indians  with  their  teach- 
ers  to  mote  farther  dfT,  or  bring  them  prisoners 
to  fort  Pitt.  When  they  arrived  at  the  villages 
they  found  but  few  Indians,  the  greater  number 
of  them  havirtg  removed  to  Sandusky.  These  few 
were  well  treuted,  taken  to  fort  Pitt  and  deliver- 
ed to  the  commandant  of  that  station,  who  after 
a  short  detention,  seut  them  home  again. 

Thio  proceedure  gave  great  offence  to  the  peo- 
ple of  the  country,  who  thought  that  the  Indians 
ought  to  hare  been  killed.  Col.  Williamson  who 
before  this  little  campaign,  bad  been  a  very  pop* 
Qlar  man,  on  account  of  bis  activity  and  bravery 
in  war,  now  became  the  subject  of  severe  ani- 
juadversions  on  account  of  bis  lenity  to  the  Mor- 
avian Indians.  In  justice  to  the  memory  of  Col. 
"Williamson,  I  have  to  say,  that  although  at  that 
time  very  young,  I  was  persuially  acquainted  vnth 

*Tlie  Bev,  John  Ileckewdder^  the  historian  cftke 
J^oravicms,  states  that  this  campaign  iu  the  Jail  of  1181 
was  commanded  by  Capt,  Biggs,  This  was  not  the  tase^ 
it  was  commanded  by  Cut.  David  WUliamscnf  the 
same  who  commanded  the  fatal  campaign  the  succeed* 


.:;#■ 
W 


¥ 


THE    MORAVIAN  CAMPAIGIT; 


•6S 


biiD,  aDd  from  my  recollection  of  his  coDTersa- 
sion,  I  say  with  confideoce  that  be  was  a  brave 
roan,  but  not  cruel.  He  would  meet  an  enemy  in 
battle,  and  fight  like  a  soldier;  but  not  murder  a 
prisoner.  Had  he  possessd  the  authority  of  a  su* 
perior  ofRcer  in  a  regular  army.  I  do  not  believe 
that  a  single  Moravian  Indian  would  have  lost 
his  life;  but  he  possessed  no  such  authority.  Ha 
was  only  a  militia  officer,  who  could  advise;  but 
not  command.  His  only  fault  was  that  of  too  easy  a 
compliance  with  popuhr  optnion  and  popular  pre- 
judice. On  this  account  his  memory  baa  beeii 
loaded  with  unmeritted  reproach. 

Several  reports,  unfavourable  to  the  Moravians^ 
bad  been  in  circulation  for  some  time  before  tbo 
Campaign  against  them.  One  was  that  the  night 
kfter  they  were  liberated  at  fort  Pitt,  they  cross- 
led  the  river  and  killed  or  made  prisoners  of  a  fa- 
toiiy  of  the  name  of  Monteur.  A  family  on  Buffa«» 
)oe  Creek  had  been  mostly  killed  in  the  snmmer 
br  fall  of  1781,  and  it  was  said  by  one  of  them 
Who,  after  being  made  prisoner,  made  his  escape^ 
that  the  leader  of  the  party  of  Indians  who  did  the 
bischief,  was  a  Moravian:  These,  with  other  re- 
})6rt8,  of  similar  import  served  as  a  pretext  for  their 
destruction,  although  do  doubt  they  were  utterly 
Use. 

Should  it  be  asked  what  sort  of  people  compos- 
ed the  band  of  murderers  of  these  unfortunate  peo^ 
))1e?  I  answer.  Tbey  were  not  miscreants  or 
vagabond?,  many  of  them  were  men  of  the  first 
standing  in  the  country.  Many  of  them  were  men 
liirho  had  recently  lost  relations  by  the  band  of 
the  savages,  several  of  the  latter  class  found  arti- 
cles which  had  been  plundered  from  their  owD 
houses,  or  those  of  their  relations,  in  the  houges 


■  ■-S^V- 


m 


2&-f; 


THE  MORAVIAN  CAMPATftlT. 


Il>" 


of  the  Moravians.  One  man  it  is  f aid  frucd  \ht 
eiolbes  of  his  wife  and  children,  ?7ho  had  been 
murdered  hy  the  Indians  but  a  few  days  before. 
They  were  still  bloody;  yet  there  was.no  unequi- 
vocal evidence,  that  ihepe  people  had  any  direct 
agency  io  the  war.  Whatever  of  our  property 
was  found  with  thenn,  had  been  left  by  the  vv&rri- 
ors  in  exchange  for  the  provisions  whicli  they  took. 
from  thera.  When:,  attacked  by  our  p;eopIe;  al- 
though they  might  have  defended  theroselves,  they 
did  not.  They  nevfr  fered  a  single  shot;  They 
were  prisoners)  and  had  been  promised  protection. 
Every  dictate  of  justice  and  humanity  required 
ibat  their  lives  shculd  be  npared.  The  complaint 
of  thfir  villages  being-  *'H'a^f  way  houses  for  the: 
warriors"  was  at  an  end,  as  they  1  ad  been  remov- 
ed to  Sandusky  the  fall  bt-fore.  It  was  therefore- 
an  attrccious  ar>d  urqualified  murder^  But  by 
whcro  committed?  By  a  majority  of  the  campaign?./ 
For  the  honor  of  my  country,  I  hope  Lmay  safely 
answer  this  question  in  the  negative*  It  was  one 
ftf  those  convultions  of  the  rooralsiate  of  society,  in 
which  the  voice  of  the  juptice  and  humanity  of  a 
xnajority  is  silenced  by  the  clamour  and  violence 
of  a  lawless  minority.  Very  few  of  our  men  im- 
hrued  their:  ban^ds  in  the  blood  of  the  Moravians. 
Even;  *ho8e.  wiio  had  not  voted  for  fiavirg  their 
lives, .  retired  from  the  scene  of  slaughter  with 
horror  and  disgust.  Why  then  did  they  not  giv^ 
their  votes  in  their  favour  ?.  The  fear  of  public  in- 
dignation restrained  them  from  doing  so.  They 
thought  well;,  but  had  not  heroism  enough  to  ex- 
press their  opinion  Those  who  did  so,  deserve 
nonourahle  rriention  for  their  intrepidity  So  far 
S8  it  may  hereafter  be  in  my  power^  this  honour 


•1* 


?HEi  IITDIAN  SUimERw 


S6& 


f^iiallbe  done  tbem«  While  the  names  of  the  mur- 
derers shall  not  &tain  the  pages  of  history^  from. 
vsy  pen  at  least. 


t^mwierw 


CHAPTER  XXXI. 


A9  coNNEeTED  With  the  hiBtory  of  (he  indiaoi 
wars  of  the  western  country;  it  may  not  be  a^^ 
miss  to  give  an  explanation  of  the  term  *^Indiai|^ 
Summer." 

This  eipresBion,  like  many  others,  has  contin* 
lied  in  general  use;  notwithsfanding  its  origina^ 
import  has  been  forgotten.  A  backwoodsman,, 
seldom  heare  this  expression,  without  feeling  a 
^hill  of  horror,  because  it  brings  to  hia  mind 
the  painful  reooUection  of  its  original  applica<^ 
lion.  Such  is  the  force  of  tbe  faculty  ot  asBO-^ 
elation  inhuman   nature. 

The  reader  must  here  be  reminded,  that,  du*. 
ring  the  long  continued  Indian  warp^^  sustained 
by  the  first  settlers  of  the  western  country^  they 
enjoyed  no  peace  excepting,  in  the  winter  season,^^ 
when,  owing  to  the  severity  of-  the  weather,  th« 
Indians  were  unable  to  make  ^heir  excursions  in- 
to the  settlements.  The  onset  of  winter  was. 
theFiefore  hailed  as  a  jubi}ee,^by  the  early  inhab- 


::-^fl^ 


'#■ 


266 


THE  INDIAN  SUMMER. 


itanis  of  the  country,  who  throughout  the  fpiine, 
and  the  early  part  of  the  fall,  had  been  cooped 
upio  their  little  uncomfortable  forts,  and  subject- 
ed to  all  distresses  of  the  Indian  war. 

At  the  approach  of  winur,  therefore    all  tie 
farmfps     excepting     the    owner    of    the  fort, 
removed  to  their  cabins  on  their  farms^  with  the 
joyful  feelings  of  a  tenant  cf  a  prison,  on  recover- 
ing his  release  from  confinement.    All  was  bus- 
tle, and  hilarity,,  in  preparifjg  for  wintei^by  gath- 
ering in  the  corn,  digging  potatoes,  fattening  hog?, 
»«td  repairing  the  cabins.     To  our  for^fathere,  the 
gloomy  months  of  winter  were  more  plea^t^nt  than 
the  zephyrs  of  spring,  and  the  flowers  of  May. 
It  however,  somfitimes  happened,  that  after  the^^p^ 
parent  ons-^t  of  winter,  the  weather  became  waritif 
the  smokey  time  commencFd,ard  lasted  for  aconsid 
erable  numbt;r  of  days.    This  was  the  indian  sum- 
mer,  because  it  aHbrded  tl^e  if)dian«  another  ep" 
portuniry  of  visitingthe  settlements  with  their  des- 
tructive warfare.    The  mehing  of  the  snow  sad- 
dened every  countenance,  and  the  general  warmth 
©f  the  sun  chilled  every  heart  with  horror.    The 
apprehension  of  itnether  visit   trom  the   Indians^ 
and  of  being  drivenback  to  the  detested  fort,  was' 
painful  in  the  highest  degree  and  the  distressing 
apprehension-    was  frequently  realized. 

Toward  the-  ktter  part  of  February,  we  com- 
monly h'ad  ft  fine  spell  of  open  warm?  weather, 
during  which  the  snow  melted  away.  This  was 
denominated  the  '^Pawwawing  days*'^  From  the 
supposition  that  the  Indians  were  then  holding- 
their  war  councils,  for  planing  off  their  spring  cam- 
paigns into  the  pettlements.  Sad  experience 
taught  us  that  m  this  conjecture^  we  were  not  of^; 
\9n  mistaken. 


m' 


9«B  INDIAN  SUMUCB. 


26T 


Sometimes  it  happened  that  the  Indians  fentur- 
cd  to  make  their  excur&ioos  too  ]ate  in  the  fall,  or 
too  eariy  in  the  spcifig  for  their  own  conveni'* 
ence. 

A  man  of  the  name  of  John  Carpenter  was  taken 
early  in  the  month  of  March,  in  ihe  neighbourhood 
of  this  place.  There  had  been  several  warm 
davs,  but  the  night  precteding  his  capture,  there 
ivas  a*  heavy  fall  of  snow.  His  two  horses  which 
they  took  with  him,  nearly  perished  in  swimming 
the  Ohio.  ^  The  Indians  as  well  as  himself  suffered 
severely  with  the  cold  before  the  reached  the  Mo« 
ravian  towns  on  the  Muskingum.  In  the  morning 
ailer  the  first  day^'s  journey  beyond  the  Moravian 
towns,  the  Indians,  sent  out  Carpenter  to  bring  in 
the  horses  which  had  been  turned  out  in  the  even* 
iDg,  after  being  hobbled.  The  horses  had  made 
a  circuit  and  fallen  into  the  (rail  by  which  tliey 
came  the  preceeding  day,  and  were  making  their 
way  homewards.  > 

When  be  overtook  the  horses  and  had  taken  olT 
their  fetters,  as  he  said,  he  had  to  make  a  moi<t  aw 
ful  decision.  He  had  a  chance  and  barely  a 
ehance,  to  make  his  escape,  with  a  certianty  of 
death  should  he  attempt  it  without  success;  on  the 
other  band  the  Yiorrible  prospect  of  being  tortured 
to  death  by  fire  pres^ted  itself,  ad  he  was  the  first 
prisoner  taken  that  spring,  of  course,  the  general 
custom  of  the  Indians  of  burning  the  first  prison* 
er  every  springy  doomed  him  to  the  flames. 

After  spendii|g  a  few  minutes  in  making  bis  de» 
cision  he  resolved  on  attempting  an  escape,  and' 
effected  it  by  way  of  Forts  Laurens,  Mcintosh,  and 
Pittsburgh,  If  I  recollect  rightly,  ho  brought  both 
his  horses  home  with  him* 


,K 


m 


«$d 


XiiLJ^FOJCD^B  CAkPAIOiV 


This  happened  in  th^  year  1782.  The  cspfu^ 
"of  Mr.  Oarpeoter,  and  the  murder  of  two  families 
about  the  saine  time,  that  is  to  say,  in  the  two  or 
three  first  days  of  March,  contributed  materially 
to  the  Moravian  Campaign)  end  the  murder  of 
that  unfortunate  people. 


Cpawford^e  Campaigit^ 


iCHAPTEE  XXklli 


Tiitf,  in  ohe  point  of  Vievir  at  lieastj  id  to  be  boit- 
idered  as  a  second  Moravian  Campaign^  as  onb, 
bfita  objects  wa^  that  of  finishing  the  work  oi 
Inurd^r  and  plunder,  tvith  the  Christian  Indians  at 
their  new  eatablii^hment  on  the  Siandtilky;  The 
pext  object  was  that  of  destroying  tht^  Wyandot 
lowna  on  the  same  tiver;  It  was  the  re»ol  ution  of 
all  those  coqcernod  in  this  eii^itbn,  notto  spare 
the  life  oK  any. Indiana  that  t&ight  JTall  ihto  their 
bands,  whether  friends  or  fo^d.  It  will  be  seen 
in  the  seqiiel  that  the  result  of  this  caovpaign  was 
Widely  diffident  frbni  that  of  the  Moravian  cam^ 
pi^aigo  the  precelidi  >g  March.         * 

It  should  seem,  that  the  long  continuance  of 
the  Indian  Wa^,  had  debased  a  oonsiderabje  por*.. 
tionof9ur  populatioh  to  the  savage  stat^  of  ourna<* 
lure.  Haring  lost  so  many  relati  ve£  by  the  Indians 


,* 


€!illWF«R]l*fl  CAHItiI«!V. 


m 


U  witnessed  their  horrid  murderff,  and  other  depre« 
datioDS  on  so  extensive  a  scale,  they  became  sub* 
iects  of  that  indiscrifhinatiog  thirst  for  revenge^ 
which  is  such  a  prominent  feature  in  the  savage 
character,  and  having  had  a  taste  of  blood  and 
plunder,  without  risk,  or  loss  on  their  part,  they 
resolved  to  go  on^  and  kill  every  Indian  they  could 
gnd,  whether  friend  or  foe^ 

Preparations  for  this  campaign  commenced  soon 
'after  the  return  of  the  Moravian  campaign  in  the 
month  of  March,  and  as  it  was  intended  to  make 
what  was  called  at  that  time  ^<A  dash/'  That  10 
AD  enterprise  cnnducted  with  secrecy  and  des* 
patch,  the  men  were  all  mounted  on  the  best  hors- 
es they  could  procure.  They  furnished  them« 
selves  with  all  their  outfits,  except  some  ammuni* 
tioD,  which  was  furnished  by  the  Lieutenant  Col* 
onel  of  Washington  country. 

Oa  the  25th  of  May  i?83,  489  men  mustered 
at  the  old  Mingo  towns,  on  the  western  side  of  the 
Ohio  river.  They  were  all  volunteers  from  tha 
immediate  neighbourhood  of  the  Ohio,  with  thd 
ei^ception  of  one  company  from  Ten  Milo  ia 
Washiog^on  county.  Here  an  election  Was  held 
for  the  o£lce  of  commander  in  chief  for  the  ex- 
pedition. The  candidates  were  Col.  Williamson 
and  Col.  Crawford.  The  latter  was  the  success^ 
full  candidate.  When  notified  of  bis  appoint- 
ment, it  is  said  that  he  accepted  it  with  i^parent 
reluctance. 

The  army  marched  along  "Williamson's  trail" 
as  it  was  then  called,  until  they  arrived  at  the  up- 
per Moravian  town,  in  the  fields  b^^lorjgi'ng  to  which  ^ 
thiere  was  still  plenty  of  corn  on  the  stalks  with 
which  their  horses  were  plentifuily  fed,  during 
theqight  of  their  eocampment  there« 


:%' 


i^ 


";:?rt':^ 


i^ 


**^-u 


% 


«w 


«llAWFeR]>^8  CAMPAION* 


Shortly  after  the  army  halted  at  this  pla^e, 
ftwo  Indians  were  discovered  by  three  nten,  who 
had  walked  somie  distance  cut  of  the  c&nip.-~. 
Three  shots  were  fired  at  one  of  them,  but  with- 
out hurtirg  him.  As  soon  as  the  bew  a  of  xht  dis- 
covery of  Indians  had  reached  tlie  camp,  more 
tthan  one  half  of  the  men  rushed  out,  without  ccm- 
mand,  and  in  the  most  tLmuttuous  manner,  to  see 
what  happened.  From  that  time,  €oI.  Crawford 
felt  a  presentiment  of  the  defeat  wh>ch  iiulluHcd^ 

The  truth  is,  that  noiwithstandiLg  the  secrecy 
and  despatch  of  the  enterprise,  the  Izidians  were 
beforehand  with  our  people.  They  saw  the  ren- 
dezvous on  the  miiigo  bottom,  knew  their  num- 
ber and  deetination.  They  yisted  every  encamp- 
meni  immediately  on  their  leaving  it,  and  saw  from 
thf/ir  writing  on  the  trees  and  scraps  of  paper  that, 
**No  quarter  was  to  be  given  to  any  Indian,  wheih^ 
•r  man,  woman  or  child..''  n 

Noihing  material  happened  during  their  march 
until  the  sixth  of  .June,  when  their  guides  con- 
ducted them  to  the  site  of  the  Moravian  villages, 
on  one  of  the  upper  branches  of  the  Sanduslcy  riv- 
er; but  here  instead  of  meetiitg  with  Indians  and 
J>lunder,they  met  with  nothing  but  vestiges  of  deso- 
ation.  The  place  was  covered  with  high  grassland 
the  remains  of  a  few  huts  alone,  announced  that 
the  place*' had  been  the  residence  of  the  people 
whom  ihey  intended  to  de8trry;butwbohad  mov* 
•drrffto  Scioio  Bome  time  before. 

In  this  dilfoima,  what  was  to  be  done?  ThjB 
ofiicers  beid  a  council,  in  which  it  was  determin- 
ed to  march  one  day  longer  in  the  direction  of 
upper  Sandusky,  and  if  they  should  not  reach  the 
town  in  the  coursie  of  the  day»  lo  make  aretr^t 
l^itb  all  0pee^ . 


TJJ< 


ChAWFOR^S  CAMPAIO^. 


t1% 


l^he  march  was  commenced  the  next  morning;, 
through  the  plains  of  Sandusky  ar»d  continued 
until  about  two  o'clock,  when  the  advance  guard 
was  attacked  and  driven  in  by  the  Indians,  who 
were  discovered  in  large  nunibers,  in  the  high 
grass,  wifh  which  the  place  was  covered.  The 
Indian  army  was  at  that  moment  about  entering 
a  piece  of  woods,  almost  entirely  surrounded  by 
plains;  but  in  this  they  were  disappointed  by  a 
rapid  movement  c''oar  men.  The  battle  then 
commenced  by  a  heavy  fire  from  both  sides.— 
J^rom  a  partial  possession  of  the  Woods  which 
they  had  /Qfained  at  the  onset  of  the  battle,  the 
Inlians  were  soon  dislodged.  They  then  attemp- 
ted to  gain  a  smnll  skirt  of  wood  on  our  right 
flank,  but  were  prevented  from  doing  so  by  ihe 
tigilence  and^ravery  of  Maj.  Leet,  who  com- 
manded the-  right  wing  of  tho  army  at  that  ixmd. 
The  tiring  was  incessant  and  heavy  until  dark, 
when  it  ceased.  Both  armies  lay  on  their  arma^ 
during  the  nigh*,-  BVifh  adopted  the  policy  of 
kiniling  large  fires  along  the  line  of  battle,  and 
then  retiring  some  distance  in  the  rearofthi^ra, 
fo  prevent  being  surpized  by  a  night  attack.  Du- 
ring the  conflict  of  the  afternoon  three  of  our 
men  were  killed  and  several  wounded. 

In  the  rooming  our  army  occupied  the  batcle 
ground  of  the  prr-ceediug  day.  The  Indians  made 
no  attack  during  the  day,  until  late  in  the  evening. 
But  ,were  seen  in  large  bodies  traversing  the  plains 
ID  various  directions.  Some  of  them  appeared  to 
be  imployed  in  carrying  off  their  dead  and 
wounded. 

In  the  morning  of  this  day  a  council  of  the  of- 
ccrs  w^s  held,  in  which  a  retreat  wasj^Bolved  on^ 
as  the  only  means  of  saving  iheir  ari]|||L  The  la- 


'% 


i7t 


MAWrCKD^S  CAMPAUN, 


diani  &ppearin(|[  to  increase  in  number  every  hour, 
l)uring  the  Bitting  of  this  council,  Col.  WillioiA. 
ion  proposed  tekirg  one  hurdrcd  ai:d  fifty  vciu* 
teeis,  and  mercbing  directly  to  upper  SaLduske}'. 
TLiR  proposiuon  the  commander  in  chief  prudent- 
hf  rejetied,  paying,  ^  1  have  no  doubt  but  that  you 
would  reach  the  town,  but  you  would  find  notbirg 
there  but  empty  Wignams,  and  having  token  cffgo 
many  of  our  beist  men,  you  would  leave  the  reRUo 
be  destroyed  ty  the  nest  of  Indians  with  v^licK 
^  ve  are  now  suirounded^and  on  your  return  they 
would  attack  and  destroy  you.  Tbry  care  noth* 
ing  about  defending  their  towns.  They  are  wortl^ 
notiting.  Their  squaws,  children  and  property  have 
been  removedfrom  them  long  since.  Our  lives  ani 
baggage,  are  what  they  want^and  if  they  can  get 
us  divided  they  will  soon  have  tlji^m.  We  must 
stiiy  together  a!nd  do  the  best  we  can/' 

During  this  dny,  preparations  w^re  made  for  » 
retreat  by  burying,  the  dead,  burning  fires  o« 
Ter  their  graves  to  prevent  discovery,  and  prepar- 
ing means  for  caryingoff  the  wourded.  The  re- 
treat was  to  eommence  in  the  course  of  the 
Bigbt.  The  Indiana,  however,  became  apprized 
of  the  intended  retreat,  and  about  su)>down  attact- 
ed  the  army  with  great  force^and  fury,  in  every  di- 
rection, excepting  that  of  Sanauskey. 

When  the  line  of  march  was  formed  by  the  com- 
inander  in  chref^  and  the  retreat  commenced,  our 
guides  prudently  took  the  direction  of  Sandus- 
key,  which  afforded  the  only  opening  in  the  Indian 
lilies  and  the  only  chance  of  concealment.  After 
marching  about  a  mile  in  this  direction,  the  army 
wheeled  about  to  the  left,  and  by  a  circuitous  rout 
gained  the  trail  by  which  tbey  came,  before  day. 
T^ey  Gontllped  tbei|  march  the  whole  of  the  neil: 


t 


.#. 


Itf,  with  •  trfling  annoyance  from  the  Indian^ 
nbo  fired  a  ftw  dinrant  shots  at  the  rear  guards 
which  slightly  wounded  two  or  three  men.  At 
night  they  built  fires,  took  their  suppers,  secured 
(he  horses  and  resigned  thenmelyes  to  rfn'ose, 
withput  placing  a  single  centinel  or  vid»)tte  fir 
safety.  In  this  careless  situation,  they  might  have 
been  surprized  and  cut  off  ^)y  the  Indians,  who,bow* 
ever,  gave  them  no  disturbance  during  the  niglit^. 
nor  afterwards  during  the  whole  of  their  rf'treat. 
The  number  of  those  compopipg  the  main  body 
in  the  retreat  waasupposeU  lo  be  about  three  huii* 
dred. 

Most  unfortunately,  when  atetreftt  was  resolr-- 
•d  on,  a  difference  of  opinion  prevailed  concerning : 
the  best  mode  of  effecting  it.    The  greater  num« 
ber  thought  best  to  keep  in  a  body  avid  retreat  as 
fast   as    possible, ,  while  a  cofisidereble  nun  ber' 
thought  it  safest  to  break  off  in  small  parties,  and 
make  their  way  b^rae  in  d  ffereut    directions,  at 
voiding  the  rout  by  which  they  came.      Accor- 
dingly many  itttemptcd  to  do  so,  calculating  that 
the  whole  body  of  the  Indians  would  follow  the 
main  army.     In  this  they  were  entirely  mistaken. 
The  Indians  paid  but  Utile  attention  to  the  main ' 
body  of  the  army,  but  pursued  the  small  partita 
with  such  activity  ytbat  but  very  few  of  those  who 
composed  them  made  their  escape. 
'     The  only  successful  party  who  were  detached' 
'  from  the  main  army,  w^s  that  of  about  forty  men 
under  the  command  of  d  Captain  Williamson,  who^^ 
'^preltv  late  in  the  night  of  the  retreat  broke  through 
'  the  Indian  lines  under  a  severe  fire,  and  with  som^ 
loss,  and  overtook  the  main  artny  oo  this  fflornio^ 
oCthe  second  day  of  the  r^  treat. 


*^. , 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


1.0 


1= 
11.25 


KS  Ui2   ||||!2.2 


m 


Photographic 

Sdences 
Corporation 


iV 


^v 


•^ 


^\ 


^^^ 

^ 


23  WIST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14S80 

(716)  872-4503 


o^ 


'<^ 


'^ 


For  ief eraM|ljs  afler  the  retreaf  of  our  •rinw, 
the  Indians  were  spread  prer  the  whole  coun- 
try, from  Sandiitbj  to  the  Moskingom  in  pur* 
auit  of  the  straggling  partiea,  most  of  whcm  uera 
trilled  on  the  spot.  They  even  pursued  them  aN 
most  io  the  banks  of  the  Ohio.  ArUT^n  ef.the 
iianne  of  Mills  was  killed*  two  miles  tathe  east* 
ward  of  the  site  of  St.  Clairsrille,.  in  the  direc* 
tioD  of  Wheeling  from  that  place.  The  number 
killed  in  this  way,  must  have  been  reiy  great,  the 
precise  amount,  however,  was  never  fairly  ascer- 
tained> 

At  the  commencement  of  the  retreat,  Col.  Craw- 
ford placed  himself  at  the  bead  of  the  army,  and 
continued  there  until  they  had;gDnfr  about  a  quar- 
ter of  a  mile,  when  missing  his  son  John  Craw- 
ford, his  son-  in-law  Major  Harrison,  and  his  neph- 
ews Major  Rose  and  William  Crawford,  he  halted^ 
and  called  for  them  astlie  line  passed,  but  with- 
out finding  them.    After  the  army  bad  passed  him, 
he  was  unable  to  overtake  it,  owing  to  tie  weari- 
ness of  his  horse.  Falling. in  company  with  Doctor 
Knight  and  two  others,  they  travelled  all  the  night,, 
first  north,  and  then  to  the  east,  to  avoid  the  pursuit 
of  the  Indians.    They  directed  their  courses  du- 
rinsT  the  night  by  the  north  star. 

On  the  next  day,  they  fell  in  with  Captain  Jbbn^ 
Biggs  and  Lieutenant  A«hley,  the  latter  of  whom 
Wa«  severely  woundedi  There  were  two  others^ 
in  company  with  Biggs  and  Ashhy.  They  en* 
damped  together  the  sucoeeding.  night.  On  the 
next  day,  while  on  their  march  they  w^ieattrcked 
by  a  party  of  fhdian<^,  who  made  Colonfl  Craw- 
|JK*d  and  Doctor  Kiiight  prisoners.  Tl:e  other 
four  made  tfieir  escape,  but  Captain  fiiggs  and 
JLlaule^aaill^Ashley  were  killed  the  ueit  day,. 


0 


C^onel  Crawford  and  Docter  HKIght,  irere  iin« 
mediaUIy  taken  to  ao  loUiaq  eii^an}pmeot,at  » 
flhort  distance  from  the  pluca  w&ere  they  were^ 
oiptured.    Utote  they  foundmoe  fellow  prisoDera- 
and  aeventeen  Aidtansi    On  the  next  day  tbey^^ 
irere  marched  to  the  old  Wyandot  town,  and  on 
the  next  morning;  were  paraded,  to  set  off,  asi 
they  were  told,  to  go  to  the  new  town^    But  alas!^ 
A  irery  different  destination- awaited  these  captives f^ 
Nine  of  the  prisoners  were  marched  off  some  dis- 
tance before  the  Colonel  and  the  Doctor,  who-: 
were  conducted  by  Pipe  and  Wingemond  (wo  De« 
vlaware  chief?.     Four  cf  the  prisoners  were  to* 
Siahawked.aad. scalped ion^  die  way^  at  different^ 
places- 
Preparations  had  been  made- for  the  execution^ 
of  Colonel  Crawford,  by  setting  a  post  about  6f- 
teen  feet  high  in  the  ground,  and  making  a  large  fire< 
of  biocory  polfes  about  six  yards  from  it.      About* 
half  a  mile  trom  the  place  of  execution,  the  remain* - 
tng  fiire  of  the  nine  prisoners,,  were  tomahawk- 
ed and  scalped  by  a  number  of  squaws   an<li 
boys;. 

When  arrived  at  the  S'rei  the  CoIOnel  was  strip*- 
ped  and  ordered  to  sit  down.'    He  was  then  S8« 
v«rely  beaten  with  sticks  and  afterwards  tied  to  the< 
post,  by  a  rope  of  such  length  as  to  allow  him  to* 
walk  two  or  three  timss  round  i^s^nd  then  back  a*- 
gain..  This  done^  they  began  the  torture  by  di8<^ 
eharging  a  great  number  of  loads  of  powder  upon^ 
tlim,  from  bead  to  foot,  aftl^r  wbich  they  began  to^ 
apply  the  burning  endd  of  ihe  hiecory  poles,  tho 
•quaws  in  the  mean  time  throwing  coals  and  hot- 
ashes  on  bis  body,  so  that  in  a  little  time  he  hacii 
nothing  but  coals  to  walk  on.    lit  the  midtrt  of  his  ■ 
ttifferings,  he  begged  4>l  the  noted  Simm  Qirty  U^> 


t 


t  v..^ 


Uke  pitty  tmfttn  ind  shoot  him.  GiHy,  ttuBtin^* 
Ij  answered '"^Ifou  see  I  l^tve' no  gun,  I  cannot 
•boot,"  and  laughed  heartily  «t  the  scene.  After 
tuffering  about  three  hours  he  became  faint  and 
fell  down  on  his  face,  an  Indian  then  scalped  him, 
and  as  old  squaw  threw  a  quantity  of  burning 
coals  on  the  idaca  from  which  the  scalp  was  ta* 
ken.  After  this  he  rose  and  walked  round  the  post 
a[  little,  but  did  not  live' much  longer.  After  he  ex* 
pired  his  body  ytta  thrown  into  the  fire  and  con* 
■umed  to  ashes.  Colonel  Grawferd's  son  and  son- 
tn-law  wera  executed  at  the  Shawanees'  town. 

Dr.  Knight,  was  dponned  to  be  burned  at  a  town 
tbout  forty  miles 'dl#tiiot  from  Sandiisky,  and  com- 
mitted to  the  care  pfia  young  Indian  to  be  taken 
there.  The  first  day  they  travelled  about  tvienty 
five  miles,  and  encamped  for  the  night.  In  the 
morning  the  gnats  beinp;  very  troublesome,  the 
jDoctor  requested  the  Indian  to  unti0  biro,  that  ba- 
migbt  help  him  to  make  a  fire  td  keep  them  off.— 
IVitb  this  request  the  Indian  complied.  While 
the  Indian  was  on  his  knees  and  elbows,  blovring 
the  fire,  the  Dr.  caught  up  a  piece  of  a  .tent  pole 
which  had  keen  Imrned  in  two  ^^  about  eighteen 
inches  long,  with  which  he  struck  the  Indian  on 
his  head  with  all  his  might,  so  as  to  knock  Lim 
forward  into  the  fire.  The  stick  bowerer  broke, 
so  that  the  Indian,  although  severely  hurt,  was  not 
killed,  but  immediately  sprang  up,  on  this  the  Doc- 
tor caught  up  the  Indiaa^s  gun  to  shoot  him,  but 
drew  back  the  cock  with  so  much  violence  that 
ka  broke  the  main  spring.  The  Indian  ran  off 
with  an  bedious  yelling.  Doctor  Knight  then 
made  the  best^  his-way  home,  which  he  reached 
m  twent^yHays,  almost  famished  to  death.— 
Tkf  sxuhHPoi  no  uae,  after  carrying  it  a  da;  or 


# 


•■a 


t 


CRAWrORD*8  ClMPAI&rr. 


in 


tvro  he  left  it  belkind.    On  bis  journey  be  subsisted 
OD  roots,  a  few  yonng  birtfe  and  berries. 

A  Mr.  Slo?er,  who  had  been  a  prisoner  among^ 
the  Indians  and  wa»  one  of  the  pilots  of  the 
army,  was  also  taken  prisoner,  to  one  of  Shaw- 
anee  towns  on  the  Sciota.  After  being  there  » 
fe/v  day,  and  as  be  tlioughf,  in  favour  of  the  ln«' 
dians,  a  council  of  the  chiefs  was  held  in  whicby. 
it  was  resolved  that  Slover  should  be  burned.— 
The  fires  were  kindled  and  he  was  blackened  and 
tied  to  a  stake,  in  an  wicovered  end  of  the  coi(n- 
eil  house.  Just  as  they  were  about  commencing: 
the  torture,  there  came  on  suddenly,  a  heavy 
tbun(!fer  gust  with  a  great  fall  of  rain  w  bich  Vinjf.^ 
out  the  fires.  After  the  rain  waa  over  the  Indiai 
eotcluded  that  it  was  then  too  late  to  commeticl 
and    finish  the  torture  that  day,  and  therefore 

{)ostponded  it  till  the  next  day.  Slover  was  lueii 
oosed  from,  the  »tak«,  conducted  to  an  ^emp* 
ty  bouse,  to  a  log  of  which  he  was  fastened  with 
abuffaloe  tug  fastened  round  his  neck,  bis  nrms 
were  pinioned  behind  h'm  with  a  cord.  Until 
late  io  the  night  the  Indians  sat  up  smoking  andi 
talkiogr.  They  frequently  asked  Slover  bow  be 
would  like  to  eat  fire  the  next  day.  At  length  oor 
ef  them  laid  down  and  went  to  aleep,.  the  oth- 
er continued  smoking  and  talking  witn  Slover.-— 
Bometime  after  midnight,  be  also  laid  down  end- 
went  to  sleep.  Slover  then  resolved  to  make  an  ef^ 
fort  to  ffet  loose  if  possible,  and  sQ|^extricated  one^ 
of  his  bands  from  the  cord  and  ^M|[£|{1  to  work 
wml  the  tug  round  bis  n€9k;  bwMHjj^  effect. 
Be  had  not  been  long  engaged'  ilr^n|<  e flfortp,, 
before  one  of  the  ludians  got  up  and  smoled  bia' 
pipe  awhile.  During  this  time  Slover  kept  very 
alitt  fioc  ku  o£  an  examination*    The  Indian  laf 


-■* 


# 


f78 


•RAWFORD^fl  OABtPAKil?. 


img  down,  the  pritionf r  renewed  his  t  flbrffi,  lut  for 
some  time  without    effect.    He  rrrigned  himself 
to  bit  fuie.    After  resting  for  aWlilc,  he  rescW. 
cd  to  make  Dnotlxfr  nnd  a  liiBt   tfl'ort,  and  as  he 
related,  put  h'ln  hand  to  (he  tug^  and  wiihoot 
difficulty  slipped  14  o^er  his  hi  ad.    The  day  wai 
jvst  then  hreaking.-    He  sprang  over  a  fence  in. 
to  a  cornfield,  but  Itad  proceeded  but  a  little  dis- 
tance in  the  fif  Id,  before  he  caoie  a  cross  a  squaw 
and  several  fbildrt'n,  lying  aster p  ut;der  a  mul- 
Berry  tree.    He  then  changed  his  course  for  pert 
of  the  connmons  of  the  town,  on  which  be  saw 
^      tome  horset   feeding;.    Passing  over  the  fence 
1^    ^    ^*^"*  ^^^  ^^^^i  '^*  fcucd  a  piece  of  an  old  quill. 
'^lilQ'bis  he  took  with  him.  It  was  the  only  covering  lie 
had.    He  tltcn  untied  the  cord  frcni  the  othet 
arm,  which  by  this  imie  was  very  much  swelled. 
Having  selected,  as  he  thought,  the  best  borse 
on  the  commons,  he  tied  the  ccrd  to  his  lower 
jaw,  mounted  him  and  rede  cffatfbll  spetd.-^ 
The  horse  gave  out  about  ten  o'clock,  to  that 
he  had  to  leave  him.'   He  then  travelled  on  foot 
ivith  a  stick  in  one  hand,  with  which  be  put  up  the 
weeds  behind  him,  for  fear  rf  being  tracked  by  the 
Indians^    lo  the  other  he  carried  a  bunch  of  bush-- 
ft  to  brush  the  gnats  and  moschettoes  from  his 
naked  body.    Being  perfectly  acquainted  with  the 
rout   be  reached  the.r4ver  Ohio  in  a  short  time, 
almost  famished  with  |unger  and  exhausted  with 
fiitigue*'         '9^r         "'i '   ' 

Tnut  Mi|l^thitdisa#Qut  campaign,  l^u 
the  last |||iP|nich  took  place  in  tbi»section  orthe 
country,  during  the  Revolutionary  contest  of  the 
Amencant^  witti,  the  Qiuther  country.  It  was  un* 
dertaken  with  the  very  worst  of  views,  those  of 
Border  and  plunder.    It  was  conducted  witk<ml> 


•KAWrORD*f  CAMPAICIC. 


21$ 


4K0icieDt  noetns  to  encouoter,  frith  any  pronpecl 
of  success,  ihe  large  ibrce  of  inrlians  opposed  to 
oors  io  tite  plains  of  Siudusky.  It  was  conducled 
without  that  eubunlinatiou  and  dibcipiini;,  so  re« 
quisite  to  injure  succress  in  any  hazardoui}  enter^ 
prize,  and  i:  ended  in  a  total  dificomfiiurei.  Never 
did  ao  enterprize  more  coinptetlyfuil  uf  attaining  its 
object.  Never,  on  any  occasion,  bad  the  ferocioua 
lavages  more  ample  revenge  (or  the  murder  of  their 
pscific  friends,  than  tb^t  which  thej  obtained  oo 
this  occasion. 

Should  it  be  asked  what  considerations  led  so 
great  a  nupiber  of  people  into  this  desperate  en^ 
terprize  ?  Why  with  so  small  a  force^  and  such 
dender  means  they  pushed  on  so/ar  as  the  plains 
of  Sandusky? 

^e. answer  is,  that  many  believecl  tli^at  the  Mo^ 
ftvian  Indians,  taking  no  part  in  the  war,  and  hav- 
iogi^ven  offence  to  the  warriors  on  several  occa« 
•ions,  their  belligerent  Oiends  would  not  take  up 
uims  in  their  behall*.  In  this  conjecture  they 
V((re  sadly  mistaken.  They  did  defend  them  with 
ill  the  force  at  their  command,  and  no  wonder,  for 
Doiliithstanding  their  christian  and  pacific  prin- 
iCiplei^  the  warriors  still  regarded  the  "Moravians 
u  .their  relations,  whom  it  was  their  4uty  to  de** 
fend,. 

The  reflections  which  naturally  arise  out  o£ 
th^  history  of  the  Indian  war  in  the  western 
country,  during  our  revolutionary  contest  with 
Qr^at  Britain,  are  not  calculated  do  honour  to 
human  nature,  even  in  Us  civilized  stat^^^^^Qn  our 
fide,  jMeed,  as  to  our  infant  goverlMiti  the 
ease  is^t  so  bad.  Our  Congress  faith?(flly  eii- 
^voured  to  prevent  the  Indians  from  taking 
ifirt  Ia  the  war  oa  either  «ide.   Tke  fiogliio 


# 


ISO 


CRWrORB^il  CAMPAIGN 


,/ 


^overiMneot,  on  the  other  bftnd,  made  tlUet 
4>f  M  nraDj  of  the  Indian  natioDf  af  they  could, 
and  they  imposed  no  restraint  on  their  savage 
mode  ot  warfare.  On  the  contrary  the  comman- 
dants, at  their  posts  along  our  Heslern  frontier, 
received  and  paid  the  Indians  for  scalps  and  prii* 
«ners.  Thus  the  ekin  of  a  fvhite  man's,  or  even 
a  woman'a  bead  served  in  the  bands  of  the  In* 
^ian,  as  current  coin,  which  be  exchanged  for 
urms  and  ammunition,  for  the  farther  prosecutioo 
of  his  barbarous  warfare,  and  clothing  to  cover 
bis  half  naked  bodjr.  Were  cot  these  rewards 
the  price  of  blood?  Of  blood,^  shed  in  a  cruel 
manner,  on  an  extensive  scale;  but  without  ad- 
Tantage.  to  tbat  government  which  employed  the 
Ravages,  in  their  warfare  againet  their  reiativei 
find  fellow  chrlsiians,  and  paid  for  their  murdeii 
by  the  piece. 

The  enVight«ned  historian  must  Tiew  the  whols 
of  the  Indian  war,  from  the  commencement  of 
the  revolutionary  contcst^lf  no  other  light,  linn 
a  succession  of  the  most  wontoii  murders  of  til 
ages,  from  helpless  infancy,  to  decrepid  old  age, 
and  of  both  sexes;  without  object,  and  without 
^^ct. 

Oo  our  side,  it  is  true,  that  the  pressure  cf 
the  war  along  our  Atlantic  border,  was  such,  that 
our  government  could  not  furnish  the  means  for 
making  a  conquest  of  the  Indian  nations  at  war 
against  us.  Tne  people  of  the  western  country, 
poor  an  they  were,  at  that  time,  and  unaided  by 
governmfHt  could  not  subdue  them*  Our^am* 
paigns,  hastily  undertaken,  without  sufficieijlporce 
and  means,  and  illy  executed,  resulted  in  notb« 
ing  benificittl.  On  the  other  hand,  tn»  Indians, 
with  tb»  aids  their  allies  C9uld  giva  them  in  the 


miMoHii^^MX 


m 


e^imtry.  were  not  tbleto  ilitlEi  %  toli« 

Ib^  ll^|tt»iit  iff  11^  iidtf  ^^H^nmii- 

i  &6  <bt^Hi^  our  jfetttiMiiiiti,^  M^ 

imni  W^ma^  betante  itrdnger  lod 

mm^^9tit  to  f etr,  disriflf  lb(i  «rbole 

inisl  liftfi(»#it0.    It  win  tbei«fo^:»  #M^ 

ttdi*f  ibf  tiiiitEllli*  rtAiigbfe*  aitwiiilpn 

i^i&^'^er  wbptfi  teeoli  bttniiet^  ttill 


'>i 


Utttdeh  (m  Mu^shrti 


%i 


Mock  house,  and  Ww;  in  dangerous  .ame^,  .f# 
ifc^wiee  iftd  plMe  oir  reftile  for  iwelte  <fp^ 
y^  its  imfeadiateiteigbbourliit»)d.  Jt  2psitua^ 

t^  BuMg&toe^Oteek,,  about  t#^?^A»««n  »»^^ 
&o»ilt  junction  wHb  tbfl,  riv^^fe,  ^      ^,.  , 
:,    freybuii^  to  the  a^i^of  fW  %^ 

%»iiSf  the  few  men  tictongini  to  tig  /ort  had 

yKo  Hager's  townr^'#^^A^*^^^  I)^!^ 
^^^^foir*  for  sali,  iron,  a|ii  #mn#|it|oii.ts  j^ 

#ttiile^irt«8l#lthose^flMp.    Tll«i 


^t^^ 


ATTACK  ON  U0B^0  FOXt. 

oa  tbia  jantntf  simewbat  earlier  thai  feaion  tUt 
.  iiatial,  beeaufe  there  hadheen^'A  ttlll  tiiiie,»u 
SPhalit'Oo  recefttmlarma  ofl!he  lo^iaitf. 

A  km  cNqfa  hefore  the  attack  Km  this  fort,  aboot 
900  lodiaoa^hadiMke  their  laat  attaek  oo  Wh«ei. 
^  teg  'fort.  4Qb  4he  ihird  p^^t  of  the  mfeatmem  of 
•  WheeKoif,  >  the  ladlan  cHiefii  heid  r  coqooil,  in 
^Ivhieh  it  waadeternsHied,  Ihat  ihe-ieiie  of  WhealiDg 
ihbufd  be  raised)  twc^liundrfd*  of  the  warriofi  ft. 
furo  home,  and  the  remaining  hundred  of  pick- 
ed OBeo,  make  a  dash  into  the  countrv  and  strike 
»  heairy  hlow  eomewhere  before  their  return.** 
It  waa  Iheir   determination  to  take  a  fort  lome- 
where  and  maflsaereaUltspeople,  iorerengefor 
fheMefeat  at  Wbeelinff, 
,  "  tfiirB  of  thejihinv^taciP^  ^y  the  Indiana,  WM 
gi^fii  ^  two  White  men,  who  haid' been  sHide 
pmoaerii  when  laqa,  raised  among  the  Indians  tod 
fallen  to  war  with  them.    These  men  deserted 
l^^m  them  soon  allti^  th^  ooanoilitt  the  cloteof 
Ihe  seige  of  Wheeling,    the  notice  wasjndeed 
|liltsh6rt,  hot  it  reached  Rice,s  fort  about  half 
^Q  h^inati  befoire  the  eommeocettient  >of  4he  attaek. 
:^e4filelUgeBeerW^s  brought  bj.Mr.^aco1il^iHer| 
« ^ho  leoi^i^  it  at  #oct.  Iloorefs  ioibe  nelgbbouni 
Itood  of ^aibiogton.    Makiiig  all  sipeed  hooif^  he 
'l^iineliry  'i»-pwedln  time  to  *  Asslet   In  the  de- 
i(i0^  of  tioffiipe.    Oh,  recai?ing  thii  mwst  the 
jfgople  <df  tli^n^^^  that  tM  hl<>vv  was 

'  )aieFid<eid  for ;  Iheoi  'i^nd  .iorthis  c^jecture  the| 
'were  not;  .mistaken.  <  'Bat  4ttUe  time  •  wai^l^w* 
editbemfofypre^aiatioo,  B^ 

fhf>  in^|a|)s  'bad'  sarrbonded .  the  placAefore 
ilie]^!^Fe  mcovere^  hot  tb^  were  m\l  ot  fome 
distancp.  >  When  discovered^  the  alarm  waa^eo^ 
ito  Which  eye^  man  raa  to  bis  ciKbia  ior  fail  gin 


«•- 


A' 


AftAClt  OR  HtCE'f  AOftt; 


taa 


^  look  refuge  in  the  block  houie.     The  Indi* 
Mil  •otirerliig  tbe  ftlam  with  a  wwr  wb|K>p  fro** 
S^fvbolo  liM,  oommfBoed  firipg  tod  runnioif . 
tiMftfdi  tht  fori  from  every  direetioD.    It  wm  eti^ 
4ei^  thiWf  itttentioa  lo  take  the  pk4e  by  tmobu 
Kat  tN  fire  of  the  Inditiia  wm  aotwered  by  that  of 
KtfbiweafidskUfatharpahootm.  Tbi»unei|MJCt. 
id  iteceptioD  wef anted  the  inleodedaMauU  en^ 
mi^m  ladiaat  take  refuge  behind  lojt.  stump* 
l^S^et^   The  firing  continued  with  Imie  inl«r^ 
tfimoii  for  about  four  hours. 
^Ihekitervahi  of  tho  fiHng  the  Indiana  Tr«- 
«,fli^y»ealled  out  to  the  people  of  the  foil '^Givj 
JL  give  upf  tot^many  Ipdian.  Indian  too  big.  «• 
Br.    They  were  l^nswered  with  defiance.— -*. 
«»awne  on  you  cowards;  w€  are  ready  for  you.-<- 
itoir  ttstoQpyel^vrb^^  ^^^  ^^  ^"^  makfthplai 
msem  Mym^*  ,.  .    ^  ;.    .    .       ,1. 

#itfing  this  eroni^g,  miUiy  of  the  Indiandj  at  som# 
ttgwiae  froi»ihe  fbrti  anmsed  theioseif  ea  by  «{®^ 

fethe  horses,  oattloi  hoga  aud  sheep,  nntU  tuo 
am.  was  ttrewed  with  their  dea*  bodies. 
IWIbwrtte»o*l^^it  nigbiOie  Indian  .irsi^l 
Um^  basil  about  m  wda-  ftosf  tho^fort.  TO|> 
lam  Wat  largo  imd  ful  of  gram  and  bay.  Ttof- 
ZZml  9aa  fiSgbtM  nad  at  first  it  seemed  to  en* 
|*««4|io,b«in|iiroftl^lo^^ 
SlSrer  ground  than  the  fort.   T^  nifW  nm 

m!L  Ilia  Oirrled  thu  flsmo  andbarmng  sfdin* 
fai#i»adiffbW»t  direction,  so  that  thf  b^rn^l^5^ 
tMiint  #hichaftfirftira»r©garWl«s  a^dttngfg 
Ottsailot fatal  occunrencoi proted  ih  theisi»ie^ 
^  .mea^rSf  throwing  astrofig  light  to-a-^gm^fij 
r^ce  io^rery  direction, »«  ^^^^^^^  l»fif  »^it 
^  M  app^ach^  tho  fort  to  eet  ffje  to^  the  w»|ff 


fS4 


ATTACK  en  lUCE'f  fOlilr. 


whieb  they  might  ha^a    done    it  littU    riik' 
lipder  the  corer  of  darkneif.    ' 

AAerthe  barn  wai  f;et  on  fire,  the  Iiidiini.co1- 

'  Jected  on  the  tide  of  the  fort  oppoaite  the  biro 

•0  if  to  hire  the  idyintage  of  the  light  end  kept 

i  prettv  eonatint  fire,  ivbich  wii  ia  iteidly  an. 

swered  bjr  that  of  the  fort,  until  about  t#o  o*cloclr, 

nvhen  the  lodiana  left  the  placf  and  made  a  hai- 
Jy  retreat. 

Thus  wu  this  little  place  defended  bj  a  8por»^ 
tan  band  of  aix  men,  arainat  one  hundred  chof- 
en  warriora,  exasperated  to  madneaa  by  their  fa^ 
lure  at  Wheeling  fort.  Their  namea  ahall  be  in. 
aoribed  in  the  list  cf  the  heroes  of  out  early 
tiroep.  They  were  Jacob  KliJlcr,  Oeorge 
Lefler,  Peter  Pullenweider,  PenieM^ice,  George 
Pelebaum  and  Jacob  Lefler  junr.  George  peliebaiiiD 
waa  ahoi  in  tl>e  forehtadytlitough  a  pun  bole  at  the 
eecond  fire  of  the  Indiana  and  inatantly  expired,  lO 
that  in  reality,  the  defence  of  the  place  v^aa  made' 
By6n1y^vein«n. 

The  loaa  of  the  Indiana  vrasfour,  tb^ee  of  whoDi 
werelrilled  at  the  firat  fire  from  the  fnrt.  the  other' 
waa  killed  about  aun  down.  There  ean  bb  ilpdouH 
but  that  a  number  more  were  killed  nnd  wounded 
in  the  enga^ment,  but  concealed  or  ciraed  of, 

JL  targe  divilion  of  theae  Inline  ^n  iihdr^'etre^^ 
paewd  withiii  ji  Httle  diataii^eW  my  ftibera  Ibrt! 
In  foWowin|  their  trail^  a  ^  dajiafierwMda,  I 
»^tid  I  large  poultice  of  ebiwed^im^fraa  leerea. 


^nd  r^icejiwitb  1i  nfeir  one. 

r    Exansplei'Wprf onil  bratery,  ud  hiAf  hmM 

Sf|^4»«i>iktr^)vvl^  icceptille ^  to  reai^lf  1 


ATTACK  0!t  BIC£^i  FOAT. 


£13 


Mirji,  An  ioiUnce  of  both  ofthe«e  bapptned  dnr- 
^|,ttiv  Ktttek  on  tbiB  tort,  which  may  \k  wortB 

>miliivRi6e,0Qe  erf  thepriooipil  BHanMong- 
tii^til  Wefbrt  of  tbtt  Ditee,  oh  he«riogtbe  rep^ 

(be  detertefrfrbm  the  Ibdiant,  mounted  a  tery 
itrotig  aictiVe  mara  and  rode  in  all  baste^  to  another 
fo^t,  about  tbr«e  and  a  half  miles  diitkotfrom  bit 
oiro,  fdr  fu#tb^  newa*  if  any  coold  be  bad,  cpncera 
iD|  tb^  presenee  of  a  body  of  Indiana  in  the  neigh- 
bo#)Wld. 
liifrife^be  reached  (ha  place  b^  beard  (be  report 
"^a  |?l^»  at'btii  owii  fort*  life  instantly  ratum* 
'P'fillC  aipdiriible,  until  be  arrived  within  siibt 

ilicr  fort.  Pliidinf  that  it  still  held  put,1it 
dpi^ln^d"  to  reten  it  and  assist  in  its  ddw 
jp^ei  <^r  JMnttstiib  the  a^ttempt  lo  doing  this,  be 
h#  tO'Cross'tb^creett,  the  fort  being  some  distance 
M^  il'on  the  opp<^itie  hank.  He  saw  no  Indiana 
Ihntilbis  tnareifMN^ng  down  the  bank  oif  the  creek,at 
wliieh  iniiiMlY  ahdui  fourteen  of  them  jumped  cp 
pii  amongtne  liifeels  a^^^  «iidtdii^coafiB^d 

iiiir l^uift^ p hiiil.    qnehulleiwoiinded hiin in th« 

'^ImiJQ^^Pf  ^  ''^i^^  ^^  ^^^^  ^^^  elbdw.  Wjt, 
^tii^3^  Smrai^mm  of  the  Indians  caqie 
up  aild*  Jhot  at  bim.  A  second  ball  wo vhded  bi^ 
10  'the  tbteh  »  little  above  the  kn^Ci  but  wiOi-, 
o«t  bjr«^kifi|  the  hdiiC,  the  b^|  th'dn  palsscU 
tranmrsly  ftrottgh  the  neck  of  |h^  niaref  mfij 


xiSne Tuning  up^  to  toroiJiawk  him.>  tie  pid<i  t^ 
eidper  afl^r  hairing  about  thirty  shotr#ed  i^  1^' 
;&lbik  Vmy  short  distance.    AftaT  riding  ilit|i; 


ms 


^^ 


,^4' 


-1!S6 


ATTACK  OR  RfSS'fl  PdlT. 


four  milei,  he  retched  Ltmb's  fort  miicliexbaiisfed 
with  the  lots  of  blood.  Alter  ^etiitig  his  wotindf« 
dressed  end  resting  a  while,  he  i^et  off  late  itt  ^he  e- 
veDiAg  with  twelve  men,  fietermuked  liT  l^ossible  to 
reiach  the  fort  under  cover  of  the  Bight.  When 
they  got  within  about  two  hundred  yards  of  the 
it,  t>e7  halted.  The  firihg  at  the  fort 
still  cofitioued;  Ten  of  Ih^  men  thinlcing  the  in* 
ferprize  too  hazardous,  refused  to  go  any  farther 
ana  retreated.  Rice  and  two  other  men  crept  si- 
lently along  towards  the  fort;  but  bad  not  proceed- 
ed far  be  fore  they  came  dose  upon  an  Indian  in  his 
concealment..  He  gave  the  alarm  yell,  which  was 
instantly  passed  round  the  li^es  with  the  utmost 
regialarity.  ,^1h8  c^ccH^oned  the  ipdianf  ^0  mafeft 
their  last  enoH  io  take  the  place  and  makitheir  re^ 
treat,  under  cover  of  the  night.  Rice  itid  his 
two  Companions  returned  invsafeyf  to  L'amb*s 
<brt. 


4    4 


About  ten  o'clock  next  morninsf,  sixty  m^n  col- 
lected at  Rice's  fort  for  the  relief  of  the  place.— 
They  pursued  the  tnd^ians,  who  kept  in  a  body  for  a- 
bout  two  miles.  ^1^  Indian!  hao  then  divided  in- 
to small  parties  and  tock  over  the  hills  in  dHTer- 
tni  'directions,  so  that  thry  could  be  tracked  nb 
farther,    tte  pursuit,  #a8  of  course  given  up. 

A  imiU  divi^it  of  the  Indians^  had  not  proceed- 
ed fat*  after  th6iirsei))^ti<m^  before  they  discovcr- 
edtour  met),  comlnig  from  a  neighbouriivg  fortio 
the  directioti  of  that  which  they  had  left.  Tba' 
Indians  vvayliyedihe  path  and  ebot  two  of  them 
dead  01)  the  ipot.  The  bthei^  fled.  One  of  (hem 
beiig  swift  of  foot  soon  made  his  escape.  The  other 
iieing  a  noor  runner  was  pursued  by  an  Indian,  who 
lifter  1^  irmart  chase  came  close  to  him.  The  ni^an 
,^€hett  wheeled  round  and  Eoapped  his  gun  utthelli* 


[  J^'ClnSiM  Wi«4t.«PP6inted,  for  ttte  knot         . 
^lZ.SO  th.t  he  got  the  WvW|t^otjW«.n, 
■STwheeled round  and  inedhw  m  •8»2'v  J' 
iJpILVdU80cffWdl.idlto 


"«»■  • 


-^"\/-' «¥■:«  ■'  ^  J 


ofr 


■* 


Tnyfat^ 


CHAPTEE  XXXIV. 


of  the  altack  on  Rice'tblockhouse^hich^ai  buf 
i  few  mUes  distant,  wtf  sent  jrord  *«  «^  ««^ 
families  who  were  oat  on  their  farnis,  tp^^fl^^ 
Siately  trthe  fort.    Kbecomro^^ 
bef^«  ibe  tvro  runnew  bad  time  to  gve  in^  a^ 
iSilo  thc^f^Uy  of  a  Mr-  Charles  Stai«ijWW 
4Wed  about  three  quartfeM  of  a  »ite  from  tbe 

:t  ^^y  returned  in  r«<^  J^«*«^  •^^**J^  SSr 
t^  iouie  waa  burned  down,  and  toll  they 


>K 


'  fit*. 


E-* 


10$    E^n'GCiso  AmtK^^NUir  father's  rofi\f 

had  seen   (wo  fires  between  that  and  the  fort,, 
'at  which  (be  Indians   were^ncanped.    There 
was  tberefora  no  d'dnbt  thitt  an  attaclc   wotilif 
be  roade-  on  ouBfprt,  earlj  in  the  n)orniti|;. 

In  order  to.  gife  (he  reader  a  correct  idiea  of 
the  miUtary  tactieke^  of  onr  early  times,  I' wilf 
give,  in  detail,  the  whofe  process  of  the  prepat- 
ations,  which  were  made  for  the  expected  attttclr, 
and,a»tiearly  is  I  can,  I  win|Tve  the  ooinihand^ 
of  Gapt.  Teter,  our  officerj  in  his  own  words. 

In  (lie  first  place,  he  eOlIeetedaU  oor  men  to- 
gether^ «nd  related  the  biitUes  andYkirmtshes  he 
had  been  in,  and  r>'a1]y  they  werenpt  few  in  nunh 
ber.  He  wa^  fn  Bi^addoob^'s  defeat.  Grant's  de- 
feat, the  taking  of  fort  Pitt,  jand  neaily  all  .tli({ 
batiiefi  which  took  nlaceb^lweeii  the  Ei^^lislt, 
and  the  French  aha  Iiidian6,  ftom  l^iiidddck^ft 
defeat  until  the  caf  tHire  of  that  place  by  Geo. 
^mki.  ffe  rein^n«tedriis  ^'^Fhat  in  ease  (he  In- 
dians should  sijecied,  w^need  etpe^t  no  mercy; 
thii every  man,  w<^man  and  chifd  Would  h^  ki)i' 
ed  on  the  spot^r  T:<ey  have  been  defeated  at  one 
fort  and  now  they  ai^  mad  ehdugh.  tt  they 
ehotitd  succeed  in  facing  ourt  elf  tli^ir  ven- 
geance will  fall  on  pur  beads.  We  mu^t. fight 
for  durselves- and  oniS  ahotber/ittid  for  cmt  wives 
and  ehild^^h,  'brbtlif«r«  ind  sflt^riT.  We  must 
makis  tbc^  best  ptopari^ons  W  can,  a  Httlr  af- 
tei^  day  b¥eakj  Wo  shall  htvt  th6 '  eraek  ot  the 

He  then  jiill^  requisition  of  all  tlie  powder 
andtead  in  tfiilei^foift  'l*he  dinintthitioti  ^tB  ajt- 
ctiA%tii1y  divided  attfongst  all  the  ftien^'  and  the  a^ 
mount  supposed  to  be  f^lly  sufficient.  ^When 
this  wa«  done,  "Now  says  the  captain,  "When  y^tl 
»tiii  yj|#  bdlleti^  ett  off  tkt  neckir  very  ciioilf' 


*       |»T|ICTED  ATTACK  CK  MY  sFATHEl'l  FORT.     t9§ 

«n4  scrape    fhesn^,    so  as  to    make  them  a  lit- 
^e  1^84^  a;)d  get  ^tches  one  {lURdred  finer  thair 

Slie  you  cdmmon^  use,  aod  liave  them  nrcl^ 
ed,  for  ir  a  rifle  happens  to  be  ehoaked^  in. 
Hbe  time  of  battle^  tbereVis  one  j(tiD  and  o»e  roan 
^t,  *for  the  rest  of  the  battle,  Xou  will  have 
io  time  to  unbreach  a  gun  and  get  a  plug,  ta 
driveaut  a  ballet.  Have  the  locks  ivell  oileA^ 
aad  your  flints  sharp, .  so  as  not  to  miss  fire. 

Such  vfere  bis  Orders  to  the  jneO'  He  lheii» 
laid  to  this  women  "These  yellow  fellows  are 
veiy  bandy  atyseiting  fire  to  houses,  and  water  isi^ 
a  very  good  thing  to  put  out  fire.  You  must  6lt 
every  vessel  with  water.  Our  fort  Is  not  well 
stockaded,  and  these  ugly  fellows  may  rush  into? 
the  middle  of  is  and  attempt  to  set  fire  to  our 
cahma  in  twenty  placta  at  once."  They  fell  tc^ 
wbirkj  and  did  aa  be  had  orderedr  ' 

The  men,  having  put  their  jifles  in  order,  «*Now^ 
s«ijs  he  let  every  man  gather  in  hia  axeSy  mat^ 
tocks'and  hoes,  and  place  them  losite  of  bir 
door,  for  the  "Itidiaos  may  n^ke  a  dash  at 
.  them  with  their  tomahawks*  to  cut  them  down,- 
and  an  a^r^u  that  case,  might  hit,  whe»a§un 

would  inias  fire» 

\  Like  a  good  commanderT  our  captain,  not  conr 
tent  ijrith  living  orders,  went  from  bouse  to  houscK^ 
to  see  Ab^t  every  tbieg  was  right. 

The  ladies  of  the  present  day,  will  suppose  that 

our  womeft  were  friiyened  half  to  death,  wtib  tShe 

i\j^  prospeet  of  su^ao  attack  of  tlie  Indians  1^  on 

th«contrary»  I  do  not  know  that  I  ever  %%y9  a  uaef- 

rier  set  of  women  in  my  life.    They  weii|.oii 

-^with  their  work  of  carrying  water  and  cutting  bw*' 

i;lei  patches,  for  the  men,  apparently  without  the: 

flSaft  emoUon  of  iear,  and  I  have  every  te^ott  \» 


-% 


M. 


<)&. 


:^, 


■#. 


f90     EJ[p£CTEI>   ATTACK  OR  ftlT  FilttER^S  PORT^ 

believe,  that  (hey  woolt!  have  been  plcfised,  vihh' 

tljc  craelccfthe$ti&||il  them<»i|)g«         \ 

Btiriiig^anilid%|nde,*ke  !|a|i  i^«€6^halr|^ 
around  the  fo#t}  so  c^ivfideiit  iv&g  our  caf^ain,  that 
the  attaek  «voulid'ii%t  be  made  before  day  break. 

I  was  at  that  ime^  Jhirl^^n  or  fourteen  year?  oC 
'l^gi^;but  ranked^as  afortwHiftr/  Afier  getting  my 
gun  and  all  things  elee  in  order,  I  went  up  i&to  tlm 
garret  loft  of  my  fa  her*8  hottse^  and  laid  down  a- 
bbuiibe  Rlfiddlie  6(  th%  floor;  with  w^  sh*  pou^h 
on  and  my  gttfi  by  my  side^  txpeeting  to  be  waked 
tip  by  tb«raport  of  taa'  gimt  af  day*  bipak',  to  taka; 
my  statioii  at  iKe  port  b^  attsig pied  «»»» wbieb 
iva*m  tile  fecoft^  8t6i7  %f^be>bt>m 

1  idf d^ Jot  8vi4ke^^  abo^ion^r^^i^  the  a# 
larm  was  aH  ove^  ^befiMly  w4biebl«i^  sofpoted^ 
had  baen  kiHed,  had isoM into  th«  I1liil^4^t  dly 
Ibreak;  fnstiead  cf^tbi  lioiii*  birfn#b>u«i)l  ii  wa^ 
oiilirNa large  old  log  oh  fiae^  baat  tba  boi^>  ^hieb 
hal  btfen  tieen  by  oor  expreasea.  If  tbi^  Mieea 
any  ^itfg  lUi^  fire^  between  (h$k  aad^ the  iWtt  il 
Btirat  have  been  foj^  fire;  Stteb  l«  the  creative 
pbvmi^  kwgiimisiOD>  wben>>  ttaidep  Ibe  wi^Bee^ 


^. 


IT;.. 


W' 


I 


CHAl^PilR  XiXV. 


Tais  ^inp^ign  took  ipUce  io  the  fuinmor  of 
1180,  «n*  waft  d«pe©|e4««w»Mhe  lodiao  vilUgw 

Bumb^f  of  »«gttJi»ftwa^UUMa|^ 

«wkl#iioo,4bii8ef  irW^ 

:  ftiif4roti«t4h«:oMiip,  Itli0t6»^orftl  informed  fmf^ 
4li6«yect)of  libe  «xpe^tipD,  he jf as  op|aged  ID, 
and  enquired  of  biBB,  wketlier  any  of  the  ohiialiaii 
Indmns  3ii*««  hiwiting»of  engaged  Id  bttsin^  lil  »• 

,  di»e©t«»of  hisaHHToh.    <b  Mi^ans^ered  lO  the  * 
neiatite.     He. slated  that  notl^wgwould  «»e  bina 

-*mttdxw  paiDy-thaD  to  bear,  that  eny.  of  the  ftwravi- 

Slndian8,"liiid  heenmoleited  by  thetrOopi»  •«►* 
«ejwdiansbad  aNiys,  from  *e  cpmpnenca.. 
jneai  of  ikl/war^flond*ioM  tbett««^W  *»  «  fl»*n»«f 
.  tfaatdidtbembopiaiir*  .   ^  , 

A  partof  the  l^kU  M  Wwll^df^JJ f <^«^^ 
tTio  river,;  to  doBtroy  th©  MorikW»  TiP-*^^*''* 


m  F^ 

^ 

L'   . 

^^Hf^2  I^r^'^  1 

k^* 

W^^XiL- 

P^  *'  \j 

wA 

1*'^ 

'•"% 

< 

iiiii%iinBife^^      .- 

^m. 

:>"U' 


m 


'cofuoerbK  vjkmiia^* 


^. 


■were  prefented  from  execatiii|(  thfeir  fffoiect,  *b| 


^  *  At  W  bV  Eje»'«  3PIiii}|  a  few  iMles  from  Co. 
#ktdnHfi  tiAfin  Ptt•<^lle^»ii8  tilten.  Soon  af^ 
i^^f&iwb iftflNw<i^#w«re  diioovcred,  one 
^rWhbm^  #oittdi49  b4t  hO)  to  #en  as  tbeotber 
Daaila  tbeif  Qi^a. 

' '  IPfaa  cbtomtWe?,  know ifig  tbat  ihwe  two  IbdU 
«iii,  Wottld  %At  <«#'itfiio*l'#itjatch  lin^olng  to 
iKa  tbivii.'te  gWa  nda«r«f  tlia  af  ^loacb  of  ibt  ar- 
»y.  oi^eH*a  i^ipW  ii»«tfiH^  i^^^  »*«»- 

tiikeWby^ttllrlik    Tll«^|^^^^^a  The 

army  reached  the  pHce  io  tbjf*«i  ^y|i«o»».    The 
•#igbt  aod  left  w*iiA  aplfdiMthed  aia^i?er  a  little 
ilKti  •M!>eloW'^1lnMrbv«rl^«4hb^ilter  m^ 
%ddfr««it*1Wi  ^'^^Wrt^  lilM*ii^*0iii^ef  f  ^^ 
am  itt  tbitmaie^liHbi  iiil  mmoi^M  riveiyto- 

3iBtwre#afcW«^iF#iiaa^  uH8«ii«»i  withmit  fiN 
iii^^hil*  ll!i»l,    t%a  ♦if<^  ^wn^int^  to  a 

1^  lie»hti  blHaif^td  the  foaetif  ^«f  raiiji 
tfe  aimy  Soiild  tmi^m  ^  ©w^4#Ah«v  tlwr  til- 
llget  With  their  inhabitajpis  <m  the  WettiMeof  the 
tiver,  el<il^ped  destractibil. 

Among  the  pHtooere,  »iiteen  waJfriors  wire 
fK>inted  out  by  I^ekillk,  a  fnendly  Delaware  chief, 
who  WM  with  th«  artny  iof  Broadhead. 

AKttle  a^r  Aark)  a  toii&cil  of  war  waft  held,  to 
Ke^riDioe  ^  the  llate.of  the  waifiors  in  cue^^^ 
They  wertt  doiittied  to  death,  and*  by  t^ord^r  of 
Uie  i»m*i|*p,  they  w«ire  bound,  taken  a  little dis- 
Utm  belo«i||e  town  aodvdtf  patched  with  toma^ 


a 


¥.. 


i4«  *.«' 


'f^.V^*'  'iite»4jil 


,?mi^- 


-'Ml 


C\»SHOCtON  CAMt^AIOIf*. 


293 


fiarly  tbe  next  morning,  an  Indian  presented 
himself  on  tbe  opposite  bank  of  the  river  and  aslc*> 
ed  for  the  big  captain^  Broadhead  presented  hi  a* 
'self and  asked  the  Indian  what  he  wanted?  To 
which  he  replied  ^'  1  want  peace,"  ^^send  over  some 
of  your  chiefs*'  said  Broadhead.  **  May  be  you 
kilF  said  the  Indifan.  He  was  answered.  'They 
shall  not  be  killed.*'  One  of  the  chiefs,  a  well 
looking  ms^n,  came  over  tne  river  and  entered  into 
conversation  with  the  commander  in  the  street; 
but  while  engaged  in  conversation^  a  man  of  the 
name  of  Wetzel  came  up  behind  him,  with  a  toma* 
hawk  concealed  in  the  bosom  of  his  hunting  shirt, 
and  struck  him  on  the  back  of  his  head;  He  fell 
and  instantly  expired. 

About  eleven  or  twelve  o^clock,  tbe  army ^com^ 
menced  its  retreat  from  Coshocton.  Sen.  Broad<^ 
bead  committed  the  care  of  the  prisoners  to  the 
militia.  They  were  about  twenty  in  number.—- 
After  marching  about  half  a  lo^  the  Hien  com- 
menced  killing  them.  In  a  shorf^imethey  were 
all  despatched ,  except  a  few  women  and  children^ 
who  were  spared  and  taken  ta%rt  Pitt,  and  afCet 
Bome,time  exchanged  for  an  equal  number  of  theit' 
fnsoners. 

4t- 


■m 


J* 
•t- 


• 


Captivity  of  Mrs. 
Brown. 


■«..**' 


CHAPTER  XXXVI. 


On  the  t7th  day  of  Mtrcb  1789,about  10  oVIock 
In  the  forenoon  bs  she  was  spinning  in  her  hcuie, 
her  black  woman  who  had  stepped  out  to  gather 
augar  water,  screanaedout^'here  are  Iiidianf.'*^ 
I^be    jumped    up,    ran    to     the    wiridour    and 
then  to  the  door,  where  she  was  met  bj  ooe  of  iha 
Indians  presenting  his  gun.    She    caught    held 
of  the    muzzle   and    turning    it  a#ide,   begged 
him  not  to  kill,  but  take  her  prisoner.    The  other 
Indian  in  the  mean  time  caught  the  negro  wrman 
and  her  boy  about  four  years  old,  and  brought 
them  into  the  house.    They  then  opened  a  chest 
end  tock  ot)t  a  email  box  and  some  articles  of 
cloathing,  and  without  doing  any  further  dan.sge, 
or  setting  fire  to  the  house,  set  off  with  herself 
and  son  about  two  years  and  a  half  old,  the  black 
#oman  and  her  two  children,  the  oldest  four  yean 
and  the  youngest  one  year  old.    After  going  about 
one  and  a  half  mile,  they  halted  and  held  a  con« 
6u>tation,as  she  suppo8ed,&bout  killingthe  children. 
This  she  nnderBtocd  to  be  the  subject  by  their  jes- 
tures  aiiiJ    frequently    pointing  at  the  children. 
Toontoi  ^C|kdian8,  who  could  ipeak  cnglift 


S*  ■     ■  ^-  ■^•3! 


•  %; 


CAPTURfi   0^  Mrs.   BROWlf. 


29^3 


the  lieM  out  her  little  boy  and  beggad  him  not  to 
*](ill  him,  as  be  would  make  a  fine  little  Indian  af- 
ter a  while.  The  Indian  made  amotion  to  her 
(0  Wilk  on  witb  her  child.  The  other  Indian 
tben  struck  the  negro  buy  with  the  pipe  end  of  his 
tomahawk,  which  knocked  him  down  and  then 
dispatched  him  b}  a  bicuv  with  the  edge,  across 
the  back  of  the  neck  and  then  scalped  him. 

,  About  4  o^cIock  in  the  evening,  they  reached 
the  river,  ab  )ut  a  mile  above  Wellsburgh  and  car- 
ried a  canoe,  which  had  been  thrown  up  in  some 
drift  wood,  into  the  river.  They  got  into  thia  can- 
oe and  worked  it  djwn  to  the  mouth  of  Rush 
run,  a  distance  of  about  five  miles.  They  pulled 
up  the  canoe  into  the  mouth  of  the  run,  as  far  as 
they  could,  then  went  up  thcrun  about  a  mile  and 
eacampsd  for  the  night.  The  Indians  gave  the 
prisoners  all  their  own  clothes  for  covering  a^d 
added  one  of  their  own  blankett.  A  while  before 
day.  Iight,the  Indians  got  up  and  put  another  blan* 
ket  over  them. 

.  About  sun  rise  they  began  their  march,  up  a  ve« 
ff  steep  hill,  and  about*  2  o'clock  halted  on 
Short  Creek  about  twenty  mites  from  the  place  from 
whence  tbf-y  had  set  out  in  the  morning.  The 
place  where'they  hailed,  had  b«en  an  encampment 
shortly  before,  as  well  as  a  place  of  deposite  tup 
the  plunder,  which  they  had  recenly  taken  from  tbe^ 
house  of  a  Mr.  Vanmeter,  whose  family  bad  beeii 
killed.  The  plunder  was  deposited  in  a  sycamore' 
tree^^  They  tapped  some  sugar  trees  w^ien  there 
before.  Here  they  kindled  a  fire  and  put  on  a 
brass  kettle,  with  a  turkey  which  they  ba4  killed 
OP  the  way,  to  boil  in  sugar  water. 

Mr.  01as<),  the  fir^t  husband  of  Mra.^^rown  wa» 
Warking  with  an  hired  man  in  •  field,  apet  a  ^uafl 


#" 


-'n*-*' 


%&i 


-^~. 


i»e 


CAPTUSI  OF  MRS.    BRtHv^f. 


ter  of  a  mile  from  the  house,  vihcn  kis  wiiTr  «nd 
family  were  tiken,  but  knew  nothing  of  the  e- ' 
vent  until  2  o'clock.  After  searching  about  the 
place  and  going  to  several  houses  in  quest  tf 
ftis  family,  be  went  to  Mr.  Well's  fort,  and 
t^ollected  ten  men  besides^  himself,  and  the  Eame 
night  lodged  in  a  cabin,  on  the  bottom,  on 
wb.ch  the^  town  now  stands. 

Next  morning,  they  discovered  ihe  place  from 
which  the  Indians  had  taken  the  canoe  frcm 
the  drift,  and  their  tracks  at  the  place  of  their 
embarkatioi).    Mr.  Glass  could    distinquish  the 
track  of.  his  wife  by  the  print  of  the  high  heel  of 
her  shoe.    They  crossed  over  the  river  and  went 
4own  on  the  other  side   until    they  came  nc&t 
the  mouih  of  Rush  run;  but  discovering  no  tr&cka 
oftbe  Indians,  roost  of  the  men  concluded  tlat 
they   would    go  to    the  mouth  of  Muskingum, 
]iy  water,  and  therefore   wished  to  turn  back. — 
Mr.  Glass  begged  of  them  to  go  as  far  as  the 
mouth  of  Short  creek,  which  was  only  tuo  or 
three  miles  farther.    To  this  they  agreed.    When 
they  got  to  the  mouth  of  Rush  run,  they  found  the 
oaooe  of  the  Indians.    This  was  identified  by  a 
proof,  which  goes  to  shew  the  presence  of  mind  of 
Mrs.  Brown.    While  going  down  the  river,  one  of 
the  Indians  threw  into  the  water  several  papers,. 
4<ivhich  be  had  taken  out  of  Mr.   Glass's  trunk, 
some  of  these  she  picked  up  out  of  the  water,  ard 
under  pretence    of  giving   them  to  the    child, 
dropped  them  into  the  bottom  of  the  canoe.— 
These  lilt*  no  doubt.    The  trail  of  the  Indians 
•od  th^ir  prisoners,  up  the  run  to  their  camp 
and  then  up  the  river  hill,  was  soon  discovered. 
The  trail  at  that  time,  owing  to  the  softness  of 
the  groynd^  and  the  height  of  the  weeds,  was 
eifily  ti^lowed. 


'■•wS* 


.  K 


CAPTVIIE  OF  MRS.  SBCWlT.  tO] 

^  About  an  hour  after  the  Indians  bad  baited,  Mr/ 
diass  and  his  men  came  within  sight  of  the  tmok<» 
of  their  camp.  The  object  then  was  to  save 
the  lives  of  the  prisoners,  by  attacking  the  Indiana 
80  uneipectedlj,  as  not  to  allow  them  time  to.  kill 
them.  With  this  view  they  crept  as  elily  as  they 
could, 'till  they  got  witlin  something  more  than 
one  hundred  yardi  from  the  camp.  Fortunately 
Mrs.  Brown's  little  son,  had  gone  to  a  sugar  tree,  to 
get  some  water,  but  not  being  able  to  get  it  cut 
of  the  bark  trough,  bis  motberhad  stepped  out 
of  the  camp  to  get  it  for  him.  The  negro  wo- 
man was  setting  some  distance  from  the  two 
Indians,  who  were  looking  attentively  at  a  scar- 
let jacket  which  they  had  taken  some  ti|i||  be • 
fore.  Oa  a  sudden  they  dropped  the  jfcket, 
and  turned  their  eyes  towarda  the  men,  who  sup* 
posing  they  were  discovered;  immediately  dis* 
charged  several  guns,  and  rushed  upon  them,  at 
full  speed,  with  an  Indian  yeil.  One  of  the  In* 
dians,  it  was  supposed,  was  wounded  the  flfst 
fire,  as  he  fell  and  dropped  bis  gun  and  Ibot 
pouch.  After  running  about  one  hundred  yardtj. 
a  second  shot  was  fired  after  him,  by  Maj;' 
M'Qiiire,  which  brought  him  to  his  hands  and 
knees;  bat  there  was  no  time  for  pursuit,  as  the 
Indians  had  informed  Mrs.  Brown  that  there  wis 
another  encampment,  close  by.  fhej  therefore 
returned  boms  with  all  speed,  and  reached  the 
Beach  Bottom  fort  that  night.  ^        !^«^  *    | 

The  other  Indian,  at  the  first  firori  iln  a  Ihtte 
distance  beyond  Mrs.  Brown,  so  that  she  was  in 
a  right  line  between  him  and  the  white  men, 
here  he  baited  for  a  little  to  put  on  hit  shot  peu^ 


LBWIf  WETSBCi 

which    Mr.   Glass,  for  the  momeDt,  mistook  f4#    t 
•n  •««mpt  to  kill  his  wife  with  t  tomahawk. 

This  artful  maDCBuvre  no  doubt,  saved  the  life 
of  the  savage,  as  his  pursuers  durst  not  shoo« 
•t  hif^i  without  risking  the  life  of  Mrs.  Brown. 


V  • 


■  \*' 


^Lewis    Wetseh 


CHAPTER  XXXVir. 


Tbb  following  narrative,  goes  to  shew  how 
asfteh  may  be  effected  bjr  the  skiH,  bravery  and 
pfc|lical  activity,  of  a  single  individual^  in  the 
parazAO  warfare  carried  on  against  the  Indianfl, 
•D  die  western  frontier. 

Lewis  Wetsel,  was  the  son  of  John  Wetsef, 
ft  German,  who  settled  on  big  Wheeling  abofat 
Iburteen  miles  from  the  river.  He  was  amongst 
^  ^rst  adventurers  into  that  part  of  the  coun- 
try.' His  educjEitionJIlike  that  of  his  cotemporaries, 
iras  that  of  the^uoter  and  warrior.  When  a  boy 
lb  Udopt^itei  llsctiGe  ofloading  and  firing  bis 
^e  a9- hiH^»  "^bi^  was  a  meant  of  maJcing 
iiiA  so  deraProtive  to  the  Indians  alterwards. 

When  about  thirteen  years  old,  he  was  takeft 

prisoner  by  the  Incl^ans,.  together  with  his  broth* 

«r  Jacob^  about  eleven  y^cs  old.  Before  he  was  ta« 

keo  he  received  a  slight  wound  in  the  breast 

tepi  ft  bullet,  which  carried  off  a  small  pioce  of 


irlretal 
Hreoty  i 

After  th 
pered  to 
lod  go 
jeeted,  I 
fith  hit! 
dredyar 
log.    "V 
btrefooti 
Docasso 
lid  retu 
lajs  he 
lod  thei 
bad  not 
came,  hi 
thsm. 
hiians 
sside  if 
into  thel 
the  lodif 
pursue) 
dodgedl 
ed  Whl 
f  bore  t| 
makini 
spent 
"  Intl 
went 
campi 
the  pi 

thelol 
OQ  th< 


^^^         urns  vrnTnt.  t9P 

A  bmit  bone.    The  second  rfght  after  they 
fffe  taken,  the  Indians  encamped  at  the  big  liclr^ 
Hivoty  miles  from  the  rirer,  on  the  waters  of  hV* 
Hihaa*!  creek.    Ttie  boys  were  not  confined.— 
After  the  Indians  had  fallen  asleep,  Lewis  whis« 
paied  to  his  brother  Jacob,  that  he  roust  get  up 
lod  go  back  home  with  him.    Jacob  at  first  ob* 
jeeteo,  but  afterwards  got  up  and  went  along 
fith  him.    When  they  had  got  about  one  hun- 
ted yards  from  the  camp,  tney  sat  down  on  « 
log.    **Well"    said   Lewis  «'We  can't  go  home 
btrefooted,  I  will  go   back  and    get  a  pair  of 
iD9cas90i9  for  each  of  us,*'  and  accordingly  did  so, 
II  j  returned.    Af^er  sitting  a  little  longer  **Now" 
lays  he  *^I  will  go   back  and  get  father's  gun, 
lod  then  we'll  start"    This  he  effected.    They 
bad  not  travelled  far  on  the  trail,  by  which  they 
came,  before  they  heard  the  Indians  coming  after 
thsm.    It  was  a  moon  light  night.    When  the 
Iiiians  cams  pretty    nigh    them,  they  stepped 
aside  into  the  bushes,  let  them  pasis,  then  fell 
into  their  rear  and  travelled  on.    On  tile  return  of 
the  Indians  they  did  ^  the  same.    Tti^y  were^  then 
pursued  by  two  Indians  on  horse  back,  whom  they 
dodged  in  the  same  way.  The  next  day  they  reach 
ed  Wheeling  in  safety,  crossing  from  tbe  indian 
shore  to  Wheeling  island,  on  a  raftxxf  their  own 
(  makine.    By  this  time  Lewis  had  become,  aloioit 
•pent  from,  his  wound. 

In  the  year  IT82,  after  Crawford's  defeat, 
went  with  a  TJiemas  Mills,  wbo#db|en  io 
campaign,  to  get  his  horse,  which  he  aHp^ft 
the  place  where  St.  ClairsTille  nowVlndSi  At^"^^ 
the  Indian  springs,  two  miles  from  ^t,  CJairsvilte;^ 
00  the  Wheeling  road,  they  were,  met  %^utiSr«! 
ty  lodiani,  who  were  in  ^urfuUW  the iUigltiV 


800 


L&triS  WETSEL 


from  the  campaign.    The  Indians  acd  vh)^  tuh 
discovered  each  other  about  the  same  moment.^ 
Lewis   fired    first  and  killed  an   Indian,    the 
fire  from  (he  Indians  wounded  Mills  in  the  heel,  he 
was  soon  overtaken  and  killed.     Four  of  the  In* 
dians  then  singled  out,  dropped  their  guns,  and 
pursued  Wetsel.     Wetsel' loaded  his  rifle  as  he 
ran.    After  runing  about  half  a  mile,  one  of  the 
Indians  having  got  within  eight  or  ten  steps  of  him, 
Wetsel  wheeled  round  and  shot  him  down,  ran, 
and  loaded  his  gun  as  before.    After  going  a* 
bout  three  quarters  of  a  mile  farther,  a   second 
Indian  came  so  close  to  him,  that  when  he  turn- 
ed to  fire,  the  Indian  caught  the  muzzle  oi  the 
gun,  and  as  he  expressed,  *^He  and  the  Indian 
bad  a  severe  wring."    He  however  succeeded, 
in  bringing  the   muzzle   to  the   Indian's  breast, 
and  killed    him  on  the  spot.    By  this  tinne,  he, 
as  well  as  the   Indians,  were    pretty  well  tired; 
the  pursuit  was  continued  by  the  two  ree^aining 
Indians.    Wetsel,  as  before,  loaded  his  gun,  and 
stopped  several  times  during  this  latter  chase^ 
when  he  did  so,  the  Indians  tcee'd  themselves.— 
After    going    something     more    than    a    mile, 
Wetsel  took   advantage  of  a  little  open  piece  of 
ground,  over  which  the  Indians  were  passing,  a 
abort  distance  behind    him,  to  make  a  sudden 
for    purpose    of    shooting    the    forcnioBt, 
got  behind    a  little    sapling    which   was 
mall  t#  cpver  his  body.     Wetsel  shot  and 
^hj^tfeiglp^  The  wound,  in^e  issue,  pro- 
fiiflH|The    last  of  the  Inofans  then  gave 
a  HtHe  flRind  said  *^No  catch  dat  man,  gun  al- 
ways loaded"  and  gave  up  the  chase,  glad  nor 
a<lubt  to  get  o|  with  bis  life* 


.* 


f 


*# 


i^M 


ADAM   rOK. 


^^^ 


dot 


%  19  said,  thai  Lewis  Wetsel,  in  the  course  of 
(be  Indian  wars  in  this  part  of  the  country,  kill- 
ed twenty  seven  Indians,  besides  a  number  more 
along  the  frontier  settlemenls  of  Koatucky. 


A'iam  Poei 


CHAPTER  XXXVIIK 


In  the  summer  of  1783,  a  party  of  sereto^ 
Wjandots,  made  an  incurfion  into  a-  settlement,, 
aome  distance  below  foit  Piu,  and  several  miles 
from  the  Ohio  river^  Here-  finding  an  old- 
man  alone,  in  a  cabin,. they  killed  him,  pack- 
ed up  what  plunder  they  could  find,  and  com- 
menced iheir  retreat..  Amongst  thfeir  party 
was  a  celebrated  Wyandot  chief,  who,  in  addi- 
tion to  his  fame  as  a  warrior  and  co^nsfiUor,  was, 
as  to  his  size  and  strength,  a  real  gianti 

The  news  of  the  visit  of  the  Indians,  soon  sj 
through  the  neighbourhood,  and  a, party 
good  riflemen  was  collected,  in  %  few  h( 
the  purpose  of  pucsuing  the  I'l'^^^^"  ^^ 
iy  were  twdlbrothers  of  the  namefflHIj^dai 
Aridrew  Poe.    They  were  both  frarous  idl^^^  c< 
rage,  size  and  activity.  ^ 

This  little  party,  commejpced  the    pursnit  o^ 
(he  Indians,  with  a  determifti^n,  if  po88ib|e,  not 


r:p 


im,. 


■V^ 


ADAM  PCE. 


to  Buffer^em  to  escape,  as  they  usually  ^jd  oft 
Fuch  occasiocB,  by  making  a  spec dy  flight  to  the 
fiver,  crossing  it,  nnd  then  dividing  iiito  fobH 
parties,  to  meet  at  a  di^tant  poirt,  in  a  given  (iipe. 
The  pursuit  was  continued  the  gteater  part  cf 
the  night  after  the  Indians  bad  6oT\t  the  rrns- 
chief.  In  the  niorning,  ihe  party  found  them- 
reives  en  the  trail  of  the  Indians,  vrhich  led  to  the 
river.  When  arrived  within  a  litde  distsrce  cf 
l^e  river,  Adam  Poe,  fearing  an  anrjbutcade,  left 
the  party,  who  followed  directly  en  the  trail, 
to  creep  aldng'the  brink  rf  the  rivet  lark,  un- 
der cover  cf  the  weeds  and  bushes,  to  fall  en 
the  rear  cf  the  Indians,  should  be  find  then)  in 
ambuscade.  He  had  net  gone  far,  before  he 
Baw  the  Indian  rafts  at  the  water'^s  edge.  Not 
Beeing  any  Indians  he  stepped  softly  down  the 
bank  with  his  riAe  cocked.  When  about  half 
way  down,  he  discovered  the  large  Wyandot  chief 
and  a  small  Indian,  within  a  few  sttps  of  him.— • 
They  were  standing  with  their  guns  cocked,  and 
looking  in  the  direction  cf  cur  'P4rty;:);f|^^  hy 
this  lime  had  gone  some  distance  i^j^er  dcwa 
the  botroro.  Poe  took  aim  at  the  large  Chief,  but 
lis  rifle  missed  fire.  The  ludians  hearing  the 
^nap  of  the  gun  lock,  instantly  turned  round 
id  discovered  Poe,  who  being  too  rear  them 
treat,  dropped  hU  gun  and  instantly  sprang 
^^  bank  upon  them,  and  seizing  the  large 
iditji^t^  the  gjoths  on  his  breast,  and  at  tlie 
"  "  ie  enibraqiag  th*  %eck  of  the  small  one, 
>Dgj|i^)  Clown  on  Hhe  ground,  himself 
itmAVThe  Indian  s^on  extricated  him- 
ta  the  raft,  got  bis  .tomahawk,  and  at- 
ten^iji^d  to  dispatch  Poe,  the^tge  Indian  hold- 
hfS  |Ai,fastin  bis  aiiDB  wiff^^is  might,  tbi^ 


*i 


'^"•i'^ 


A0AM  POe. 


i03 


n^ 


better  to  enable  his  fellow  to  effect  m^urpoge. 
Poe,  llbivever,  so  well  wafched  the  motions  o( 
the  Indian,  that  when  in  the  act  of  aiming  his 
blow  at  his  head,  by  a  vigorous,  and  well  di- 
rec  ed  kick,  with  one  of  his  feet  he  staggered 
the  savage,  and  knocked  the  tomahawk  out  of 
his  hand.  J*his  i&ilure,  on  the  part  of  the  small 
Indian,  was  reproved,  by  an  exclamation  of  con* 
tempt  from  the  lar^e  one. 

In  a  moment,  the  Indian  caught  up  his  tome* 
hawk  again,  approached  more  cautiou8iy,brandish- 
inf$  his  tomahawk  and  making  a  number  of  feign* 
ed  blows,  in  defiance  and  derision.  Poe,  bowev* 
er,  slill  on  bis  guard,  averted  the  real  blow  from 
his  head,  by  throwing  up  his  arm,  and  receiving 
it  on  his  wrist  in  which  he  was  severely  wounded; 
but  not  so  as  to  loose  entirely  the  use  of  his  band  • 

In  this  perilous  moment,  Poe  by  a  violent  ef<^ 
fort,  broke  loose  from  the  Indian,  snatched  up  one 
of  the  Indiau^s  guns,  and  shot  the  small  Indian 
thkuugh  the  breast;  as  he  ran  up  the  third  time  to 
tomahawk  him. 

The  large  Indian  was  fiow  on  his  feet,  and 
grasping  Poe  by  a  shoulder  and  leg,threw  hinii  down 
on  the  bank.  Poe,  instantly  disengaged  himself 
and  got  on  his  feet.  The  Indian  then  seized  him  a-* 
gain  and  a  new  struggle  ensued,  which,  owing  to 
the  slippery  state  of  the  bank,  ended  in  the  fall  d* 
both  combatants  into  the  water.  J.^^  ^ 

In  this  situation,  it  was  the  object  of  eaca4o 
drown  the  other*    Their  efforts  to«^tfect  their  Qj^r* 
pose  were  continued  for  some  timeli||h 
nate  success,  sometimes  one  being  uiiUFthe^ 

ter  and  sometimes  the  other*    Poe  at  length  seil 

ih«  tuft  of  hair  on  the  soalp  of  the  lodiany  wittf 


■;    !w'^' 


^04 


ADAM  FOE. 


"Which  HHPldliis  head  under  the  water,  until  h^ 
supposed  bira  drowned.  ^ 

Relaxing  his  hold  too  scnon,  Poe^  instantly  found 
his  gigantic  antagomst  on  his  feet  again,  and  rea- 
dy for  another  combat.  In  this,  they  were  carri* 
ed  into  the  water  beyond  their  depth.  In  this  aitu* 
ation  they  were  compelled  to  loose  their  hold  on 
each  other  and  swim  for  mutual  safety.  Both 
sought  the  shore,  to  seize  a  gun,  and  end  the 
contest  with  bullets*  The  Indian  Wing  the  best 
ewimmer  reached  the  land  first.  Foe  seeing  this 
immediately  turned  back  into  the  water  to  escape, 
if  possible,  being  abot,  by  diving.  Fortunately 
the  Indian  caught  up  the  rifle,  with  which  Foe 
-had  killed  the  other  warrior. 

At  this  juncture,  Andrew  Foe,  missing  his  bro« 
^her  from  the  party,  and  supposing  from  the  re- 
;port  of  the  gun  which  he  shot,  that  he  was  eitb<- 
er  killed,  or  engaged  in  conflict  with  the  Indians, 
hastened  to  the  spot.    On  seeing  him,  Adam  call- 
ed out  to  him  to  **kill  the  big  Indian  on  shore" 
But  Andrew's  gun,    like  that  of  the    Indian's, 
-was  empty.    The  contest  was  now  between  the 
white  man  and  the  Indian,  who  should  IcTad  and 
fire  fir^t.    "Very  fortunately  for  Foe,  the  Indian, 
in  loading  drew  the  ramrod  from  theHhimbles 
•of  the  stock  of  (he  gun,  with  so  imuch  Tiolence, 
that  it  slipped  out  liis  hand  and  fell  a  little  dis- 
tance from  him,  he  quickly  caught  it  up,  an  A 
ramined^own  his  bullet.    This  little  delay  gave 
"Foe  the  advantage.— He  s!iot  the  Indian  as  he 
'Wairrai8u||JiiB  gun,  to  take  aim  at  him. 

J 8Q(N^8  Andrew  had  shot  the,  Indian,  be 
ed  into  the  river  to  assist  his  wounded  bro* 
Iber  to|hore;  but  Adano,  thinking  more  of  the 
t>f  carrying  the  big  Indian  home,  as  8> 


Ai>AM  f^t. 


m 


m 


305 


IfOp^y^f  vifctory;  than  of  his  own  safety,  urged 
Andrew  to  go  back,  and  prevent  the  struggling 
lavage  from  rolliog  himself  into  th6  river'aod  e8« 
iBjipitig.  Andrev^^a  solicitude  for  th^  life  of  hia 
brother,  prevented  him  from  complyiog  with  this 
request. 

In  the  mean  time,  the  Indian,  jealous  of  the  hon*^ 
or  of  his  scalp,  even  in  the  agonies  of  death,  8uc» 
ceeded  in  reaching  the  river  and  getting  into  the 
current,  so  that  his  body  was  never  obtained.  . 

An  unfortunate  occurrence  took  place  during 
this  conflict.  Just  as  Andrew  arrived  at  the  top 
i)f  the  bank,  for  the  relief  of  his  brother,  one  of 
the  party  who  had  followed  ^lose  behind  bim^ 
Meing  Adam  in  the  river  and  mistaking  him  foir. 
t  wounded  Indian,  shot  at  him  and  wounded 
him  in  the  shoulder^  He,  howibver,  reicovered 
Aram  his  wounds.  /, 

During  the  contest  between  Adani  Poo  atd 
the  Indians^  the  party  had  overtaken  the  re- 
teaining  six  of  them.  A  desperate  conflict 
ensued,  in  which  Ave  of  the  Indians  were  kill- 
ed. Our  loss  wat  three  inen  killed  and  Adaini 
Foe  severely  wounded. 

Thus  eifled  this  Spartan  conflict,  with  the  losi 
vi  three  valiant  men  on  our  part  and  with  that  of 
the  whole  of  the  Indian  party  with  the  exceptioA 
bf  one  warrior.  Never,  on  any  occ^ion  was 
there  a  greater  display  of  desperate  bi^very,  and 
'Seldom  did  a  conflict  take  place,  which,  in  th^  ^. 
issue,  ptroved  fatal  to  so  great  a  prolHtioo^or 
those  engaged  in  It* 

The  fatkl  issue  of  this  little  campaign,  on 
llde    of  the  Indians,  occasioned   an  Mm 
Ipoarning  among  the  Wyandot  nation,   /thi 
IPaiH  with  his  four  brothers,  all  of  vfaCHllwt 

ft  a 


■m 


m 


A. 


ADAM  POB« 


frilled  at  the  safl^. place,  were  amongst  ftie  most 
^distinguished  epefs  and  warriors  of  their  d^- 
tjon. 

The  big  Indian  was  msgnanimous,  as  well  ag 
dra?e.  He,  more  than  any  other  individual,  con- 
tributed, by  his  example  and  influence,  to  the 
jgood  character  of  the  Wyandots,  for  lenity  to- 
wards their  prisoners.  He  would  not  suffer  them 
to  be  killed  or  ill  treated.  This  mercy  to  captives, 
was  an  honourable  distinction  in  the  character 
of  the  Wyandots,  and  was  well  understood  by 
our  first  settlers,  wh6,  in  case  of  captivity, 
thought  it  a  fortunate  circumstance  to  fall  into 
their  hands. 

Ii  is  consoling  to  the  historian,  to  find  instances 
of  those  endo  .omenta  of  mind,  which  constitute 
human  greatness,  even  among  savages.  Tbe 
original  f*taroina  of  those  endowments,  or,  what 
is  called  /^entui,  are  but  thinly  scattered  over 
the  earth,  and  there  can  be  but  little  doubt,  but 
that  the  lower  grades  of  society  posses  their 
equal  proportion  of  the  bases  of  moral  great- 
ness, or  in  other  words,  there  is  as  much  of  na<^ 
ft«s  gtimA^  in  proportion  to  numbers,  amongst 
savages,  as  there  is  amongst  civilized  people.^ 
The  difference  between  these  two  extremec  ^f 
iociety,  is  nr.erely  the  difference  of  educatius.^ 
This  view  of  human  nature,  philosophical!)  co^ 
rect,  is  well  calculated  to  increase  the  benev- 
olence^ even  of  the  good  Samaritan  himself,  and 
*  courage  his  endeavours,  for  the  instruction  of 
s  most  ignorant,  and  the  reformaticn  of  the 
most  barbarous. 

^  Had  the  aborigines  of  our  coimtry,  been  poi- 
ijltsed  of  science  to  enable  them  to  commit  to 


|he  (aithftl  page  of  history,  tha  crentt  of  Uyi 


ADAif  I*OE, 


[their  di« 

8  well  as 
ual,  con- 
>e,  to  the 
lenity  (o- 
iffer  them 
captives, 
character 
rsfood  by 
captivity, 
t  fall  into 

instances 
constitute 
ge».  The 
,  or,  what 
lercd  over 
doubt,  but 
>88e8  their 
>ral  great- 

UCh  of  fMk 

),  amongst 
people.— 
tremep  cf 
icatiuii.-^ 
call  J  cor* 
le  bener- 
nself,  and 
ruction  of 
Q  of  tke 


e  BOTpf 


$&f 


iotercourse  with  us,  since  thd  ^is^Mr-  and 
lattlement  of  their  native  land,  by  the  BBRpeanSf 
what  would  be  the  contents  of  this  history?!— 
^oi  such  as  it  is,  from  the  handd  of  our  histo- 
rians, who  have  presented  nought  but  the  worst 
features  of  the  Indian  character,  as  exhibited  in 
the  course  of  their  wars  agairist  the  invaders  of 
tbeir  country.  While  (he  wrongs  inflicted  on 
tbem  by  civilized  men,  have  occupied  but  a  very 
BinaU  portion  of  the  record.  Their  sufferings^ 
tbeir  private  virtues,  their  bravery  and  magnan- 
imity in  war,  all  individual  instances  of  great > 
1I96S  of  mind,  heroism,  and  clemency  to  cap- 
tives, in  the  midst  of  the  cruelties  of  their  barbarouf 
warfare,  roust  ^oon  be  buried  with  themselvf^i' 
Lin  the  tomb  of  tbeir  national  existence. 


The    Johnsons. 


CHAPTER  XXXIX. 


The  follotlving  narrative,  goes  to  shew  that 
the  long  continuance  of  the  Indian  war,  had  in- 
spired even  the  young  lads  of  our  country,  not 
only  with  all  the  bravery,  but  even  the  subtilit^ 
of  the  Indians  themselves 

In  the  fall  of  the  year  1795,  two  boys  of 
iame  of  John  and  Henry  Johnson,  th6  first 


*■ 


'* 


IB' 


•"■  ff^awg: 


,'S»Pt««»«« 


SIS 


tm  j'oiiNsftM* 


$ 


ftpd  latljll^l  jcars  old  whose  pareotn  livid  in 
)^TpenieT^  station,  a  little  diplance  above  the 
iiV>uth  of  Short  Creek,  on  the  west  side  of  the 
I  »i01iiQ>  river,  were  sent  out  in  the  evening  to  hunt 
'tjbe  cows.  At  the  foot  of  the  rivir  hill,  at 
the  back  of  the  bottom  they  sat  down  under  ik 
hiccory  tree  to  crack  nuts.  After  sometime^ 
they  saw  two  men  coming  towards  them,  one  ci 
whom  had  a  bridle  in  his  hand,  being  dreAStd 
like  white  men  they  mistook  them  for  theit; 
father  and  an  uncle  in  scat cb  of  horses.  When 
they  drBcovered  their  mistake  and  altcmpied  to 
run  otr,  the  Indians,  pointing  their  guns  at  them, 
told  them  to  stup,  or  they  would  kill  them.««-^ 
They  halted  and   were  taken  priscners. 

The  Indians,  being  in  pursuit  of  borsef ,  con- 
ducted the  boys  by  a  circuitous  rout  over  the 
Short  Creek  bills  in  search  of  them,  until  late 
in  the  evening,  they  halted  at  a  spring  in  aholloti 
place,  about  three  miles  from  ihe  fort.  Here  they 
kindled  a  small  fire,  cooked  and  eat  some  vic« 
iuals,  and  prepared  to  repose  for  the  night. 

Henry,  (he  oldest  of  the  boys,  during  the  ram- 
ble bad  affected  the  greatest  satisfaction  at  having 
been  taken  prisoner.    He  said,  his  father  was  a 
hard  master,  who  kept  him  always  it  hajrd  tvork, 
and  allowed  him  no  play;:  but  that  for  his  port 
he  wished  to  live  in  the  woods  and  be  a  hunter. 
This  deportment,^  soon  brought  him  into  intima- 
cy with  one  of  the  Indians,  wh?  eould  speak  ve« 
ry  good  English.    The  Indian  frequently  asked 
the  boys,  if  they  knew  of  any  good  horses,  running 
in  (he  woods.   Sometime  berore  they  baited,  one  of 
the  Indians  gave  the  largest  of  the  boys  a  little 
Ira^,  wHich  he  supposed  contained  money  aod^ 
iMlpi  bim  carry  it.  « 


the  boys 
«r,  the  ) 
over  tbci 
them,  on 
Pretty 
aod  one 
John  in  1 
Eide.    In 
awake,  f 
then  wh 
and  unti 
of  noihic 
but  wh< 
him,  sa} 
fore  we 
greed  to 
ofthc  ri 
log  with 
them.   I 
little  br 
trigger, 
should  8 
Heth 
gtandini 
him  wi 
back    c 
to  be  f« 
up;  but 
such  fo 
exprest 
iiuiver. 
Attl 
elder  b 
^e  pi 


THE  JOimsOMJ 


30$ 


When  night  came  on,  the  fire  was  covered  up, 
the  boys  pinioned  and  made  to  lay  down  togeth- 
er, the  Indians  then  placed  their  hoppis  straps 
orer  them,  and  laid  down,  one  oo  each  side  of 
ibem,  on  the  ends  of  the  straps. 

Pretty  late  in  the  night,  the  Indians  fell  asleep^ 
sod  one  of  them  becoming  cold  caught  hold  of 
John  in  his  arms  and  turned  him  over  on  the  out 
eide.  In  this  situation,  the  boy,  who  had  kept 
awake,  found  means  to  get  his  hands  loose,  h^ 
then  whispered  to  his  brother,  made  him  get  up, 
and  untied  his  arms.  This  done,  Henry  thought 
of  nothing  but  running  off,  as  fast  as  possible 
but  when  about  to  start,  John  caught  hold  of 
Mm,  saying  *'We  must  kill  these  Indians  be- 
fore we  go "  After  some  hesitation,  Henry  a- 
greed  to  make  the  attempt.  John  then  took  one 
of  the  rifles  of  the  Indians,  and  placed  it  on  a 
log  with  the  muzzle  close  to  the  head  of  one  oC 
them.  He  then  cocked  the  gun,  and  placed  hia 
little  brother  at  the  breach  with  his  fioger  on  the 
(rigger,  with  instructions  to  pull  it,  as  soon  as  he 
should  strike  the  other  Indian. 

He  then  took  one  of  thelndian's  tomahawks  and 
standing  a  straddle  of  the  other  Indian  struck 
him  with  it.  The  blow,  however,  fell  on  the 
back  of  the  neck  and  to  one  side.,  so  as  not 
to  be  fatal.  The  Indian  then  attem^ited  to  spring 
up;  but  the  little  fellow  repeated  his  blows  with 
such  force  and  rapidity,  on  the  scull,  that  as  he 
expressed  it  **The  Indian  laid  still  And  begin  to 
quiver.'*' 

At  the  moment  of  the  first  stoke,  given  by  the 
elder  brother,  with  the  tomahawk  the  younger 
fjae  pulled  the  trigger,  and  shot  away  a  e^z 


i\o     ^^ 


nte  joHNsoior. 


siderable  portion  of  the  lodian^s  lower  jAtr.-^ 
Tlvia  laJian,  a  inoni«!nt  after  receiving  the  shot 
began  to  flounce  about  and  yell  in  the  most  fright- 
ful manner.  The  boys  then  made  the  best  of 
their  way  to  the  fort  and  reached  it  a  little  be- 
fore djay  break.  On  getting  near  the  fort  they 
found  the  people  all  up  and  in  great  agitation  on 
their  account.  On  hea;rir)g  a  woman  ekclaiiu 
"Poor  little  fellows,  they  are  killed,  or  taken  pris- 
oner?"  The  oldest  one  an&wered  '*N0!  mother, 
ive  are  here  yet, 

Having  b&ought  nothing  away  with  them  from 
the  Indian  camp,  their  relation  of  what  had  ta- 
ken place  between  them  and  Uie  Indians,  wa? 
not  fully  credited  ABinall  party  was  soon  mad<: 
up,  to  go  and  ascertain  the  truth,  or  falshood  of 
their  report.  This  party,  the  boys  conducted  to 
the  spot  by  the  shortest  rout.  On  arriving  at 
the  place.,  they  found  the  Indian  whom  the  eld- 
est brother  had  tomahawked  lying  dead  in  the 
camp.  The  other,  had  crawled  away,  and  taken 
his  gun  and  shot  pouc^h  with  him.  After  scalp> 
ing  the  liidian,  the  party  returned  to  the  fort, 
and  the  same  day  a  lorger  party  went  out  to  look 
tfter  the  wounded  Indian  who  had  cratfled  some 
didlance  from  thi^  camp  and  concealed  himself 
in  the  top  of  a  T^en  tree,  where;  notwithstand- 
ing the  severity  .ctf#  his  wound,  with  aSparUn 
bravery  be  deterniltted  to  sell  his  life  as  dearly 
as  possible,  and  having  tod  bis  gun  for  the  pur- 

Sose,  on  the  approach  of  the  men  to  a  proper 
istance,  be  toelLjiim  atone  of ihem,  and  puUed 
t^e  iri|fger,  but  Eis  gun  missed  tire.  On  hear- 
ing the  snap  of  the  look,  one  of  th&men  ei^plaim* 
ed  ^*\  sho^ild  not  like  to  he  killed  by  a  dead  In- 
dian*"   The  party   concluding   that  the  IcdiAh 


m   :^' 


m 


THE  JOHNSONS. 


si^ 


vould  die  at  any  rate,  thought  hest  to  retreat 
and  return  and  look  for  him  after  some  time.— 
On  returning,  however,  he  cotrtd  not  be  found 
having  crawled  away  and  concealed  himself 
in  some  other  place.  Ilis  skeleton  and  gun  wera 
found  some  time  afterwards. 

The  lodians  who  were  killed,  were  great  war^ 
riora  and  very  wealthy.  The  bag  which  was 
supposed  to  contain  money,  it  was  conjectured 
was  got  by  one  of  the  parly,  who  went  out  first 
in  the  morning.  On  hearing  the  report  cf  tbe^ 
boys,  he  slipped  off  by  himself,  and  reached  the 
place  before  the  party  arrivedr  For  some  time 
afterwards,  he. appeared  f.o  have  a  greater  pleii« 
ty  of  money  thun  his  neighbours. 

The  Indians  themselves,  did  honor  to  the  bra- 
very of  these  two  boys.  After  their  treaty  with 
Gen.  Wayne,  a  friend  cf  the  Indians  wbo  were 
killed,  made  enquiry  of  a  man  from  Short  creek, 
what  had  become  of  the  boys  who  killed  the 
Indians?  He  was  answered  that  they  lived  aUhd 
same  place,  with  tbeir  parents,  the  Indian  repli-i 
ed  *'You  have  not  done  right,  you  shoald  ma' 
kings  of  those  boy?. 


^■Hi 


**■ 


AJf  ELEGY. 

ON  »I9 

¥  A  M  I  L  ¥    -^  A  13  L  T. 


<^  ^«»^^«»^i^^^<»^^^^^^^^^^ 


BY    THE    AUTHOR. 


Where  Allegheny's  towering,  pine  clad  peakg) 
Rise  high  in  air,  and  sparkle  in  the  sun, 

At  whose  broad  base  the  gushing  torrent  breaks, 
And  dashes  through  the  vale  with  curling  foam^ 

Mj  father  came:  while  vet  our  world  was  youngy 
Son  of  the  trackless  forest,  large  and  wild, 

Of  ooanners  stern,  of  understanding  strong. 
As  nature  rude;  but  yet  m  feeling  mild. 

iTheo  our  Columbia  rising  from  the  woods, 
Obieyed  the  fflandafes  of  a  foreign  king,, 

And  then,  the  monarch  as  a  father  stood; 
Nor  made  us  feel  bis  dread  ambition's  stingC 

For  him  no  splendid  mansion  rear'd  its  bead,' 
And  spread  its  furniture  of  gaudy  forms, 

His  was  the  humble  cot,  of  forest  wood. 
Made  by  his  hands  a  shelter  from  the  stormn^ 

Ko  cosily  dress  the  work  of  foreign  hands. 
Nor  silks  from  Indian,  or  Italian  realms, 
His  clothing  plain,  the  produce  of  his  lands, 
]^of  9bapea  with  modero  skilly  nor  set  with  gem|i' 


tfec^ 


01" 


A:«  ILEOY 


31$ 


Simple  his  Tare,  obtained  from  fields  and  wood?, 
His  drink,  the  crystal   fountaln'i   vholesom* 
streams, 

No  fettered  nlave  for  biro  e^er  sbed  bis  blood| 
To  swell  in  pomp,  aoibuion's  idle  dreams. 

L<mk  back,  ye  gaudy  sons  of  pride,  and  tbow. 
To  your  fureialher^s  humble,  lowly  state- 
How  much  thi>y  sufltred,  ntuch  they  toiled  foryotj^^  ' 
To  leave  their  happier  offipring,  rich,  and  ^reatrv 

With  meek  Aurora's  earliest  dawn  be  rose^ 
And  to  the  spacious,  trackless  woods  repaired 

When  Boreas  blew  in  Autumn^s  whirling  snows, 
To  hunt  the  prowling  wolf,,  or  timid  deer. 

And  when  stern  winter  bowlM  thro' leafless  wood|^ 
And  filled  the  air  with  bitter,  biting  Irost, 

He  bunted  to  his  den,  the  grisly  bear;. 
Nor  without  danger  facM  the  frightful  beast. 

The  shaggy  native  cattle  of  the  west. 
The  lK>unding  elk,  with  branching  antlers  largt^ 

The  growlrng  panther,  with  his  frowning  crest, 
Were  victims  to  his  well  aim*d,  deadly  charge^ 

In  hunting  frock,  and  Indian  sandals  trim) 
O^er  lengthening  waates,  with  nimble  steps  h6  raa&> 
Nor  was  Apollo's  dart  more  sure  in  aim; 
Than  in  bis  skillful  hand,  the  deadly  gun. 

m^'To  masters,  schoi^ls,  and  colleges  unknown^ 
The  forest  was  his  academic  grove, 
Self  taught:  the  lettered  page  was  all  his  owf^ 
And  bis  the  pen^  with  oioest  art  t^  move/ 


^% 


.m 


*    i 


"?-1l|. 


^u 


AJI  ELEG7, 


I'bink  hoiye  lettered  men  with  all  your  claim  9«' 
Ye  rich  in  all  the  spoils  of  fields,  and  floods, 

That  solid  sense,  and  virtues  fairest  gems, 
Dwell  not  with  huntsmen^  in  their  native  woods.^ 

WbenchangM  thewoodsman/or  hard  culture's  toil^^ 
To  fell  the  forest,  and  to  clear  the  field, 

And  cover  o'er  with  waving  grain,  the  soil^^ 
He  was  ih^  busbaod^  father,  and  tl>e  friend' 

Hi?,  was  an  ample  stort  of  ardent  mind,  « 

Rich  in  liberal  and  creative  ar|8, 
To  trace  the  landscape  wiih  correct  design. 

And  ply  in  many  ways^  the  tradesman's  par|L9S? 

With  feeling  heal;|  sincere,  and  ever  kind. 
He  was  the  fi  i#flid,  and  father  of  the  poor, 

His  iras  the  wish  for  good  to  all  mankind. 
And  pity  often  taxed  his  litUe  store; 


#■ 


His  lengthen'd  years,  of  sickness,  toil,  and  pajp| 
Were  cherish'd  by  religion's  heavenly  call, 

^rong  was  llis  faith  in  the  Redeemer's  name,  . 
He  sunk  in  death,  and  died  beloved  of  all. 

'}Ay  father  and  my  friend,  it  was  thy  aim 
To  make  thy  children  rich  in  mental  store^ 

To  thv  expanded  mind,  the  highest  gain, 
Aod  may  they  honoi%ell  thy  tender  car^ 


My  ffidther,  sweetest,  loveliest  of  heftacey 
F^air  as  the  ruby  blushes  of  the  morn. 

Adorned  with  every  caflivating  grace^ 
Hot  pitty  sincere,  and  heavenly  born^* 


i..r 


?^l 


■^fi 


ASt  CLEfiY. 


^19 


With  hope  elate  she  saw  her  little  throng, 
Ruddy  as  morn,  and  free'ii  as  zephyr^s  breete, 

Chanting  with  voice  accute  their  little  song, 
Or  sporting  thro'  the  shade  of  forest  trees.  ' 

By  fatal  accident,  in  all  her  charms 
Snat«hM  from  her  babes,  by  death's  untimely  dafl^, 
Resio;ned  me  to  my  second  mother's  arms, 
Who  welffulfill'd  a  tender  mother's  part. 

Say  f  hen,  shall  the  rough  woodland  pioneers, 
Of  Mississippi's  widje  e?(tended  vale. 

Claim  no  just  tribute  of  our  love,  or  tears, 
And  their  names  vanish  withihe  passing  gale. 

With  veteran  arms,  the  forest  they  subdu'd, 
W^th  veteran  hearts,  subdued  the  savage  foe, 

Our  country  purchased  by  their  valiant  blood, 
Claims  for  theoi  all  that  gratitude  can  do. 

*  Their  arduous  labours,gave  us  wealth,  and  ease, 
Fair  freedom  followed  from  their  doubtful  8trif6| 
Their  well  aim'd  measures  gave  us  lasting  peace, 
^   And  all  the  iocial  blessedness  of  life. 

* 

Then  let  th<)ir  offspring,  mindful  of  their  claim^ 
Cherish  their  honor  in  the  lyric  band— 

O  save  from  dark  oblivion's  gloomy  reign, 
Jhe  brave,  the  worthy,  fathers  of  our  lao4; 

' '  '         0^ ,  *  .    , 

My  dear  Eliza*,  (Ob!  fond  hopebeguird.)^ 
'  Siveet  as  the  rose  bud,  steeped  in  mormoidnWf 
Th)'  withered  ngyfiv,  I  clainti  my  lovely  child; 
Sor  have  I  bid  thee  yet  a  long  adieu. 


MM*. 


*Tk6  authorU  daughlefj  Hgti  fiJtiM 


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Bweet  little  ten&nts  ef  this  dark  domain^ 
Yours  was  but  a  momentary  breaib, 

You  ope'd  your  eyes  on  Jife,  disliked  the  stehe^, 
BesigD'd  your  claim,  and  shut  them  up  in  ^ath 

Soft  be  your  rest,  ye  tenants  oif  my  iomlt 
Exempt  from  toil,  and  bitter  biting  cari| 

Saei«d  jotir  dust  until  tbe  general  joom, 
Oires  ibe  reward  of  heavenly  bliss  to  shatr^ 


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